In this study, spent bleaching clay (SBC), a kind of solid waste generated during the bleaching and decolorization stage of edible oil industry, was pyrolyzed to obtain carbonaceous material (SBC@C), and then modified with surfactant and load with nano Fe0 particles to obtain a novel composite Fe0-CTAB-SBC@C. The composite was utilized in sulfadiazine (SDZ) removal form water. The effects of surfactant types and concentration and Fe0 loading amount on the preparation of composite were studied. The optimal composite for SDZ removal was achieved with a CTAB concentration of 20  mmol/L and a Fe0 loading amount of 20%. The best removal efficiency of SDZ by Fe0-CTAB-SBC@C was up to 88.64% with dosage of 2.5  g/L, PS/SDZ molar ratio of 100:1, initial pH value of 10. Fe0-CTAB-SBC@C displayed excellent adaptability to different co-existing ions and water bodies. The removal of SDZ by Fe0-CTAB-SBC@C mainly included adsorption and degradation. The adsorption process contained electrostatic interactions, π-π interactions, and hydrogen bonds. And the degradation involved the reaction by free radicals O2−, HO, and SO4−. According to the intermediates of SDZ, 5 primary degradation pathways were deduced and the degradation of SDZ was a process of reducing toxicity. Fe0-CTAB-SBC@C obtained in this study shows great potential in SDZ removal, offering significant benefits for both recycling waste and treating water.

Phenotypic drug discovery enables the identification of compounds with novel mechanisms of action and context-dependent biological activities that may not emerge from target-based approaches. Through high-content phenotypic screening, we identified the (E)-6-(2-((1H-indol-3-yl)methylene)hydrazineyl)-N,N-diethylpyrimidin-4-amine (IMHDPA) scaffold as a potent and highly selective inhibitor of HeLa cell proliferation. To further explore this scaffold, a library of 70 analogues was synthesized, and structure-activity relationship studies revealed stringent structural requirements for maintaining cellular potency and selectivity. Among them, compound 39 emerged as the most active derivative, exhibiting a GI50 value of 2.96 nM against HeLa cells and an exceptional selectivity index exceeding 16,000-fold across a panel of 15 cell lines. Compound 39 suppressed colony formation, migration, invasion, and spheroid growth, while inducing pronounced morphological alterations in HeLa cells. Mechanistic investigations indicated that its antiproliferative activity was associated with autophagy activation rather than apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis, or reactive oxygen species accumulation. Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses implicated perturbation of cholesterol metabolism and inhibition of mTORC1 signaling as potential upstream events linked to autophagy induction. Collectively, these findings establish IMHDPA derivatives as promising chemical probes for investigating the molecular basis of context-dependent autophagy-associated cytotoxicity and support future efforts aimed at elucidating the molecular determinants underlying this selective phenotype.

Membrane separation technology has been widely applied in many water treatment fields due to its advantages of simple operation and cost-effectiveness. However, membrane fouling remains the primary bottleneck hindering the development of this technology. In this study, we prepared a kind of Co3O4 nanorods (NR) and developed a novel Co3O4-NR/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system for membrane cleaning. The membrane cleaning efficiency by the Co3O4-NR/PMS system was investigated with sodium alginate (SA) as the target pollutant. Research indicated that the Co3O4-NR/PMS system could maintain excellent membrane cleaning efficacy, enabling the flux of SA-contaminated PVDF membranes to recover from 0.66 to 0.97, with an irreversible membrane fouling resistance removal rate of 93%. After 15 cycles of fouling-cleaning experiments, both the flux and filtration efficiency of the membrane remained stable.

The active layer of the thin film composite (TFC) nanofiltration membrane prepared by traditional interfacial polymerization (IP) was usually a non-homogeneous state with dense in the middle and loose on both sides. Such structure would reduce the stability of membrane in operation. In this paper, a novel electrospray polymerization nanofiltration (EPNF) membrane was fabricated for efficient and long-term stable separation for Mg2+/Li+ 2 + /Li + by multiple scan 3D electrospray printing technique. The active layer consisted of two homogeneous separation layers, the piperazine-trimesoyl chloride (PIP-TMC) inner layer and polyethyleneimine based (PEI-TMC) outer layer. With a fixed scan of inner layer, the effect of scan number of PEI-TMC outer layer on the performance of EPNF membrane was analyzed detailly from chemical structure and ion separation performance. Under the synergistic effect of electrostatic repulsion and pore size screening, the EPNF membrane achieved a Mg2+/Li+ 2 + /Li + separation factor of 36.28 and only 1.5 % performance loss in the operation of 150 h. The electrospray polymerization process presented unique advantages in preparing TFC nanofiltration membranes with long-term separation stability.

