[目的]以地形类型辨识和区分为目的,对比分析不同粗糙度算法的优缺点,为定量描述地形形态、划分地形类型提供新思路.[方法]基于SRTM3高程数据,使用常见的11种地表粗糙度算法(坡度、局地高差、高程均方差、高程均方根偏差、均方根坡度、绝对坡度、坡度标准差、面积比、矢量离差、余弦特征值、二维变异性)提取研究区的地表粗糙度,从空间格局特征和统计分布特征两方面对提取结果进行对比,并利用典型断面和频率曲线分析方法探讨各算法区分研究区地形类型的能力.[结果]坡度、局地高差、高程均方差、高程均方根偏差、均方根坡度和绝对坡度6种算法所得地表粗糙度的空间格局特征与统计分布特征极其相似,且能有效区分研究区的地形类型.坡度标准差、面积比、矢量离差、余弦特征值和二维变异性5种算法难以表达研究区地表粗糙度的宏观变异,不能有效区分研究区的地形类型.[结论]基于高程空间变异的坡度、局地高差、高程均方差、高程均方根偏差、均方根坡度、绝对坡度6种算法是表达地表粗糙程度和区分地形类型的较佳算法.

Digital elevation model (DEM) resolution is closely related to the degree of expression of real terrain, the extraction of terrain parameters, and the uncertainty of statistical models. Therefore, based on DEMs with various resolutions, this paper explores the representation and distinguishing ability of different roughness algorithms to measure terrain parameters. Fuyang, a district of Hangzhou City with various landform types, was selected as the research area. Slope, root mean squared height, vector deviation, and two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform were selected as four typical roughness algorithms. The resolutions used were 5, 10, 25, and 50 m DEM on the scale for plains, hills, and mountainous areas. The statistical criteria of effect size and entropy were used as indicators to evaluate and analyze the different roughness algorithms. The results show that in terms of these measures: (1) The expression ability of the SLOPE and root mean squared height (RMSH) algorithms is better than that of the vector deviation method, while the two-dimensional continuous wavelet method based on frequency analysis emphasizes the terrain information within a certain range. (2) The terrain distinguishing ability of the SLOPE and RMSH is not sensitive to the changes in resolution, with the other two algorithms varying with the changes in resolution.

将DEM分辨率对流域分布式侵蚀学坡长提取的影响分为数据平滑和采样间距两种组分作用形式,选取陕西省安塞县县南沟流域为研究区,探究两种分辨率组分对侵蚀学坡长提取的影响程度以及水平分辨率对侵蚀学坡长空间格局的影响.研究发现,DEM从2.5 m至100 m这一降分辨率过程中,坡长平均值呈现对数递增的趋势.对2.5 m至100 m分辨率DEM提取坡长进行不同分辨率组分作用研究发现,用不同分辨率DEM提取侵蚀学坡长时采样间距对坡长的影响作用均大于数据平滑的.对10 m至100 m水平分辨率DEM提取的坡长通过半变异函数分析其空间格局变化情况,结果表明:坡长变异函数采用球状模型拟合效果最佳,并且随着分辨率降低,坡长的空间结构总体变异和随机变异减小,空间相关性范围增大.

基于无人机低空摄影测量获取到的高分辨率数字正射影像图/数字高程模型(DOM/DEM),选取榆林榆阳区岔河则乡附近一片较为典型的风沙草滩为研究区,分别对沙丘地形因子(坡度、地形起伏度、地表粗糙度、剖面曲率)、斑块形状指数及植被覆盖度进行提取并构建稳定性评价体系,然后利用GIS空间分析功能对该区域内的沙丘稳定性进行了评价.结果表明:(1)无人机航测以便捷高效的特点,可生成高精度地形数据并实现小尺度沙丘地形特征提取;(2)在人工飞播固沙和风沙缓慢侵蚀的双重作用下,研究区已体现出较为稳定的风沙草滩区特有地貌环境特征;(3)该区域已经拥有一定程度的抵抗力稳定性,但不具备恢复力稳定性.

