Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil (ZSO) was the by-product of the zanthoxylum industry, and was a kind of cheap and abundant source in china, which can be great potential of use as a feedstock for biodiesel production in terms of reducing the producing cost. Kinetics of Transesterification of Biodiesel from Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed Oil Ethyl Ester using Sodium ethoxide as an alkaline catalyst was studied in this paper. The results showed that the progression of transesterification was grade 1.5, the reaction activation energy was 17.876kJ•mol-1 and the pre-exponential factor was 0.8521L/(mol•min). The contrast between experimental value and predicted value displayed the dynamics model had a good veracity, and can be applied for predicting reaction rate of progress.

以花椒籽油和乙醇为原料,采用酯交换法制备花椒籽油乙酯生物柴油.采用单因素实验研究了催化剂种类和用量、醇油摩尔比、反应温度、反应时间对生物柴油转化率的影响.依据响应面法中的中心组合设计对酯交换反应制备花椒籽油乙酯生物柴油的工艺条件进行了优化.结果表明,花椒籽油乙酯生物柴油制备的最优工艺条件为:以乙醇钠为催化剂,催化剂用量1.7％,醇油摩尔比11.5∶1,反应时间120 min,反应温度73℃.在最优条件下,生物柴油转化率达到97.95％.

研究不同储藏条件下樱桃仁油的氧化稳定性,建立樱桃仁油的氧化动力学模型,实现对樱桃仁油货架期的预测.以超临界CO2萃取所得精炼樱桃仁油为样品,分析不同储藏条件(光照、氧气、温度)对樱桃仁油过氧化值和酸值的影响,建立樱桃仁油的氧化动力学模型,以30℃条件下储藏的樱桃仁油为样本对模型进行验证,并预测该条件下樱桃仁油的货架期.结果表明:在避光、无氧、低温的储藏条件下樱桃仁油的过氧化值和酸值增加较缓慢;樱桃仁油的动力学方程遵循一级反应动力学,建立的过氧化值和酸值的氧化动力学模型对验证样本的预测值和实测值之间的相对误差在±10％以内,决定系数均超过0.99,模型预测樱桃仁油在储藏温度为30℃条件下的货架期为56 d.

以新疆主栽杏品种-红心杏仁为研究试材,在一定的操作条件下,采用响应面法对亚临界丁烷萃取杏仁油工艺进行优化.在单因素实验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken设计,运用SAS8.0软件回归分析了萃取时间、萃取温度、料溶比3个因素对杏仁油得率的影响,并对所得杏仁油的质量指标进行测定.结果表明:萃取时间为46min、萃取温度为42℃、料溶比为1∶6.6g/mL,此时,杏仁油的萃取率为88.58％;其质量指标均符合国家标准.

The application status of typical supported solid base catalysts and non-supported solid base catalysts in biodiesel production were introduced,the default of solid base catalysts were summarized. At the same time,the development direction of solid base catalysts for biodiesel synthesis in the future was outlined.

Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil methylic ester (ZSOME) biodiesel was synthesized through transesterification with Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil (ZSO) and methanol. The new biodiesel was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrography. Physical chemistry and property tests indicated that ZSOME biodiesel had a high cetane index, good solubility, and a large flash point. Engine combustion experiment testified that burning the novel biodiesel has little influence on engine operation. Compared with 0# diesel fuel, the pressure lifting ratio reduced by 17–38.9% at 1500 rpm and by 4.6–10.2% at 2000 rpm for three different biodiesel blends, and the maximal instantaneous heat release rate lowered by 17.0–37.4% at 1500 rpm and by 5.0–11.3% at 2000 rpm for different blends. Granule emissions were decreased when the diesel engine burnt ZSO biodiesel under partial loads at 1500 rpm and 2000 rpm, NOX emissions were reduced at 1500 rpm but increased at 2000 rpm.