In chlorination disinfection treatment, residual iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICMs) are the precursors to iodinated disinfection by-products (I-DBPs). This study employed CoFe2O4 nanoparticle catalytic peracetic acid oxidation (CoFe2O4/PAA) to remove iopamidol (IPM) and control I-DBP formation. The experimental results demonstrated that over 90% of the IPM degradation was achieved in 40 min. The metastable intermediate (≡Co(II)-OO(O)CCH3), rather than the alkoxyl radicals, was identified as the dominant oxidation species (ROS). The electron transfer pathways between the metastable intermediate and IPM were oxygen-atom transfer and single-electron transfer. The monoiodoacetic acid formation potential (MIAAFP) was investigated. In ultraviolet-activated ClO- (UV/chlorine), a portion of I- generated through IPM dehalogenation underwent conversion to reactive iodine species (RIS), consequently elevating the MIAAFP. In CoFe2O4/PAA, the MIAAFP was less than 43% of that in UV/chlorine, which can be attributed to the complete conversion of I- into iodate IO3- without generating RIS. CoFe2O4/PAA is thus a promising treatment for removing ICMs and controlling I-DBP formation due to the efficient degradation of ICMs while avoiding the generation of RIS.

In this paper, a novel electrospray polymerization nanofiltration (EPNF) membrane was fabricated firstly for Mg2+/Li+ separation by multiple scan 3D electrospray printing technique on the polyethersulfone resin (PES) substrate. Piperazine (PIP) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) were used as the aqueous phase monomers, and trimesoyl chloride (TMC) was utilized as the organic phase monomer. The active layer of EPNF membranes was composed of PIP-TMC inner layer and PEI-TMC outer layer. With a fixed scan of inner layer, the effect of scan number of PEI-TMC outer layer on the performance of EPNF membranes was analyzed detailly from chemical structure and separation performance. Under the synergistic effect of electrostatic repulsion and pore size screening, the EPNF membrane achieved a Mg2+/Li+ separation factor of 36.24, a high removal ability (> 95%) for heavy metal ions and maintained a high pure water permeance. In addition, the EPNF membrane exhibited long-term separation stability and anti-organic fouling performance. All these results confirmed the potential of simple and efficient 3D electrospray printing technique in the preparation of the selective separation nanofiltration membrane.

Loose nanofiltration membrane exhibits significant advantages in removing organic pollutants due to its high selectivity at a lower operating pressure. Herein, a novel zwitterionic loose polyamide separation layer was designed and formed on the modified polyethersulfone substrate to obtain the zwitterionic loose nanofiltration (ZLNF) membrane with high water permeability and good antifouling properties. The BAPP-TMC polyamide layer was fabricated by the interfacial polymerization between 1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine (BAPP) and trimesoyl chloride (TMC). Afterward, the BAPP-TMC polyamide layer was grafted with zwitterions by a facile surface modification. Owing to the fabrication of the relatively loose polyamide structure with zwitterions, the prepared ZLNF-0.2 membrane presented an ultra-high pure water permeability of 148.5 L m- 2 h-1 bar-1 while maintaining relatively good removal capacities for organic pollutants. The removal rates for humic acid (HA, 100 ppm) and Congo Red (CR, 100 ppm) were 98.1 % and 97.6 %, respectively. Furthermore, the good hydrophilicity and strong surface hydration effect of zwitterions endowed the ZLNF membranes with excellent anti organic fouling and antibacterial adhesion properties. The good antibacterial abilities of ZLNF membranes were also proved by the fluorescence staining results. Due to the effective separation performance and good antifouling properties, the fabricated ZLNF membranes present great application potential in removing natural organic matter and dyes.

