The urolithiasis of 6/18 wether lambs was successfully induced by a new mode of feeding with cottonseed meal diet and adding MgO in drinking water,and the changes of serum and urine biochemical abnormalities were evaluated in different experimental phase of urolithiasis.The experiment was divided into four phases:the end of pre-testing designed as phase Ⅰ,days 15-60 of experiment as phase Ⅱ,the initial stages of dysuria as phase Ⅲ,2-5 days after dysuria as phase Ⅳ.The results showed that Urolithiasis occurred in all six experimental goats and main compositions of crystals and urolith were composed of potassium magnesium phosphate and ammonium magnesium phosphate.Urea in serum got a significant increase in phases Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ than phase Ⅰ in goat.Serum creatinine increased significantly in phases Ⅲ and Ⅳ than phases Ⅰ and Ⅱ in goat.The ratio of serum urea to serum creatinine increased significantly(phase Ⅱ)after cottonseed meal and rice straw diet feeding but decreased significantly(phases Ⅲ and Ⅳ)after the occurrence of lithogenesis.Urine protein got a significant increase(phase Ⅱ)but decreased significantly at the initial stage of lithogenesis(phase Ⅲ),then a significant increase was found several days later(phase Ⅳ)of anuresis.Serum phosphorous,magnesium and potassium got a significant increase in phases Ⅰand Ⅱ.Serum magnesium and potassium increased significantly in anuretic goats but a significant decrease was found in serum phosphorous,sodium and chlorine in phases Ⅲ and Ⅳ.Urine phosphorous,magnesium,potassium and ammonium decreased significantly(phases Ⅰand Ⅱ)in lambs feeding cottonseed meal diet and further decrease was observed in phases Ⅲ and Ⅳ.The content of urine calcium only decreased significantly after anuresis.Conclusion:Goats got a azotemia,hyperkalemia,hyponatremia,hypophosphatemia and hypochloraemia after the occurrence of urolithiasis,which suggested the acute renal failure in calculous lambs and this disorder aggravated with the lasting of anuresis.The decreased contents of urine phosphorous,magnesium,potassium and ammonium contributed to the formation of crystals,especially to calculi.

The chemical composition and ultrastructure of urinary calculi obtained from male Boer goats were studied using qualitative chemical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. The calculi came from 10 naturally-occurring cases of urolithiasis and from seven cases of urolithiasis experimentally-induced by feeding a cottonseed meal–rice straw diet supplemented with magnesium oxide. The results indicated that the major component of urinary calculi collected from naturally-occurring and experimentally-induced cases of urolithiasis was struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate). The study also identified previously unreported prismatic crystals in the uroliths of goats, similar to struvite but rich in potassium. The characteristic ultrastructure of struvite uroliths is described along with a brief discussion of their formation.

Sixty and three cases of canine dental calculus disease were obtained from some animal hospitals or dog farms in recent years.The composition of canine dental salivary calculus was analyzed by fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy,X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS),in the same time,the ultrastructural characteristics of the attached end and free end of the calculus was observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM).The results indicated that:(1) The components of the calculus were satisfactorily identified by FTIR.(2) SEM observation showed holes on the attached end of the calculus,which may be attributed to spaces previously occupied by microorganism(bacteria).Crystal showed regular lamination or leaf-like morphology in the free end and highly mineralized in the surface of the calculus.These predicted the process of dental salivary calculus biomineralization initiated phase may be tightly related to the debris of microorganism(bacteria).