Surface roughness is a key parameter that reflects topographic characteristics and influences surface processes, and characterization of surface roughness is a fundamental problem in geoscience. In recent years, although there have been basic studies on roughness, few studies have compared the concept and quantification of roughness, and there have been few studies that have evaluated the ability of partition terrain features. Based on 1″ resolution Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data and previous studies, we selected the Qinba Mountain region of China and its adjacent areas as our study area, and used 13 different roughness algorithms to extract roughness in this study. Using spatial patterns and statistical distributions, the results were analyzed, and the best algorithm suited to partitioning terrain features was selected. We then evaluated the ability of the algorithm to distinguish the terrain morphology. The results showed the following: (1) The 13 algorithms were able to be classified into four types, that is, gradient (SLOPE), relief (root mean squared height, RMSH), local vector (directional cosine eigenvalue, DCE) and power-spectral (two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform, 2D CWT). (2) The SLOPE and RMSH algorithms were better able to express and distinguish terrain, as they were able to macroscopically distinguish between four types of terrain in the study areas. Based on power-spectral methods, 2D CWT had the same discrimination ability as the first two methods following a normalization transform, whereas the DCE method had a general effect and could only distinguish two types of terrain. (3) Different roughness algorithms had their own applicability for different terrain areas and application directions.

In recent years, global reanalysis weather data has been widely used in hydrological modeling around the world, but the results of simulations vary greatly. To consider the applicability of Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) data in the hydrologic simulation of watersheds, the Bahe River Basin was used as a case study. Two types of weather data (conventional weather data and CFSR weather data) were considered to establish a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, which was used to simulate runoff from 2001 to 2012 in the basin at annual and monthly scales. The effect of both datasets on the simulation was assessed using regression analysis, Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), and Percent Bias (PBIAS). A CFSR weather data correction method was proposed. The main results were as follows. (1) The CFSR climate data was applicable for hydrologic simulation in the Bahe River Basin (R 2 of the simulated results above 0.50, NSE above 0.33, and |PBIAS| below 14.8. Although the quality of the CFSR weather data is not perfect, it achieved a satisfactory hydrological simulation after rainfall data correction. (2) The simulated streamflow using the CFSR data was higher than the observed streamflow, which was likely because the estimation of daily rainfall data by CFSR weather data resulted in more rainy days and stronger rainfall intensity than was actually observed. Therefore, the data simulated a higher base flow and flood peak discharge in terms of the water balance, except for some individual years. (3) The relation between the CFSR rainfall data (x) and the observed rainfall data (y) could be represented by a power exponent equation: y=1.4789x 0.8875 (R 2=0.98, P<0.001). There was a slight variation between the fitted equations for each station. The equation provides a theoretical basis for the correction of CFSR rainfall data.

Baseflow plays an important role in maintaining the health and the ecological functions of rivers.Baseflow separation is also a hot topic of hydrology all the time.The article combines the Digital Filter Method and SWAT which is a distributed hydrological model and widely used at home and abroad.It creatively realizes the visual representation of the spatial features of baseflow on the basis of analyzing the time characteristics of baseflow and by correcting baseflow alpha factor,evaluating the model efficiency,rerunning the SWAT model,GIS spatial interpolation and trend analysis etc.The results show that:1) The annual average Baseflow Index (BFI) of the Bahe River Basin from 2001 to 2012 is 0.43,presenting an increasing trend on the whole.The annual precipitation has a positive correlation with annual runoff and annual baseflow;but it obviously shows a negative relation between annual precipitation and annual Baseflow Index (BFI);2) The change of baseflow is relatively stable within a year,and the base flow in different seasons tends to be:Autumn＞ Spring＞Summer＞Winter,while flood season is bigger than that of the non-flood season.BFI is as high as 0.78 in dry seasons,which shows that baseflow is the main replenishment source of river in dry seasons;3) The baseflow of the Bahe River Basin tends to be an increasing tendency from Southeast to Northwest and from upstream to downstream in spatial terms.Also,such a spatial variation law is determined by the terrain of the basin and the direction of the river.

