Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a persistent combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that causes widespread human exposure. BaP has been classified as a Group I carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), with sufficient evidence supporting its carcinogenicity in multiple target organs, primarily through metabolic activation-mediated genotoxicity. Increasing evidence indicates that BaP and its metabolites also contribute to tumor promotion and progression by regulating cellular survival, metabolic adaptation, malignant transformation, intercellular communication, and immune microenvironmental remodeling. In addition, BaP may interact with co-occurring environmental chemicals to produce synergistic or antagonistic carcinogenic effects, yet the mechanisms underlying these interactions remain insufficiently defined. Existing reviews have mainly focused on specific mechanisms or exposure settings, limiting a multidimensional understanding of BaP carcinogenicity under complex environmental exposure scenarios. Here, we synthesize classical evidence and recent advances in BaP-induced carcinogenicity across four interconnected dimensions: cancer occurrence in different tissues, the role of BaP in cancer initiation, promotion, and progression, key molecular mechanisms, and co-carcinogenic interactions with other chemicals. This review highlights that BaP carcinogenicity extends beyond genotoxic initiation and involves stage-dependent, tissue-specific, and interaction-driven processes. We further propose future priorities, including gaining a deeper understanding of tissue-specific regulatory networks, applying omics-based approaches to define carcinogenic signatures, and elucidating interaction mechanisms under realistic chemical co-exposure scenarios. This synthesis provides a framework for more mechanism-informed assessment of BaP-related environmental health risks and mixture carcinogenicity.

Estuarine ecosystems are increasingly threatened by organic ultraviolet absorbers (OUVs). However, their acute and combined toxicity to estuarine aquatic organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations remains poorly understood. This study evaluated the acute lethality and sublethal developmental toxicity of ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS), homosalate (HMS), and UV-329 on Mugilogobius chulae embryos. It also investigated the developmental effects and thyroid-related transcriptional responses of binary and ternary mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations, and assessed their combined effects at both phenotypic and transcriptional levels. While individual exposure exhibited low acute lethality, co-exposure to binary and ternary mixtures increased embryonic mortality, although these changes were not statistically significant. Co-exposure significantly decreased embryonic heart rate (p < 0.05). Notably, at the tested environmentally relevant concentration, the heart rate response to the HMS + UV-329 mixture showed an interaction pattern consistent with potential synergism based on the CI and IA models, whereas other mixtures were classified as antagonistic. In addition, co-exposure significantly upregulated HPT axis-related genes (p < 0.05), suggesting potential perturbation of thyroid-related molecular pathways. Co-exposure to EHS + HMS and EHS + UV-329 showed synergistic effects on tg, but additive effects on tpo and nis, whereas HMS + UV-329 and the ternary mixture produced synergistic effects on all three genes. The ternary mixture significantly upregulated dio3, trhrα, tshr, and thrα (p < 0.05), and these responses were classified as synergistic at the tested environmentally relevant concentration. Overall, co-exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of OUVs was associated with greater developmental and molecular-level responses in benthic fish embryos than did exposure to individual OUVs. These findings provide useful information for assessing the mixture toxicity of OUVs in estuarine environments, particularly with respect to early developmental effects in fish.

Honey-processing significantly influences the chemical composition and antiarrhythmic efficacy of liquorice. This study optimised processing parameters and investigated dynamic chemical transformations and pharmacological mechanisms. Stir-frying under controlled intensity and duration (700 W, 13.5 min; drug temperature 120 °C) was identified as optimal. During early heating, glycosides were hydrolysed into aglycones; intermediate stages involved dehydration-limited hydrolysis and partial dihydroflavonoid-chalcone conversion; prolonged heating induced glycoside degradation and Maillard reactions. The optimised honey-processed liquorice exhibited elevated liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid levels and demonstrated superior cardioprotective effects compared with raw liquorice and other processed samples in a zebrafish arrhythmia model. High-dose honey-processed liquorice and medium-dose isoliquiritin significantly improved cardiac morphology and function, with isoliquiritin showing the strongest antiarrhythmic activity. Metabolomic analysis revealed that regulation of unsaturated fatty acid metabolism was a key pathway underlying therapeutic effects. These findings clarify processing-constituent-efficacy relationships and highlight isoliquiritin as a principal bioactive component.