The urolithiasis of 6 wether lambs was successfully induced by a new mode of feeding with cottonseed meal diet and adding MgO in drinking water,and the changes of urinary sediment and renal function were evaluated in different experimental phase of urolithiasis.The experiment was divided into five phases,the end of pre-testing designed as phase Ⅰ,days 15-60 of experiment as phase Ⅱ,pre-dysuria after adding MgO in drinking water as phase Ⅲ,the initial stages of dysuria as phase Ⅳ,2-5 days after dysuria as phase Ⅴ.The results showed that:(1) Crystals emerged largely with coffin-lid-shaped and different size radicel crystals in phases Ⅱ and Ⅲ in urine of goat after cottonseed meal and rice straw diet feeding,and basically disappeared in phase Ⅳ,but small crystal could be found again in urine of phase Ⅴ with a significant lower quantity than that in phases Ⅱand Ⅲ(P0.05).(2) Small amounts of tubules epithelium was observed in urine of goat in phases Ⅰ and Ⅱ.At the initial phase of occurrence of urolithiasis induced by MgO treatment(phases Ⅲ and Ⅳ),cast-off cells of tubules epithelium and pelvis epithelium with small amounts of cast were observed in urine from bladder.Several days after the occurrence of urolithiasis(phase Ⅴ) amounts of cast-off cells and casts got a further increase.(3) Urea in plasma got a significant increase(P0.05) in phases Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ and Ⅴthan in phase Ⅰ.Plasma creatinine was found no significant change in phases Ⅰand Ⅱ,and significant increase(P0.05) in phases Ⅲ,Ⅳ and Ⅴ than in phases Ⅰand Ⅱ.The ration of plasma urea to plasma creatinine increased significantly(phase Ⅱ) after cottonseed meal and rice straw diet feeding but decreased significantly(phases Ⅳ and Ⅴ) after the occurrence of lithogenesis.Urine protein got a significant increase(phases Ⅱ and Ⅲ) but decreased significantly at the initial stage of lithogenesis(phase Ⅳ),then a significant increase was found several days later(phase Ⅴ) of anuresis.Conclusion: High intake of magnesium could provoke the shedding of nephric epithelium,this condition contributed to the change of renal function.At the same time the cast-off cells and urinary protein also offered a convenience of calculous nucleation and promoted the occurrence of urolithiasis in goat.These changes could be helpful to understand the question how does crystal convert to calculi.

The urolithiasis of 6/18 wether lambs was successfully induced by a new mode of feeding with cottonseed meal diet and adding MgO in drinking water,and the changes of serum and urine biochemical abnormalities were evaluated in different experimental phase of urolithiasis.The experiment was divided into four phases:the end of pre-testing designed as phase Ⅰ,days 15-60 of experiment as phase Ⅱ,the initial stages of dysuria as phase Ⅲ,2-5 days after dysuria as phase Ⅳ.The results showed that Urolithiasis occurred in all six experimental goats and main compositions of crystals and urolith were composed of potassium magnesium phosphate and ammonium magnesium phosphate.Urea in serum got a significant increase in phases Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ than phase Ⅰ in goat.Serum creatinine increased significantly in phases Ⅲ and Ⅳ than phases Ⅰ and Ⅱ in goat.The ratio of serum urea to serum creatinine increased significantly(phase Ⅱ)after cottonseed meal and rice straw diet feeding but decreased significantly(phases Ⅲ and Ⅳ)after the occurrence of lithogenesis.Urine protein got a significant increase(phase Ⅱ)but decreased significantly at the initial stage of lithogenesis(phase Ⅲ),then a significant increase was found several days later(phase Ⅳ)of anuresis.Serum phosphorous,magnesium and potassium got a significant increase in phases Ⅰand Ⅱ.Serum magnesium and potassium increased significantly in anuretic goats but a significant decrease was found in serum phosphorous,sodium and chlorine in phases Ⅲ and Ⅳ.Urine phosphorous,magnesium,potassium and ammonium decreased significantly(phases Ⅰand Ⅱ)in lambs feeding cottonseed meal diet and further decrease was observed in phases Ⅲ and Ⅳ.The content of urine calcium only decreased significantly after anuresis.Conclusion:Goats got a azotemia,hyperkalemia,hyponatremia,hypophosphatemia and hypochloraemia after the occurrence of urolithiasis,which suggested the acute renal failure in calculous lambs and this disorder aggravated with the lasting of anuresis.The decreased contents of urine phosphorous,magnesium,potassium and ammonium contributed to the formation of crystals,especially to calculi.