We developed a method to reduce the acid value of crude Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil (ZSO) with high free fatty acids. The acid value of ZSO was reduced from 56.23 mg KOH/g to 1.56 mg KOH/g by using one-step, acid-catalyzed esterification under the following optimum conditions: methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 30: 1; 1.5% H2SO4; temperature of 60 degrees C; and a reaction time of 120 min. The variation analysis of the orthogonal tests reveals the following sequence of different factors that contribute to esterification: mole ratio of methanol to ZSO > w (catalyst) > reaction temperature > reaction time.Results show that the mole ratio of methanol to ZSO has a significant influence on esterification and deacidification. The esterification kinetics reveals that the acid-catalyzed esterification of ZSO to methanol is a two-step reaction. The dynamics equation is obtained and the activation energy (Ea) is 9542 J/mol at 60 degrees C. The work laid a good foundation for subsequent biodiesel preparation.

Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil (ZSO) was the by-product of the zanthoxylum industry, and was a kind of cheap and abundant source in China; it can be of great potential to use as a feedstock for biodiesel production in terms of reducing the producing cost. Biodiesel preparation of ZSO methyl ester by transesterification using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an alkaline catalyst was studied in this paper. First, the single-factor experiment was practiced, the influence on conversion rate of different factor was studied, such as methanol-to-oil molar ratio, content of catalyst, reaction temperature, and reaction time, etc. Second, the response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions for ZSO biodiesel production using KOH as a catalyst. A quadratic polynomial equation was obtained for biodiesel conversion by multiple regression analysis and verification experiments confirmed the validity of the predicted model. The optimum combination for transesterification was methanol-to-oil molar ratio 8.5:1, catalyst amount 1.0%, reaction temperature 56 °C, and reaction time 67 min. At this optimum condition, the conversion to biodiesel reached above 98.4%. The relevant error was less than 5% between measurement value of the conversion to biodiesel and expected value. Finally, the reaction kinetics of transesterification was studied. The “Iodine Clock Reaction” principle was used for establishing dynamic model, and corresponding kinetic equation was established. The results showed that the progression of transesterification was grade 1.5, the reaction activation energy was 20.0434 kJ·mol−1, and the pre-exponential factor was 7.8963 dm3/(mol min).

Highly-expandable graphite was prepared by chemical oxidization using flake graphite as the host material and waste liquid propellants of nitric-27S, potassium permanganate, sulfuric acid and acetic acid Os guest compounds. Various factors influencing the volume expansion were studied, such as the amounts of potassium permanganate, nitric-27S and acetic acid. Optimum preparation conditions were obtained using orthogonal experimental design. The preparation of graphite intercalation compounds was confirmed by SEM and XRD. Results showed that the most expandable graphite with a expansion volume of 320 mL.g(-1) was obtained at 40 degrees C for 90min using flake graphite, potassium permanganate, nitric-27S, sulfuric acid and acetic acid in the following respective amounts; 1 g, 1 g, 1.25 mL, 1. 25 mL and 2 mL. The amount of potassium permanganate is the most important factor affecting the expansion volume.

The decoloration method experiment on ZSO was studied. The different influencing factors on reaction were investigated by single test, such as content of peroxide, reaction temperature, and reaction time. The results of orthogonal test showed that the dominated sequence of influencing on chroma value was content of peroxide, and then was for reaction temperature, the last was reaction time. The optimal combination proved was A(2)B(2)C(2). On this condition, the chroma value of ZSO could be reduced to 1.45, it fully meets the requirement of industrial application.

Effects of mole rate of methanol/oil, reaction time and technology on the free fatty acid ( FFA) level decrease of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil with sulfuric acid as catalyst was investigated. Results show that, the acid level decreases with the mole rate of methanol/oil increases when the sulfuric acid is 2% based on the weight of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil and reacting at 60°C for 2h. When the mole rate is 20~35∶1, the final acid value is less than 2mgKOH/g which meets the requirement for biodiesel production. When the mole rate is 25∶1, with sulfuric acid dosage 2% and reacting at 60°C, the acid value decreases fast at the beginning of the acid esterification. The acid value of ZSO was reduced to 1.56 mg KOH/g from 78.91 mg KOH/g by only one-step acid-catalyzed esterification with methanol-to-oil molar ratio 30:1, H2SO4 2%, temperature 60°C and reaction time 60 min, which was selected as optimum for the acid-catalyzed esterification.

Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether palm oil monoester (EGMEPM) was synthesized through transesterification with palm oil and Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGME). Through L-9(3(4)) orthogonal experiments, optimum transesterification conditions were gained as: n(EGME):n(palm oil) = 10:1, w(metal sodium) = 1.2% total amount of alcohol at 70 degrees C for 120 min. EGMEPM yielded 85.7%. The new biofuel had a high cetane number (77), good solubility, and a large flash point. Engine combustion experiment testified that burning the novel bioenergy has little influence on engine operation. Compared with 0# diesel fuel, the pressure lifting ratio reduced 2.9%-23.9% for B25 blends and 12.8%-38.9% for the novel bioenergy (B100), and the maximal instantaneous heat release rate lowered by 11.6%-33.3% for B25 and by 26.8%-42.7% for B100, respectively. When the diesel engine burnt B100 under partial loads at 1400 rpm, smoke, CO, HC, and NOX emissions were reduced.

The paper is focused on the powerful prediction ability of the quantitative DNA sieving model in DNA separations by capillary electrophoresis, which was proposed by us previously. First, the DNA resolution can be predicted by the theory. The model predicts that the most difficult and easiest separation will be 184bp/192bp and 234bp/267bp respectively, which is consist with experimental results. Furthermore, the average relative differences of predicted and experimental resolution values (R(S)) for ssDNA 184b/192b or dsDNA 184bp/192bp were all smaller than 2.8% if the diffuse parameter D considered was 8×10(-5) cm(2)/s. Secondly, the optimum polymer concentrations for DNA separation were also calculated by the model, and the results show that polymer concentration should be as high as possible in DNA separation. Thirdly, the sieving ability of polymer will be predicted by the model. Polymer with smaller k, a polymer parameter calculated by the model, is prior to use as DNA sieving media.

A new oxygenated fuel, methyl 2-methoxy-propyl carbonate, designed according to the fuel design theory and the special burning performance of diesel engine, was synthesized by using propylene glycol monomethyl aether, carbonic acid dimethyl ester, and metal sodium. The optimum transesterification reaction conditions were gained as: n(propylene glycol monomethyl aether):n(carbonic acid dimethyl ester)=2:1, w(catalyst with a metal sodium) = 2% total amount of materials, reaction time 5h, and temperature keeping at 85°C. Yield of methyl 2-methoxy-propyl carbonate 75.0%. By checking up physicochemical properties and making diesel engine test of the fuel blend, which testified that the oxygenated fuel was a kind of available substitution for petroleum.

A new oxygenated fuel, methyl 2-methoxy propyl carbonate, was designed according to the fuel design theory and the special burning performance of diesel engine. It can be used as an oxygenated additive in diesel, too. A single cylinder, 4-stroke, water-cooled, direct-injection diesel engine was adopted to accomplish determination of exhaust emissions (including HC, CO, NOX, and smoke), power output and fuel economy under full load conditions, Based on 0# diesel fuel adding different volume of methyl 2-methoxy propyl carbonate. The result indicated that CO, unburned CH and smoke emission lowered obviously along with the oxygenate content increasing, and the NOX emission was improved also. The maximal decline of smoke, HC, and CO were 82.5%, 76.8% and 86%. The average drop of smoke, HC, and CO were 76.3%, 55.1% and 60.4% when mixing 25%(V) methyl 2-methoxy propyl carbonate. Power output changed a little and fuel consume increased. For the physicochemical properties, Kinematic viscidity and flash point declined, cloud point increased when diesel fuel was mixed with the oxygenate. The sheet copper erosion test had no evident change, it suggested that the new oxygenate couldn’t bring bad influence on causticity of diesel fuel.

The efficient separation of six standard proteins on a home-made poly (dimethylsiloxane) microchip with an auto-deducting background diode laser induced fluorescence detector was accomplished within 6.4 min under the sieving matrix of 10 g/L hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), 1 g/L sodium dodecyl sulphonate (SDS), 40 mmol/L phosphate buffer at pH 7.0. The experimental results showed that the reproducibility of protein separation was satisfactory and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of protein migration time were less than 10%. The migration times of the proteins are analyzed by a quantitative mathematical model of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) proposed by ourselves previously. The results showed that the migration character of SDS-protein complexes was similar with DNA. However, the linear relationships between the mobilities of SDS-protein complexes and their relative molecular mass as well as electric field strength became worse, which indicated the mathematical model for DNA separation should be revised before it is used for protein separation.