INTRODUCTION:Current standards for identifying the characteristics of Qingpi (QP) primarily depend on traditional empirical methods, which are both time-consuming and labor-intensive. Therefore, there is significant potential for developing a rapid and nondestructive identification method. OBJECTIVE:This work aims to realize fast and effective identification of QP and its processed products, to provide a basis for quality assurance and monitoring of QP and its processed products, and to provide reference for guiding the practical work of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) identification. METHODS:In this study, we employed three advanced technologies-electronic eye (E-eye), fast gas chromatography electronic nose (Fast GC e-nose), and Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy-to analyze the color, odor, and absorbance of QP samples. RESULTS:The E-eye digitized the appearance color of various QP samples, and subsequent discriminant analysis, combined with statistical methods, confirmed the feasibility of the discriminant function obtained. Additionally, the Fast GC e-nose provided valuable odor information, identifying 18 distinct odor components. Based on variable importance in projection (VIP) analysis, four components were hypothesized as potential odor markers for distinguishing QP raw products (SQP) from vinegar processed products (CQP). According to the accuracy of the support vector machine (SVM) classification model, the NIR preprocessing method is screened. Alongside SVM, three classification models are chosen for simultaneous evaluation and verification. Notably, the test set recognition rate for all four classification models reached 100%. CONCLUSION:E-eye, Fast GC e-nose, and NIR technology enable rapid, nondestructive identification and preliminary quality evaluation of QP products.

Deep dephosphorization of mariculture tailwater, a typical high-salinity and weakly alkaline wastewater, is difficult but essential for meeting ever-stricter stringent emission standards. Herein, we developed an alkaline-conversion method to prepare lanthanum-based metal organic framework (La-MOF) derivatives for efficient phosphate removal from mariculture tailwater. During the templated alkaline-conversion process, the strong-alkaline regent gradually broke the coordination bonds of La-MOF while maintained its macrostructure, and the La nodes liberated from the framework were then crystallized into La(OH)(3). The universality of this conversion method was verified on other La-MOF precursors with different benzoic multicarboxylate ligands. Importantly, numerous mesopores were formed in the derivative interior, increasing the number of exposed active La sites and accessible transfer channels. Therefore, the derivative exhibited superior phosphate-adsorption performance with a high adsorption capacity (Langmuir Q(0): 155.7 mg P/g) and a rapid adsorption rate. The obtained La-MOF derivative with stable structure had broad neutral-alkaline pH range adaptability, which was demonstrated satisfactory dephosphorization selectivity and high cyclic performance under different seawater conditions (coexisting anions, cations, H3BO3 and natural organic matter). Finally, the obtained mesopore-rich La-MOF derivative exhibited an excellent deep dephosphorization capacity for actual mariculture tailwaters collected from seven mariculture ponds. The reactive phosphate level was quickly reduced to an ultra-low effluent concentration (<0.05 mg P/L), demonstrating the promising application potential of the La-MOF derivative.

The "Shang Han Lun" indicates that honey-processed licorice protects the heart better than raw licorice. Ten major constituents in honey-processed licorice samples were quantified. Protective effects of honey-processed licorices against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity were assessed in zebrafish larvae. Network pharmacology analysis based on the ten target constituents was conducted. Results showed glabridin was lowest in honey-processed Gg, while total content of six components (such as liquiritin) was highest in honey-processed Gu, followed by honey-processed Gi, and lowest in honey-processed Gg. Pharmacological results indicated that honey-processed Gu and Gi significantly improved doxorubicin-induced abnormal pericardial edema and increased venous sinus-arterial bulb distance in larvae. The pericardial area was reduced by 23% and 20%, respectively compared to the model group, and the distances reduced to 81% and 83.3% of the model group, respectively. Although improvements in pericardial edema were rare in the honey-processed Gg group, it reversed venous sinus-arterial bulb distance increase. These results indicate that honey-processed Gu and honey-processed Gi can significantly protect zebrafish embryos against the effects of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, namely, abnormal heart rate, pericardial edema, and elongation of the venous sinus-arterial bulb distance, whereas honey-processed Gg can only significantly reverse the doxorubicin-induced increase in the venous sinus-arterial bulb distance. Network pharmacology analysis predicted that these constituents have potential for the treatment of metabolic abnormalities and cellular senescence related diseases caused by reactive oxygen species induction, linking to Rap1 pathways. Honey-processed Gu and honey-processed Gi had stronger cardioprotective effects on zebrafish embryos than honey-processed Gg possibly because of differences in composition.