A new mode of urolithiasis was induced in 6 wether lambs by feeding with cottonseed meal diet and water containing MgO,and the changes of urinary crystals,urinary conductivity and urinary activity product of potassium magnesium phosphate were evaluated during the onset of urolithiasis,and clinical diagnostic value of urolithiasis was also discussed.The experiment was divided into four periods:the end of pre-testing designed as period Ⅰ,days 15-60 of experiment as period Ⅱ,the initial stages of dysuria as period Ⅲ,and 2-5 days after dysuria as period Ⅳ.The result showed that urolithiasis occurred in all six experimental goats and the main compositions of crystals in period Ⅱ and stone were of potassium magnesium phosphate and ammonium magnesium phosphate in experiment,but the crystal in period Ⅳ was potassium magnesium phosphate.Crystals emerged largely with different size in urine of period Ⅱ and disappeared in period Ⅲ,but small crystal could be found again in urine of period Ⅳ.Both urinary conductivity and activity product of potassium magnesium phosphate of period Ⅲ,Ⅳ were lower than period ⅠandⅡ(P0.05).It was suggested that urinary conductivity and activity product of potassium magnesium phosphate decreased during the onset of ammonium(potassium)magnesium phosphate calculosis,urinary sedimentary crystal lessened or disappeared during this process.

【Objective】 The effect of high dietary magnesium on urolithiasis in feedlot wethers was compared with high potassium and phosphate under the Chinese traditional feeding style with cotton seed meal and rice straw diet. 【Method】Eighteen wethers of 3-4-months-old were randomly allotted to A, B, C three groups, and they were feeding for three months with cotton seed meal and rice straw diet comprised of P 0.40%, K 1.24%, Mg 0.32%, respectively. From the third month, KH2PO4 and K2HPO4 were provided to goats in group B via drinking water and so did MgO to goats in group C, goats in group A still drank tap water, which means dietary P, K in group B was added up to 1.74% and 0.75%, and dietary Mg in group C to 0.56%. The clinical signs and postmortem were observed and incidence of urolithiasis was recorded. Blood and urine samples were collected to analyze the concentration of P, K, Mg and Ca ions, and the activity product of potassium magnesium phosphate was calculated to evaluate the supersaturation of urine before and after urolith formation. The composition of urinary sediments and stones was studied by chemical qualitative analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. 【Result】 The urolithiasis was found on day 5-8 in all 6 goats of group C after drinking water contains MgO, one urolithiasis case was found in groups A and B on day 25, 28 of the third month, respectively. The aggregate analysis showed that the chemical composition of urinary stones and urinary sedimentary crystals was magnesium ammonium phosphate and potassium magnesium phosphate and P, K, Mg ion concentrations of urine decreased significantly, so did the activity product of potassium magnesium phosphate. 【Conclusion】High dietary level of magnesium is a more important factor of urolithiasis in wethers compared with feeding with high P, K containing diets, and the effect of magnesium induced urolithiasis might be associated with the change ofinhibitory activity of some inhibitors in urine.

Pulmonary artery endothelial cells(PAEC)of broiler were isolated by the method of tissue explantation.Identifications of the cultured cells were performed with the morphological feature and immunocytochemical stain using specific antiserum against factor Ⅷ related antigen.Xanthine/xanthine oxidase(X/XO)served as the oxygen free radical(OFR)generating system.In vitro model of oxidative injury of PAEC was established based on the X/XO system.The results showed that PAEC could survive in vitro and subculture for 5-6 generations.Morphological and immunocytochemical observations of cultured cells demonstrated specific characteristics of endothelial cells.PAECs were severely damaged by OFR.The viability of cells was inhibited by X/XO system,and dose-dependent decrease in cell viability was found with increasing XO dosages.Some cells even died.The concentration of malondialdehyde(MDA,a product of lipid peroxidation)was increased in the culture media treated with X/XO system,suggesting that OFR promoted the lipid peroxidation of PAEC.These results suggest that OFR might have an injury effect on the endothelium of pulmonary artery in broiler and may play an important role in the mechanism of pulmonary hypertension syndrome.

肉鸡腹水症是因肉鸡生长过快而导致机体供氧不足,心脏功能性代偿发展为衰竭,导致血液循环障碍,以致肺动脉高压.因高血压使肝脏充血水肿,肝内淋巴液从肝脏渗出,形成腹水.本研究以探讨复方中药制剂对腹水症肉鸡肝肺血清NO和mPAP影响,为肉鸡腹水症的防治和发病机理研究提供理论基础.

