2 experiments were conducted to test the proposition that once someone has agreed to a small request he is more likely to comply with a larger request. The 1st study demonstrated this effect when the same person made both requests. The 2nd study extended this to the situation in which different people made the 2 requests. Several experimental groups were run in an effort to explain these results, and possible explanations arc discussed.

A series of studies investigated the capacity of children between the ages of 7 and 12 to give free and informed consent to participation in psychological research. Children were reasonably accurate in describing the purpose of studies, but many did not understand the possible benefits or especially the possible risks of participating. In several studies children's consent was not affected by the knowledge that their parents had given their permission or by the parents saying that they would not be upset if the children refused. In contrast, other studies found that children were much more likely to stop their participation if the experimenter said explicitly that she would not be upset if they stopped. We suggest that experimenters should pay more attention to describing the possible risks and benefits of participation in research, and that they should also make it clearer to children that they are free to stop once they have begun.

Eight- to ten-year-old children received $4.00 and were allowed to shop in an experimental store. Half received the money as payment for work while the remainder received it as a present. In an orthogonal manipulation, for half the children the store contained attractive merchandise while for the remainder the merchandise was unattractive. In addition, mothers responded to some questions about their children's economic socialization. We examined the effects of work condition, store condition, gender, and several variables derived from mothers' responses on amount of money spent in the store. Based on the results of earlier research, we predicted that children who received an allowance at home (vs. those who did not) would be “better” consumers, i.e., less likely to spend on unattractive merchandise. These results were found and were interpreted in terms of trust and expectations of responsibility communicated by the giving of allowance and their effects on economic socialization.

Buku ini telah meraih keberhasilan. Dan meskipun pandangan dasar kami tentang naskah tersebut tetap sama, namun banyak bagian yang telah diubah dalam edisi kelima ini. Kami menganggap buku lama itu bagus, tetapi kami tidak akan membiarkannya begitu saja. Inilah beberapa peruahan yang akan Anda temui.

Sosyal algıda (insanların algılanması) iki varsayımın, büyük ağırlık taşıdığı söylenebilir. Bunların ilkine göre, algı oldukça mekanik bir süreçtir. İkincisine göre de, bu süreçte düşünce ya da bilişten çok duygu ya da değerlendirme önem taşır. Bu iki varsayım, çok değerli ve işe yarar olmakla birlikte, algı sürecini fazlaca yalmlaştırmaktadır. ister insanları, ister nesneleri algılıyor olalım, yaptığımız şey, yalnızca çevremizin bir kopyesini içselleştirmek değildir. Her bilgi parçası, diğerleri ile birlikte ortalaması alınacak bir diğer özellik olarak' değil, tutaılı bir bütünün bir parçası ya da yönü olarak alınır.

This is a series of studies that attempted to obtain some systematic data on the capacity of children between the ages of 5 and 12 to consent to psychological research. Most of the children understood all or most of what they were asked to do in a psychology study, but few children below the age of 12 fully understood or believed that their performance would be confidential. Similarly, most children appeared to know that they could end their participation in the study, but younger children were not clear on the details of how to accomplish this, and many of all ages believed that there would be some negative consequences if they asked to stop. Moreover, obtaining prior permission from parents, while providing protection for the children, appeared to introduce additional pressure on them to agree to participate in the research and to continue once they had agreed. It is concluded that in general children of these ages do have the capacity to meaningfully assent to participation in research, but that there are substantial problems in guaranteeing that they are able to make this decision freely.

Decision‐making theory suggests that jurors will tend to choose the verdict that maximizes the expected gains minus the expected losses of each decision. Capital punishment (as compared to a maximum sentence of life imprisonment) would seem to increase the perceived negative consequences of a guilty verdict without affecting the consequences of a non‐guilty verdict. This should make guilty decisions less likely. To test this prediction, questionnaires were sent to all jurors who had served on 32 first degree murder trials in which capital punishment was not in effect and who reached guilty verdicts. They were asked whether their verdicts in the murder trial would have been affected if capital punishment had been a possible sentence. Thirty percent of the respondents replied that they would have been less likely to vote guilty, whereas only 3% said they would have been more likely to vote guilty. Of the 32 separate jury panels, 30 had at least one person who indicated that he or she would have been less likely to vote guilty; and in 7 trials, 50% or more of those who responded gave this answer. The results appear to indicate that the possibility of a death sentence reduces the likelihood of a guilty verdict.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis is a chronic, fibrosing, inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology affecting the biliary tree. We describe a case of a pregnancy complicated by this condition. Remarkably, maternal cholestasis improved with advancing gestation. Despite a marked elevation of bile acid levels in cord blood, the patient was delivered of a healthy term infant. The principles of management and potential effects of primary sclerosing cholangitis on pregnancy care are discussed.