The Loess Plateau is a region in China prone to frequent geological disasters, where thousands of loess landslides can be found. Conventional field survey methods are inadequate for the requirements of fine spatial analysis of landslides. Due to its numerous advantages (fast, efficient, low cost, safe, and able to acquire high-resolution data), structure from motion (SfM) technique to photogrammetric orientation of flights and modeling applied to photographs taken by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with a camera has become a powerful new tool for the generation of high-resolution topography that has emerged in recent years, which has become a powerful new technique for acquiring high-resolution topographic data. In this study, we conducted nearly two months of field UAV surveys of loess landslides on the Loess Plateau, eventually established 3D digital models for 11 loess landslides, and produced high-resolution digital orthophoto maps (DOMs) and digital elevation models (DEMs). High-resolution spatial analysis of the loess landslides (mainly including characteristic parameter extraction, topography profile analysis, surface feature analysis, and hydrologic analysis) was performed using Agisoft PhotoScan, ArcGIS 10.2, Global Mapper 17, and Origin Pro 9.0. The UAV technique allows us to further understand the micro-level internal spatial and structural characteristics of loess landslides. Moreover, not only does it allow us to accurately measure the characteristic geometric parameters but also enables us to detect the surface details of loess landslides (e.g., textures, fissures, and micro-landforms). Manifestly, we can also deduce the original structural characteristics and possible inducement mechanism of landslides based on a combination of high-resolution data acquired by UAVs, proper ground surveys, and theoretical knowledge. In summary, the low-cost UAVs are highly and especially suitable for surveys and digital terrain analysis of landslides on the Loess Plateau with sparse vegetation.

Objective: To improve the efficiency of medical record management and reutilization of historical records, reduce the storage consumption of medical records, and excavate the values of historical records. Methods: Describing and dealing with the medical record using the quotient space theory based on the granular computing, and retrieving the medical record using the VSM method. Results: Managing the medical records effectively, retrieving and classifying of the medical records. Conclusion: Improving the efficiency of medical record management and to accumulating the medical records information resources. To advance the values of medical records that in medical process and scientific research.

近年来,全球再分析气象数据已经越来越多地被运用到世界各地的水文建模中,但是其模拟的效果有很大差异.为探讨CFSR再分析数据在流域水文模拟中的适用性问题,本文以灞河流域为研究区,使用两种气象数据(传统气象数据和CFSR气象数据)构建SWAT水文模型,并从年和月尺度分别进行灞河流域2001-2012年的径流模拟,利用回归分析、纳什效率系数NSE和百分比偏差PBIAS等评价方法对两种数据的模拟效果进行对比.最后,提出了CFSR气象数据订正的方法.结果表明:①CFSR气象数据在灞河流域水文模拟中有一定的适用性,模拟结果的拟合优度R2＞ 0.50,NSE＞ 0.33,|PBIAS|＜ 14.8,纳什效率系数NSE偏低.尽管CFSR气象数据质量存在一定问题,但是经过降雨数据订正后能够取得比较满意的模拟效果.②CFSR气象数据模拟流量比实测流量偏高,这主要是由于CFSR逐日降水数据估算的降雨天数较多、雨强较大,一般会导致该数据在水量平衡方面能够模拟出较高的基流和洪峰流量(个别年份除外).③灞河流域CFSR降水数据(x)与实测降水数据(y)之间的关系大致可用幂指数方程表达:y=1.4789x0.8875(R2=0.98,P＜0.001),每个CFSR站点的拟合方程略微不同,此方程为CFSR降水数据的订正提供了理论基础.

全面研究和分析决策支持系统(DSS)的发展轨迹,对研究DSS未来的新理论、新模型、新技术、新应用具有十分重要的意义.对DSS的发展历程尤其是它的结构与支撑技术进行了全面的探讨.在对其进行深入剖析的基础上,指出需求和技术是DSS发展的两个主要动力,在大数据时代更是如此.同时分析了DSS在大数据时代所面临的新需求与新问题,并结合大数据和云计算相关技术,对未来DSSS如何满足这些新需求、解决这些新问题进行了分析与展望.

以灞河流域为研究区,以DEM的分辨率(30～500 m)作为变量,进行了DEM空间分辨率对SWAT模型水文模拟的敏感性研究.首先,不同分辨率DEM作为输入数据构建SWAT模型并进行模拟,其后将模拟结果与灞河流域马渡王、罗李村水文站的实测流量比对进行相对偏差计算,最终采用均值变点统计方法,以模拟结果的相对偏差为研究对象,探讨分析了DEM尺度效应的最佳尺度拐点.结果表明,DEM分辨率的变化深刻影响着水文模型流域特征的提取,其分辨率的降低会导致流域的最大坡度、平均坡度、河道长度均发生衰减,同时流域形状、子流域数量也会发生不同程度的改变;随着DEM分辨率的逐渐降低(30～150m),径流模拟的结果与实际流量的相对偏差逐渐增大,但增长幅度不超过11％.当DEM空间分辨率低于150m时,相对偏差变化并不显著.均值变点法能够很好地识别拟合曲线发生明显变化的拐点,通过统计分析发现DEM分辨率为150m时即为模拟结果相对偏差变化趋势逐渐由陡变缓的变化最佳拐点.