High activation capacity of porous CeO2 is demonstrated in persulfate-driven advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) for organic pollutant degradation. Herein, porous CeO2 with abundant active sites was synthesized using a self-template method, followed by an investigation of its catalytic activity and mechanism in PMS/PDS-driven systems. In the CeO2/PDS system, a non-covalent complex [ Ce(IV)-O-H...S2O82]* was formed, and the high proportion of Ce(IV) facilitated a O-1(2)-mediated nonradical pathway for norfloxacin (NOR) degradation. Conversely, the formation of a covalent complex [ Ce(III)-O-O-SO3]* in the CeO2/PMS system initiated a radical pathway involving surface-bonded SO4 center dot- /center dot OH. However, strong electrostatic repulsion between CeO2(+)-NOR+,0 limited the accessibility of these surface-bonded radicals, greatly reducing oxidant utilization efficiency. Consequently, porous CeO2 exhibited a notably higher activation capacity (17.2 times) for PDS compared to PMS. This study introduces an efficient strategy for developing high-performance CeO2 catalysts and provides novel insights into the application of Ce-based catalysts in PS-AOPs.

Membrane catalytic technology proves to be a highly promising technique for the effective treatment of emerging contaminants. Synergistic operation of tangential flow and permeate flow catalysis in a cross-flow membrane catalysis process presents a significant challenge for the configuration design of catalytic membranes. Here, CoFe Prussian blue analogs (PBA) are in-situ loaded onto a porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane using a novel unidirectional diffusion strategy, resulting in the construction of a dual-region PBA/PVDF catalytic membrane composed of a surface PBA catalytic layer and an in-channel catalytic region. This dual-region configuration facilitates synergistic catalysis in both tangential and permeate flow directions, effectively overcoming the "trade-off" effect and simultaneously achieving high water flux and high catalytic efficiency under elevated operation pressure, with a dynamic rate constant (Kobs1) of 0.32 s- 1. The excellent configurational stability and synergy catalysis in tangential-permeate flow ensure a constant and superior instantaneous catalytic performance of the dual-region catalytic membrane for PMS-driven organic degradation involving SO4 & sdot;- and 1O2 species. This study offers a new perspective on bidirectional catalytic pathways in membrane catalysis technology, and develops a novel PBA/PVDF catalytic membrane material for high-efficient organic contaminants removal.

The TRIAD approach is widely used as a scientific methodology available to deal with site-specific contamination scenarios. In this study, a soil environmental risk assessments (SERA) of ten industrial sites in China was conducted by ranking risks across multiple sites based on the TRIAD method, and attempted to provide an alternative method for risk ranking, the VIKOR method, when reference screening values for assessing individual indicators are unavailable. The VIKOR method was developed to address ranking and selection problems in multi-criteria decision-making, particularly in complex decision environments. The present assessments analyzed 33 chemical analysis indicators, 14 ecotoxicological indicators, and 5 ecological indicators related to soil microbial diversity, subsequently compared and discuss the differences in risk ranking results obtained using the two methods. The results of the TRIAD approach showed that six sites (including F, G, E, B, J and I) were ranked high in the risk order, which were in the moderate-risk range (Integrated risk value, 0.5–0.75). While the results of the VIKOR method showed that four sites (including F, G, H, and E) were ranked high in the risk order, followed by another four sites (including D, A, B, and C). Although there were differences in the assessment results, both methods consistently identified three sites (including F, G, and E) with relatively higher risks. The results indicated that when the TRIAD method is not applicable in special cases, the VIKOR comprehensive evaluation can be used to infer the relative ecological risk of the assessed site.

The accumulation of oily waste increases annually with the growth in crude oil demand. Its toxicity and high heating value present both opportunities and challenges for treatment technologies. In recent years, the emergence of hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents (HDES) has promoted advancements in low-toxicity extraction processes. Leveraging the advantages of HDES and addressing the challenges posed by real oily sawdust (with a 67.9 % oil content), this study presents a novel green HDES solvent composed of ethyl maltol and fatty acids, accompanied by a corresponding extraction process. At a low temperature of 60 degrees C, the process achieved impressive results: an oil extraction efficiency close to 86.3 %, a dehydration rate exceeding 92.2 %, and a heavy metal removal rate ranging from 15 % to 75 %. In the exploration of solvents recycling, pH-switching facilitated the deprotonation and protonation of phenol-fatty acid HDES, promoting effective recovery of the oil phase. Even after 5 cycles, the oil extraction rate could still be maintained above 75 %. It is worth noting that the regenerated HDES exhibited greater selectivity for extracting light oil after multiple uses. The total ratio of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons reached approximately 81.7 %, significantly enhancing the value of the recovered oil. Integrating systematic characterization with the extraction performance, as well as the variation in recovered oil phase components, highlighted the multifaceted effects of introducing ethyl maltol. Specifically, this effect is demonstrated in its ability to enhance the oil phase's solubility by regulating the intermolecular spacing of HDES, and to impede the dissolution of heavy oil into its gaps by optimizing the local zone through the formation of complexes with HDES and heavy metals.