There are positively charged Ca2+ and Mg2+, negatively charged colloids and lots of bacteria in seawater. The different surface potentials of ultrafiltration membranes may lead to different adsorption properties for contaminants in seawater when ultrafiltration membranes were applied to the pretreatment of Reverse Osmosis process. Herein, this work prepared modified ultrafiltration membranes with different surface potentials using three GO-based materials, and investigated the anti-fouling of Ca2+, Mg2+, humic acid, the anti-bacterial adhesion performance and mechanisms of modified ultrafiltration membranes under simulated seawater conditions. Results showed that the modified membranes exhibited enhanced hydrophilicity, anti-fouling performance, antibacterial property and permeability compared with the unmodified polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. Conspicuously, with the highest surface potential among all membranes, quaternized graphene oxide modified ultrafiltration membrane (QGO-M) presented the best anti-fouling property to Ca2+, Mg2+, humic acid and antibacterial property. In particular, the flux recovery rate against the simulated seawater solution containing humic acid and the surface bacteriostatic rate against salt-tolerant bacteria of QGO-M were 95.7% and 97.9%, respectively. The results can provide an important reference for the investigation of modified ultrafiltration membranes suitable for seawater filtration.

In this study, Co3O4 nano-rod (Co3O4-NR) with (110) crystal plane predominant exposure is prepared by a hydrothermal method, and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was activated via them for ultrafiltration membrane (PVDF and PES membrane) cleaning. Co3O4-NR with (110) planes exposed obtained abundant oxygen vacancies (O-V) and low oxidation state Co (Co2+) and therefore showed excellent ability for PMS activation. The Co3O4-NR/PMS system did not require long-term immersion in a high-concentration chemical reagent solution compared with conventional ultrafiltration membrane chemical cleaning. The cleaning process, which was conducted for only 15 min in Co3O4-NR (1.6 g/L)/PMS (2 mM) solution, was sufficient to restore almost all the permeate flux and could remove essentially all the irreversible foulants. The excellent membrane cleaning performance of the Co3O4-NR/PMS system was attributed to the generation of O-1(2) and O-2(center dot-), which degraded the large-molecule, hydrophobic natural organic matter (NOM) into small-molecule, hydrophilic organic matter. Cyclic experi-ments showed that Co3O4-NR had excellent reusability, which offered significant cost savings. The consecutive chemical cleaning experiments indicated that the Co3O4-NR/PMS maintained the membrane stability better than the traditional chlorine cleaning method. The system effectively averts membrane damage and polymer structure changes caused by long-term exposure to oxidants. In conclusion, the Co3O4-NR/PMS system has significant advantages in membrane cleaning and broad application prospects.

The copper-peroxy complex (---Cu-OOSO3-) metastable intermediate has been confirmed to oxidize contaminants via a single-electron-transfer pathway or an oxygen-atom-transfer pathway. And the effects of Cu oxidation states and reaction pH conditions on the intermediate properties have not been explored in depth. Here, copper oxide (CuOx) catalysts with different Cu oxidation states were synthesized by a simple precipitation method by con-trolling the reaction temperature from 0 to 45 degrees C. CuOx displayed a strong catalytic dependence on the Cu oxidation state, and CuOx-30 with Cu average valence on the catalyst surface of 1.61 was more reactive for catalytic degradation of bisphenol A with peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Notably, CuOx-30, with the best electron -accepting ability, was easier to bonding with PMS to form the ---Cu-OOSO3- reactive complex, and the generated intermediate exhibited the strongest capacity to obtain electrons from contaminants. Moreover, the electron -transfer pathways were closely related to the average valence of Cu, and the contribution of the oxygen-atom -transfer pathway changed volcanic with increasing Cu valence. Meanwhile, the reaction predominantly involved the oxygen-atom-transfer pathway under acidic conditions (pH=3), while the contribution of the single -electron-transfer pathway raised with increasing pH values. Hence, this work was devoted to providing new insights into the CuOx-inducing PMS activation and vital supplementary to the properties of the ---Cu-OOSO3- intermediate.