In distributed computing, the task scheduling problem is an NP-hard problem. Satisfying the task dependencies strictly and minimizing the execution time are the desired aims of the task scheduling algorithm. However, most scheduling algorithms focuses on minimizing the execution time without a clear strategy to preserve the precedence constraints. In this paper, a new two-phase algorithm called Hierarchic Hybrid Heuristic-Genetic Scheduling (H3GS) is introduced and developed for heterogeneous distributed computing systems (HeDCSs). In the first phase, the paper proposes a improvement list-based heuristic algorithm, called H2EFT, and the main principle of the algorithm is to divide the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) into levels, which simplifies the task dependencies and preserves the precedence constraints of tasks. The second phase implements a hierarchic genetic algorithm, called HGAS, which proceeds to evolve shorter schedules by inserting the H2EFT schedule into the initial populations and repairing the invalid schedule on the basis of the DAG hierarchy. Consequently, the H3GS algorithm delivers high quality solution in reasonable computing time based on a hierarchical DAG. The comparison performance results show that H3GS has outperformed the HEFT, H2EFT, and H2GS algorithms both in efficiency, complexity, and quality.

A SaaS model is put forward,which is named M2M and can support multiple software developers and multi-tenants.For this model SaaS integration methods and software upgrade method are studied based on OSGi.Based on this model,a SaaS operations support platform is designed- auspicious cloud service which is oriented to small and medium-sized enterprises informationization.After test,it proved that the M2M is feasible.

Aim The design and implementation of a BOICM(business oriented infrastructure cloud monitoring system).Methods The interaction model,the concept model and the realization model of infrastructure cloud monitoring system are proposed from the perspective of business orientation.Furthermore,a prototype BOICM is designed and implemented based on the models above.Results The experimental results show that BOICM can monitor the operation state of businesses,physical machine and virtual machine comprehensively,can detect,position and handle exceptions of operation automatically.Conclusion The system has good performance,can provide support for the IaaS platform.

In order to establish the forecasting model of SaaS(Software as a Service)operation,the combined fore-casting model based on principal component analysis is proposed,and is applied in the forecasting of SaaS opera-tion.A novel combined forecasting model based on principal component analysis is established,which uses three different forecasting models—phase space reconstruction model,grey model,cubic exponential smoothing model.The simulation results show that the combined forecasting model based on principal component analysis,which takes advantages of the unique strength of each model,can provide more precise forecasting than that of each indi-vidual model.This combined forecasting model is demonstrated to be efficient for the forecasting of SaaS operation.

The selection of initial focal point has great influence on the clustering results of traditional K-means algorithm,for it tends to get a local optimal solution when inappropriately assigned.In view of this issue,initial algorithm that can generate the initial cluster center was proposed,through introducing the density and nearest neighbor idea.These selected centers were used for K-means algorithm;a better text clustering algorithm called DN-K-means was put forward.The results of experiments indicate that the algorithm can lead to results with high and steady clustering quality.

Aim The traditional algorithm based on vector space model actually neglects the word order and structure in sentences,which will affect the accuracy of similarity computing.So this paper proposed a new textual case similarity algorithm.Methods The sentence,rather than the word,was used as the unit and the word order information was considered,sentence vector space model was proposed,which is the base of textual case similarity algorithm.Results The method is more consistent with the mode of human understanding and improves the accuracy of textual case similarity compatation.Conclusion The application in textual case classification proves that the method is feasible.

In order to solve the problems of the vector quantization error and the excessive computation complexity arising from audio features,this paper proposed a new automatic audio classification method based on PCA and CHMM.It concatenated audio features to form a high-dimensional vector,performed the dimensionality reduction on the vector,Used CHMM classifier to classify the audio.The experimental results show the effectiveness of the PCA and CHMM.