对动物尿结石的成分进行分析可以揭示动物尿石症的形成发生过程,有助于为尿石症的防治提供科学的依据。作者在运用红外光谱对某猪场猪群发性尿石症的结石样品进行成分分析时发现,该猪场猪所患结石为磺胺类药物性结石。

The intravenous urogram,B-mode ultrasonogram,and helical CT feature of the urinary stones('sandy uroliths')in goats by feeding high level cottonseed meals diet were observed.The results revealed that the uroliths of goats associated with feeding cottonseed meals diet were the mixture of amount powdery and few granular.X-ray radiology of'sandy uroliths'feeding cottenseed meals diet to goats was negative.Intravenous urography demonstrated granules of uroliths in the bladder with different density.'sandy uroliths'in kidney,bladder and sigmoid flexure were found with B-mode ultrasonogram.'sandy uroliths'in bladder and sigmoid flexure were clearly diagnosed with helical CT.At the same time,the location,size and shape of sandy urinary stones were satisfactorily found with intravenous X-ray radiology,B-mode ultrasonogram and helical CT.These results showed combined three methods in clinics were a fast precise methods to diagnose urolithiasis.

1 调查与分析方法 1.1 调查方法临床资料的数据来自南京市近年来5家具有代表性的宠物医院的门诊病例,对其确诊病例按我们设计好的宠物尿石症问卷调查表的形式逐一填写归类.同时对收集到的84例尿结石样品逐一对其形态、大小、重量、颜色等登记.

The field cases of canine urolithiasis was obtained from 5 representative animal hospitals in Nanjing area for recent two years.In the same time,the composition of 84 canine urinary stones was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy,X-ray energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS) and scanning electron microscope.The results indicated that:(1)The incidence of canine urolithiasis was 0.58%-1.31% in Nanjing area.Of the field urolithiasis cases,the male canine was 54.02% and the female 45.98%.(2)Four types of canine urinary calculi(magnesium ammonium phosphate(struvite),calcium oxalate,urate,calcium phosphate) were defined on the basis of their main constituent.In addition,the characteristic microstructure and etiology of the urinary stone was described and discussed.

2005年1~2月先后收治了某养羊户5只波尔山羊杂交后代的公羔,临床上主要表现为排尿障碍。根据病史、临床症状和病理剖检变化诊断为饲喂棉饼所致的尿石症。采用手术和排石颗粒治疗,取得了良好的效果。

本文对饲喂棉饼诱发的山羊泌尿系结石的病例进行了详细的B超影像观察,并对其临床检查方法进行了探索。结果显示:B超不仅可以方便地观察到结石的位置、大小、形态,而且对饲喂棉饼致诱发的山羊砂石样结石有明确的诊断。由此可见B超是泌尿系结石诊断的方便、快捷、实用的方法之一,在兽医临床上值得推广使用。

尿液分析是临床检验和实验研究中的重要组成部分,快速而简便地采集到洁净的尿液是实现尿液分析的前提。鉴于采集雄性动物尿液在临床实践和实验研究中都存在一定困难,在分析了前人尿液采集方法的基础上,采用水拔子的橡胶端罩面连接塑料瓶的模式,制作了一套简易的接尿器,经过在雄性羊猪犬等动物上多次试用,可以快速而简便地采集到洁净尿液。

124 urinary stones obtained from boer goats,located goats,dogs,feline,pigs,scalper and chicken were analysed by fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy.The results indicated that the following components were easily (identified:) magnesium ammonium phosphate(struvite),calcium oxalate,calcium carbonate,uric acid.These predicted the method of FTIR is an ideal way to analyse animal uroliths.

长江三角洲白山羊,俗称海门山羊.是我国生产优质笔料毛的著名山羊品种[1].其所产的羊毛,毛色洁白,挺直有峰,具光泽,弹性好,是制高档毛笔的独特原料.所制成的毛笔,笔锋尖锐整齐,丰满圆润,健劲有力,由其制成的湖笔的独特风格,早就博得"毛颍之技甲天下"之称,与徽墨、宣纸、端砚一起,被共誉为"文房四宝"[2].长江三角洲白山羊主要分布在江苏境内的长江口两岸,以南通地区的饲养量最多,2003年底海门市的存栏量就达70.1万头[3].其创伤性腹壁疝常常是由于腹肌或腱膜受到强大的钝性外力作用而形成,且其疝内容物以肠管居多[4] J,而疝内容物是瘤胃的在临床上并不常见,笔者最近遇到1例,现报道如下.