To address the challenges of bioanode deactivation and instability of cathode catalysts in the treatment of high-salt organic wastewater using microbial fuel cells (MFCs), a series of CoCe catalysts encapsulated within nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (CoCe@NCNTs) was synthesized using a one-pot calcination method. Among the synthesized catalysts, CoCe0.5@NCNTs demonstrated outstanding and stable electrochemical performance in a high-salt environment with 600 mM NaCl, achieving a power density of 144.29 mW m(-2), which was 2.7 times higher than that of Co@NCNTs. Notably, the characterization of the catalyst revealed that the addition of Ce element enhanced the stability of the Co crystal structure, mitigated Co leaching, and facilitated the retention of a higher valence state of the Co species after the reaction under high salt conditions. Specifically, the Co3+/(Co2+ + Co3+) ratio in CoCe0.5@NCNTs was 2.82 times larger than that of Co@NCNTs, signifying the favorable influence of the mutual electron conversion between the bimetallic Ce and Co on the performance and stability of catalyst in a high-salt environment. Furthermore, the study assessed the removal efficiency of norfloxacin (NOR), NAD(+)/NADH ratios, and microbial diversity in conjunction with the stability of cathode electrochemical performance, demonstrating the interconnection between cathode and anode. By considering the practical challenges in treating high-salinity wastewater and the principles of bioelectrochemistry, this paper proposes a mechanism for enhancing anode performance through cathode linkage, thereby providing a novel strategy for MFCs to treat high-salinity organic wastewater treatment.

The coking industry in China is the largest coke supplier in the world. Contaminated soil in industrial areas poses a serious threat to human and ecosystems. Most of the studies investigated the toxicity of soil from coking plant on soil microorganisms, while the toxic effects of soil leaching liquor on aquatics are limited. In this study, the composition of soil leaching liquor from a coking plant in Taiyuan (TY) was analyzed, and the developmental toxicity on zebrafish was evaluated. The results showed that a total of 91 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in the leaching liquor, followed by phenols and benzene series. The leaching liquor induced developmental impairment in zebrafish larvae, including delayed incubation, deficits in locomotor behavior, vascular and cardiac dysplasia, and impaired neurodevelopment. The results of metabolomics analysis showed that TY soil leaching liquor induced significant metabolic profile disturbances in zebrafish embryos/larvae. The developmental toxicity of the leaching liquor metabolic disorders may be associated with the leaching liquor-induced abnormalities in zebrafish embryonic development. Metabolic pathways were identified by arginine and proline metabolism, phosphotransferase system, starch and sucrose metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, beta-alanine metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism pathways.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can realize the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy in high-salt wastewater, but the easily deactivated cathode seriously affects the performance of MFCs. To enhance the stability and sustainability of MFC in such circumstances, a bimetallic organic framework ZIF-8/ZIF-67 was utilized for the synthesis of a carbon cage-encapsulated metal catalysts in this study. Catalysts with different Co and Ce ratio (Co@C (without the Ce element), CoCe0.25@C, CoCe0.5@C, and CoCe1@C) were employed to modify the activated carbon cathodes of MFCs. The tests demonstrated that the MFCs with the CoCe0.5@C cathode catalyst obtained the highest maximum power density (188.93 mW/m2) and the smaller polarization curve slope, which boosted the electrochemical activity of microorganisms attached to the anode. The appropriate addition of the Ce element was conductive to the stability of the catalyst’s active center, which is beneficial for the stability of catalytic performance. Under the function of the CoCe0.5@C catalyst, the MFCs exhibited superior and stable norfloxacin (NOR) degradation efficiency. Even after three cycles, the NOR degradation rate remained at 68%, a negligible 5.6% lower than the initial stage. Furthermore, based on the analysis of microbial diversity, the abundance of electrogenic microorganisms on a bioanode is relatively high with CoCe0.5@C as the cathode catalyst. This may be because the better cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance can strengthen the metabolic activity of anode microorganisms. The electrochemical performance and NOR degradation ability of MFC were enhanced in a high-salt environment. This paper provides an approach to address the challenge of the poor salt tolerance of cathode catalysts in MFC treatment, and presents a new perspective on resource utilization, low carbon emissions, and the sustainable treatment of high-salt wastewater.

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLicorice is widely used clinically as one of the most famous traditional Chinese herbs. Its herb roasted with honey is called honey-processed licorice (HPL). Modern studies have shown that HPL has a stronger cardioprotective ability compared to raw licorice (RL), however the material basis and mechanism of action of the potential cardioprotection have not been fully elucidated.Aim of the studyTo screen and validate the material basis of cardioprotection exerted by HPL and to preliminarily predict the potential mechanism of action.Materials and methodsUPLC-QTOF-MS/MS was used to analyze HPL samples with different processing levels, and differential compounds were screened out through principal component analysis. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were applied to explore the association between differential compounds and doxorubicin cardiomyopathy and their mechanisms of action were predicted. An in vitro model was established to verify the cardioprotective effects of differential compounds.ResultsSix differential compounds were screened as key components of HPL for potential cardioprotection. Based on network pharmacology, 113 potential important targets for the treatment of Dox-induced cardiotoxicity were screened. KEGG enrichment analysis predicted that the PI3K-Akt pathway was closely related to the mechanism of action of active ingredients. Molecular docking results showed that the six differential compounds all had good binding activity with Nrf2 protein. In addition, in vitro experiments had shown that five of the active ingredients (liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin, and licochalcone A) can significantly increase Dox-induced H9c2 cell viability, SOD activity, and mitochondrial membrane potential, significantly reduces MDA levels and inhibits ROS generation.ConclusionLiquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and licochalcone A are key components of HPL with potential cardioprotective capabilities. Five active ingredients can alleviate Dox-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage.

At present, it is challenging to improve the activity and humidity resistance of ozone catalysts.

Although microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have potential for high-salt wastewater treatment, their application is limited by poor salt tolerance, deactivation and unstable catalytic performance. This study designed Ce-C, N-C, and Ce-N modified activated carbon (Ce-N-C) based on the catalytic mechanism and salt tolerance performance of Ce and N elements to address these limitations. With activated carbon (AC) as the control, this study analyzed the stability of the four cathodes under different salinity environments using norfloxacin (NOR) as a probe to assess the effect of cathodes and salinity on MFC degradation performance. After three months, comparing with other three cathodes, the Ce-N-C cathode demonstrated superior and stable electrochemical and power generation performance. In particular, the advantages of Ce-N-C in high-salt (600 mM NaCl) environment is more significant than no-salt or low-salt. The potential of Ce-N-C-End at current density of 0 was 14.0% higher than AC-End, and the power density of the MFC with Ce-N-C cathode was 105.7 mW/m2, which was 3.1 times higher than AC. Also, the stability of NOR removal under the function of Ce-N-C improved with the increase of NaCl concentration or operation time. The CeO2(111) crystal form, N-Ce-O bond and pyridine N might be the key factors in improving the catalytic performance and salt tolerance of the Ce-N modified carbon-based cathode using XPS and XRD analysis.

La-based materials have garnered considerable attention as potential adsorbents for phosphate removal because they capture phosphate with high affinity, producing an ultralow phosphorous-concentration output. Herein, La -based metal-organic frameworks (La-MOFs, La-1,3,5-benzentricarboxylate) with tunable structures were fabricated by regulating the coordination solvent environment, which largely determines both the pore structure and chemical components of their corresponding La2O2CO3 derivatives and the phosphate adsorption perfor-mance. A porous La2O2CO3 derivative (W-D T500) derived from the water/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) guided La-MOF showed abundant mesopores and a high surface area, because the pore-opening degree under high-temperature pyrolysis is higher in W-D T500 than in the La2O2CO3 derivative obtained from the water/ ethanol solvent-guided La-MOF. W-D T500 also had higher La (78.3%) and carbonate contents of the crystal structure owing to the higher efficiency of carbon conversion to carbonate-oxides in W-D T500. Consequently, the porous La2O2CO3 derivative W-D T500 exhibited superior phosphate adsorption capacity (91.6 mg P/g), high adsorption selectivity, and excellent recycling performance. Phosphate was attached to the La2O2CO3 ad-sorbents via a ligand-exchange mechanism between phosphate and CO32-/-OH. This study provides a solvent guidance strategy to construct functional La-MOFs and La2O2CO3 derivatives for excellent phosphate removal.

Bisphenol AF (BPAF) is one of the most commonly used alternatives of bisphenol A in the plastics industry. The effects of BPAF on nervous development are unclear. Curcumin (CUR) has been determined to be an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent. In this study, the effects of BPAF on neurotoxicity of zebrafish embryos/larvae and whether CUR could reverse effects induced by BPAF were investigated. The results showed that BPAF treatment induced deficits in locomotor behavior, altered the larval brain development, caused aberrant expression of neurogenesis related genes (elavl3, zn5, α-tubulin, syn2a, and gap43), decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and induced oxidative stress, cell apoptosis, and neuroinflammation in zebrafish larvae. CUR addition could block the adverse effects of BPAF on nervous development by attenuated oxidative stress and cell apoptosis induced by BPAF in zebrafish, enhanced the activity of AChE, and increased the expression of genes involved in the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-8). The results of this study indicate that BPAF could induce aberrant development on nervous system. However, CUR exerts neuroprotective effects on BPAF-induced neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae.

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Honey-processed licorice (HPL) is the roasted product of licorice. It is recorded in the "Shang Han Lun" that licorice has better protection on heart after honey-processed. However, researches regarding its protective effect on the heart and the distribution of HPL in vivo are still limited.Aim of the study: To evaluate the cardio-protection of HPL and explore the law of ten main components distri-bution in vivo under physiological and pathological conditions for an attempt to clarify the pharmacological substance basis of HPL in treating arrhythmia. Materials and methods: The adult zebrafish arrhythmia model was established by doxorubicin (DOX). Electro-cardiogram (ECG) was used to detect the heart rate changes of zebrafish. SOD and MDA assays were used to evaluate oxidative stress levels in the myocardium. HE staining was used to observe the morphological change of myocardial tissues after HPL treatment. The UPLC-MS/MS was adapted to detect the content of ten main components of HPL in heart, liver, intestine, and brain under normal and heart injury conditions.Results: Heart rate of zebrafish was decreased, the SOD activity was attenuated and MDA content was increased in myocardium after administration of DOX. Moreover, tissue vacuolation and inflammatory infiltration were detected in zebrafish myocardium induced by DOX. HPL could ameliorate heart injury and bradycardia induced by DOX to a certain extent by increasing SOD activity and reducing MDA content. In addition, the study of tissue distribution revealed that the content of liquiritin, isoliquiritin, and isoliquiritigenin in the heart was higher in the presence of arrhythmias than those in the normal condition. Under pathological conditions, the heart highly exposed to these three components could elicit anti-arrhythmic effects by regulating immunity and oxidation.Conclusion: These findings indicate that the HPL is protective against heart injury induced by DOX, and its effect is associated with the alleviation of oxidative stress and tissue injury. And the cardioprotective effect of HPL under pathological conditions may be related to the high distribution of liquiritin, isoliquiritin, and iso-liquiritigenin in heart tissue. This study provides an experimental basis for the cardioprotective effects and tissue distribution of HPL.

The heterogeneous photo-Fenton system using Fe-Co/γ-Al2O3 as a catalyst was applied in the study of sulfamethoxazole(SMX) degradation. The morphology, structure, elemental composition and metal valence distribution of Fe-Co/γ-Al2O3 were found to be relatively stable before and after the reaction. The highest SMX degradation efficiency and mineralization (The ratio of organic matter being oxidized to carbon dioxide and water) were obtained under the conditions of 15% Fe-Co loading rate, 1:1 mass ratio of Fe and Co, 1 g/L catalyst dosage, 1.5 mL 30% H2O2 dosage, 18 W UV lamp power and 60 min reaction time, which were 98% and 66%, respectively. Radical quenching experiments and electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) characterization revealed that ·OH played an important role in the degradation and mineralization SMX in the Fe-Co/γ-Al2O3 heterogeneous photo-Fenton system. Combined with the analysis of N, S and intermediate products, there may be three degradation pathways of SMX in the heterogeneous photo-Fenton system. This work provides a technical reference for realizing the efficient degradation and mineralization of SMX in a heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction system.