Most ultrafiltration (UF) membranes can hardly remove organic pollutants with low molecular weight, like Bisphenol A (BPA). This study effectively addressed the issue by immobilizing the GO-Ag nano-sheet catalyst within the finger-like pores of a polymer UF membrane using bottom cross-flow filtration. The catalytic membrane operated under a low pressure of 0.2 MPa and achieved a remarkable water flux of 368 L/(m2 & sdot;h). By filtering aqueous substrates with BPA and humic acid (HA), the UF membrane could effectively reject most of the high molecular weight HA (>90.8%). The BPA entered the membrane pores could be effectively decomposed (>99.4%) by the free radicals generated by the peroxydisulfate(PDS)/GO-Ag system. Also, the catalytic membrane exhibits significantly enhanced BPA degradation kinetics, up to 19.6 times higher than those of conventional suspension-based methods. Moreover, the GO-Ag catalytic membrane demonstrates excellent reusability, maintaining almost constant flux after multiple cycles with a flux recovery rate (FRR) of 90.1%. This is attributed to the in-situ degradation of pollutants attached to the membrane by the free radicals. In addition, it is proved that the GO-Ag catalytic membranes show significant antibacterial abilities. In summary, the GO-Ag/PES catalytic membrane offered significant advantages, such as a convenient fabrication process and the integration of membrane separation and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in a single step, eliminating pollutants quickly, saving catalysts and oxidants, and minimizing membrane fouling.

The copper-peroxy complex (Cu-OOSO3-) metastable intermediate has been confirmed to oxidize contaminants via a single-electron-transfer pathway or an oxygen-atom-transfer pathway. And the effects of Cu oxidation states and reaction pH conditions on the intermediate properties have not been explored in depth. Here, copper oxide (CuOx) catalysts with different Cu oxidation states were synthesized by a simple precipitation method by controlling the reaction temperature from 0 to 45 °C. CuOx displayed a strong catalytic dependence on the Cu oxidation state, and CuOx-30 with Cu average valence on the catalyst surface of 1.61 was more reactive for catalytic degradation of bisphenol A with peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Notably, CuOx-30, with the best electron-accepting ability, was easier to bonding with PMS to form the Cu-OOSO3- reactive complex, and the generated intermediate exhibited the strongest capacity to obtain electrons from contaminants. Moreover, the electron-transfer pathways were closely related to the average valence of Cu, and the contribution of the oxygen-atom-transfer pathway changed volcanic with increasing Cu valence. Meanwhile, the reaction predominantly involved the oxygen-atom-transfer pathway under acidic conditions (pH=3), while the contribution of the single-electron-transfer pathway raised with increasing pH values. Hence, this work was devoted to providing new insights into the CuOx-inducing PMS activation and vital supplementary to the properties of the Cu-OOSO3- intermediate.

Recently, the Cu-OOSO3- metastable intermediate have been proposed to be the main active substance of contaminant oxidation, which could degrade organics through oxygen-atom-transfer and single-electron-transfer pathways. Herein, a series of copper cobalt oxides was synthesized to further explore its active species and electron-transfer pathways in the PMS activation system. The CuCo2Ox precipitated a smaller nano-needle structure, more weak acid sites, and more Cu2+ and Co2+ contents on its surface. Notably, it exhibited excellent PMS activation performance due to the synergistic effect between Cu and Co. The single-electron-transfer pathway with radicals and singlet oxygen as active species participated in the oxidation reaction, and the oxygen-atom-transfer pathway also played an important role in the degradation of pollutants. Cu2+ was speculated to be the main active site for binding with PMS to form the Cu-OOSO3- active substances due to its strong complex ability. And the electron transfer of the Cu-O-Co bridge bond promoted an oxidation reaction between Cu-OOSO3- and the contaminant. Hence, this work provided new insights into the synergistic effect between Cu and Co sites and electron-transfer pathways of contaminants oxidation in the CuCo2Ox/PMS oxidation system.

In this study, an advanced high-temperature-resistant silicate adhesive, SA-AN, was developed by using Ni2SiO4, Ti, ZrO and Si powders modified silica sol as resin matrix, Al powder and ZnO as curing agents for jointing SiC/ SiC composites. The thermal and mechanical properties of SA-AN were evaluated. The structural evolution of SAAN, the reaction process at the interface, and the fracture mode of the joint were comprehensively investigated. The adhesive was transformed into Al-Ni-rich intermetallic compound-reinforced ceramic composites at high temperatures. Moreover, interfacial reaction of adhesive with SiC/SiC substrate occurred and the resulting diffusion reaction layer effectively relieved the thermal stress between the adhesive and the SiC/SiC substrate. Due to the formation of intermetallic compounds and the occurrence of interfacial reaction, the mechanical properties and heat resistance of the joints were considerably improved. Tensile shear strength of the adhesive was 18.7 MPa after calcination at 600 degrees C and 17.9 MPa after calcination at 900 degrees C, which was 65.5% and 94.6% higher compared to the conventional silicate adhesive SA-A, respectively. After 50 cycles of RT-900 degrees C, tensile shear strength of SA-AN still achieved 10.3 MPa with a retention rate of 61.5%. Furthermore, the mixed fracture pattern of the adhesive joint containing SiC/SiC substrate damage was attained even at 1200 degrees C of calcination, indicating the effective adhesion at this temperature. As first reported in this study, SA-AN is an efficient hightemperature-resistant adhesive applicable for bonding SiC/SiC composites, which has wide application prospects in aerospace domain.

To enhance the anti-fouling performance of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane, a novel zwitterionic poly(aryl ether oxadiazole) containing benzimidazole (ZB-PAEO) was synthesized through a two-step process consisting of low -temperature polycondensation and quaternization, which contains two pairs of zwitterionic groups in one polymerization unit and the anti-bacterial imidazole groups. A series of ZB-PAEO membranes with different ZB-PAEO contents were fabricated by the phase inversion process, and their microstructure and performances were tested and characterized. The introduction of carboxymethyl imidazolium groups enhanced the membrane hy-drophilicity, substantially strengthening the anti-fouling property and reducing irreversible fouling. Likewise, ZB-PAEO membranes exhibited outstanding anti-biofouling property due to the strong hydration shell formed by the combination of two pairs of zwitterions in a repeating unit with abundant water molecules and the anti-biofouling resistance of the carboxymethyl imidazolium groups. This zwitterionic modification method can be readily extended to various materials and membrane systems to upgrade the anti-fouling property and water permeability.

In this study, we attempt to enhance the permeability, biofouling resistance, and long-term stability of thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration membrane by tailoring the substrate membrane. Firstly, an imidazole-modified carboxylated graphene oxide (Im-CGO) with improved antibacterial property was synthesized. Next, the imidazole-modified carboxylated graphene oxide/polyethersulfone (Im-CGO/PES) ultrafiltration membrane was fabricated, and the corresponding TFC nanofiltration membrane was obtained based on the Im-CGO/PES substrate by interfacial polymerization. The pore structures, surface hydrophilicity, and permeability of Im-CGO/PES substrate membrane are improved by the introduction of membrane modifier (Im-CGO). Significantly, the water permeability of Im-CGO/PES based TFC membrane is greatly enhanced. The pure water flux of NF-0.5 membrane is 69.8 L m-2 h-1 at 0.6 MPa, and which is 80.8% higher than that of NF-0 membrane. The corresponding anti-biofouling test results suggest that Im-CGO/PES based TFC membrane possesses good anti-biofouling performance owing to the great increased surface hydrophilicity and a large number of antibacterial imidazole groups in substrate membrane. Furthermore, the long-term stability of Im-CGO/PES based TFC membrane is also enhanced compared to the PES based TFC membrane, attributing to the covalent connection between polyamide layer and Im-CGO/PES substrate.

Copper (Cu)/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is a complex coupling system due to its multiple activation pathways with the formation of diverse radical and nonradical species. However, the effects of CuO with different plane exposures on the properties of the coupling system are not clear. In this research, Cu atom-terminated (001) plane-exposed CuO (CuO-10) is synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method using NH3.H2O as the structure directing agent for the first time. CuO-10 has the excellent property of inducing PMS to degrade bisphenol A (BPA) in water, and its reaction rate constant (k) reaches 14 times higher than that of commercial CuO with exposed (010) plane terminated by O atoms (CuO-C). Meanwhile, CuO-10 exhibits a wide pH(initial) adaptability, and its BPA degradation exceeds 87% in the pH range of 3-9. Furthermore, compared with CuO-C/PMS, less radical and O-1(2) are found in CuO-10/PMS oxidation system. Compared to the UV/PMS system, organic contaminants in CuO/PMS systems are easier to oxidize via an oxygen-atom-transfer mechanism. Therefore, the equivalent to Cu (II)-OOSO3- metastable intermediate is speculated to play an important role in the CuO/PMS activation process, which oxidizes organic contaminants directly through oxygen-atom-transfer and single-electron-transfer path-ways. Furthermore, the CuO-10/PMS system is more likely to degrade organic pollutants through the oxygen -atom-transfer pathway than the CuO-C/PMS system. This study not only explores the influence of CuO crystal planes in efficiently inducing PMS activation but also provides new insights into the PMS activation process in the CuO/PMS oxidation system.

Magnetic spinel ferrite (CuFe2O4) has been applied to catalyze ozone for treating the practical shale gas produced water (PW) in our previous study. In this work, CuFe2O4/titanium nanotubes (TNTs) catalyst was successfully prepared by an impregnation-calcination method. Characterization results revealed that the crystal form of CuFe2O4 was bound to the surface of TNTs, the particle size is much smaller than the pure CuFe2O4 crystal particle, which could weaken the influence of the internal diffusion process on its catalytic efficiency. The experimental results showed that the removal ratio of CODCr in the CuFe2O4/TNTs/O3 system was approximately 14% higher than that of the CuFe2O4/O3 system. The dissolution of metal elements decreased to one-third that of the CuFe2O4/O3 system. The inhibition ratio of PW on the growth of E. coli K12 decreased 68% after the CuFe2O4/TNTs catalytic oxidation process. Experimental results of complete capture experiments illustrated that the yield of HO• of the CuFe2O4/TNTs/O3 system was 10–19% higher than that of the CuFe2O4/O3 system. The elemental valence analysis revealed that the transition of Cu(II)-Cu(III) and Fe(II)-Fe(III) coexisted in the catalytic system. Besides, the surface hydroxyl groups promoted the electron transfer process and enhanced the ozone adsorption affinity. The proposed catalytic mechanisms of the CuFe2O4/TNTs/O3 system were proposed via the above analysis.

Crystal plane effect has attracted remarkable attention in the process of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation in water. In this work, nanocube-Co3O4 (Co3O4-NC), nanoplate-Co3O4 (Co3O4-NP) and nanorod-like Co3O4 (Co3O4-NR) with (100), (111) and (110) plane predominant exposure is prepared by a facile hydrothermal method. Co3O4-NR with (110) plane exposed possesses more lattice defects (oxygen vacancies, Ov) and low oxidation state Co (Co2+), consequently, it exhibits a superior activity for PMS activation to efficiently remove bisphenol A (BPA) in water. Furthermore, it could be used in a widely water pH values ranging from 5.0 to 9.0 with an excellent PMS activited effects. During Co3O4-NR/PMS oxidation process, it is found that singlet oxygen (1O2) plays a dominant role in BPA degradation. However, Co3O4-NR treated by H2O2 shows a poor PMS activation performance, confirming Ov acting as the active site during such oxidation process. The important effect of dissolved oxygen is tested by Ar introduction into the reaction system and the Ov-O* metastable intermediate is proposed. In situ Raman proves the interaction between dissolved oxygen and Ov and then the intermediate activates PMS to degrade BPA. This work not only explores the effect of different crystal plane exposures on PMS activation in Co3O4/PMS system, but investigates the evolution of Ov during the PMS activation.

To improve the anti-biofouling property of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane, three kinds of antibacterial graphene oxide (GO) derivatives were prepared, including imidazole-functionalized GO (Im-GO) and quaternized GO (Q-GO) synthesized by chemical grafting method, and GO loaded with silver nanoparticles (GO-Ag) synthesized by in-site reduction method. The structural characteristics and antibacterial abilities of three kinds of GO derivatives were characterized and investigated. It was demonstrated that GO could be used as a good carrier to prepare the anti-biofouling modifiers. Correspondingly, Im-GO/PVDF, Q-GO/PVDF, and GO-Ag/PVDF ultrafiltration membranes were fabricated using the phase inversion method. In contrast with the blank PVDF membrane, all the GO derivatives/PVDF membranes showed greatly improved permeability and anti-biofouling property. Significantly, the inhibition zone test and fluorescence staining experiment were carried out to investigate the differences between Im-GO, Q-GO, and GO-Ag in the antibacterial mechanisms. The corresponding results suggest that the imidazole and quaternary ammonium salt groups grafted on Im-GO and Q-GO possess great anti-leaching characteristics, while the loss of Ag+ from GO-Ag is relatively obvious. Therefore, Im-GO and Q-GO synthesized by chemical grafting method have greater potential as the anti-biofouling membrane modifiers, considering the accumulation of harmful ions in water and possible reduction in antibacterial stability for GO-Ag.