Three hundred and eighty 1-day-old Arbor Acres commercial broilers were divided randomly into control(A) and experimental(B,C,D and E) groups.All broilers were fed with a normal diet before 14 days of age.In experimental groups B,C,D and E,broilers were subjected to a change of temperature by lowering 1-2℃ per day from 25℃(day 14) down to 12℃,and then maintained at this ambient temperature until 7 weeks of age.At the same time,dietary 3,3,5-triiodothyronine(T_3) at 1.5 mg/kg was added into groups B,C,D and E in order to induce pulmonary hypertension syndrome(PHS).Dietary vitamin C at 500 mg/kg and vitamin E at 100 mg/kg were respectively added in groups C and D.Dietary vitamin C at 500 mg/kg together with vitamin E at 100 mg/kg were added into groups E.Moreover,body weight gain,feed conversion rate and PHS incidence were measured weekly.Blood samples were taken from 10 killed birds per group weekly from day 14 on,for determination of the packed cell volume(PCV),the concentrations of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and MDA in plasma,lung and liver.The right ventricle(RV) and the total ventricle(TV) were weighed,and the RV/TV ratio was calculated.The results indicated that the lower ambient temperature and dietary T_3 significantly increased PHS incidence (P0.01).In the groups C and E,the PHS incidence and MDA in plasma,lung and liver significantly reduced(P0.01),and SOD in plasma,lung and liver significantly increased(P0.01),but did not change the body weight gain,feed conversion rate,PCV and RV/TV;and that in the group D,significantly decreased MDA in plasma after 5 weeks of age(P0.01) and significantly increased SOD in plasma,lung and liver(P0.01),but did not change MDA in lung and liver and the incidence of PHS,reflecting that the dietary vitamin C may stop the lipid peroxidation,eliminate the free radicals,increase the antioxidative capacity and reduce the incidence of PHS in broilers in the cold ambient and dietary T_3;and that the vitamin C and E may increase the antioxidative capacity in broilers in the cold ambient and dietary T_3;but does not change the growth performance in broilers;and that although the dietary vitamin E may increase partly the antioxidation,but does not prevent the incidence of PHS in broilers.

Two hundred forty 1-d-old Arbor Acres commercial broiler chicks were divided into control and experimental (T1 and T2) groups that, between 8 and 42 d of age, were provided drinking water containing 0, 600, or 1,200 mg/L sodium from sodium chloride, respectively. The pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS) incidence and the right to total ventricle weight ratio (RV/ TV) were calculated weekly, and blood samples and lung tissues were collected weekly from 10 birds per group to evaluate the structural and hemodynamic characteristics of pulmonary vessels. Saline drinking water significantly increased the incidence of PHS and RV/TV ratios. In the T2 group the PHS mortality exhibited 2 peaks, including an acute peak from 14 to 21 d of age and a chronic peak from 35 to 42 d of age. During the acute peak of PHS mortality the blood volume (BV), filtration index (FI), and packed cell volume (PCV) increased in groups T1 and T2 when compared with the control group. During the acute peak there were no differences among groups in the ratio of wall to total area (WA/TA), medial thickness of pulmonary arteriole walls (mMTPA), the percentage of thick-walled peripheral lung vessels (%TWPV), the percentage of muscular arterioles (%MA), or the percentage of nonmuscular arterioles (%NMA) in pulmonary arterioles. During the chronic peak of PHS mortality, group T2 exhibited the highest values for %TWPV, %MA, WA/TA, and mMTPA and the lowest values for %NMA when compared with the T1 and control groups. Also during the chronic peak the groups did not differ in BV or FI, whereas PCV remained elevated above control values in groups T1 and T2. These observations indicate that hemodynamic changes related to viscous resistance to blood flow (BV, FI, PCV) predominated throughout the acute peak of PHS mortality, whereas, during the chronic stages of PHS mortality, increased vascular resistance to blood flow also was imposed by remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature.