The textbook analyses and compares different systems and practices of adult education and adult education research worldwide. An important point of reference is the political, social and cultural contexts that impact adult education. The volume explains technical terms and provides a historical overview. Scientific theories and methods of international adult education are also presented. The role of international organisations is discussed, whereby the focus is extended to the non-Western world. Chapters on digitalisation, adult Education advocacy organisations, and international exchange programmes complete the volume. The textbook is an essential introduction to the field of international and comparative adult education. It is aimed at students, but also offers numerous suggestions and impulses for professional practice and research.

The article investigates the importance of active citizenship in UNESCO policy documents on adult learning and education. It is based on the observation that interest in the topic of active citizenship has decreased and that it seems that active citizenship is also marginalized in the adult education policy papers of international organizations. The paper analyses key UNESCO policy documents of the last 25 years as well as the Global Reports on Adult Learning and Education.

Nick Mansfield has produced a series of studies that combine social and military history. His 2016 volume, Soldiers as Workers, was particularly noteworthy in exploring the complexity and tensions of class and soldiering in the nineteenth-century British military. Rejecting what he saw as the superficial accounts of the military in much British social history, Mansfield argued that both officers and rank-and-file soldiers continued to display attitudes and values that were rooted in the social classes from which they were recruited.Soldiers as Citizens is very much a companion to the earlier book. Mansfield draws on E. P. Thompson's agentic view of class while insisting on the variety of experiences and perspectives that shaped the differences within British working-class identities. Soldiers, Mansfield writes, were “fundamentally working men in uniform” who retained much of their former civilian culture and who were formally as well as socially marked off from their officers, so that “class was a defining aspect of soldiers’ identity” (3). At the same time, soldiers had their own grievances and aspirations that made them distinctive.The book's coverage is broad both in scope and chronology. While Mansfield's main focus is indeed on soldiers, he also mentions politically minded sailors such as Admiral Charles Napier, who served as a Whig, then Liberal, MP and conducted a lifelong campaign for naval reform; his memorial column in Portsmouth was paid for by men from below decks in memory of his work in “advancing the welfare of the British sailor.” He covers a number of non-state armed forces, from the East India Company's private army to the auxiliary groups who served in the armed struggles of other nations. He discusses Irish as well as British soldiers. Any attempt to summarize popular politics in these diverse and changing settings will inevitably be complex. Nevertheless, Mansfield concludes that soldiers’ political beliefs and behaviors changed profoundly throughout the long nineteenth century, as of course did the organization and deployment of the armed forces.The earlier period witnessed a flourishing of officer radicalism along with expressions of grievances among the other ranks that involved issues soldiers shared with the wider working class: food protests are the prime example. Ex-soldiers participated in and even led radical movements, including Peterloo and the Cato Street conspiracy. Mansfield discusses other examples, including former infantryman William Cobbett and the one-time naval officer and militia major John Cartwright.Though Mansfield produces abundant examples of soldier and sailor radicalism, he also finds plenty of evidence of loyalism. Hostility to France was pervasive among the British population through the early nineteenth century, and over time the number of veterans from the French wars declined. The authorities successfully deployed troops both to break strikes and suppress demonstrations and to put down radical insurrectionary movements, such as the Newport Rising.As the century wore on, officer politics shifted decisively in favor of Conservatism, a trend that Mansfield neatly illustrates with an analysis of officers who were elected to the House of Commons. Pride in regiment and nation also strengthened among rank-and-file soldiers through the century, reinforced increasingly by imperial pride and contempt for the colonized. Racism was rampant, particularly in the wake of the Indian mutiny, an experience that along with the Crimean campaign also prompted the formation of veterans’ groups, which in turn were often targeted by local Conservative Associations (182). Yet although Conservatism increasingly dominated, Mansfield shows that the socialist soldier tradition endured: leading figures as diverse as H. H. Champion, Robert Blatchford, and James Connolly drew on a military background to inform their views and actions.Mansfield also considers the ways civilian popular activists viewed the military. Of course, the two categories were not entirely distinct: civilians served as part-time soldiers in the militias of the Napoleonic Wars and the Volunteer movement of the second half of the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, for the most part, civilian radicals tended to view the soldiery with mixed feelings. They picked up on rank-and-file grievances where they were likely to evoke a wider disgust, as in the cases of flogging or the purchase of commissions. But by and large, Mansfield argues that radical movements viewed soldiers either as drunken loyalist lackeys or, with a rather patronizing sympathy, as deluded and misguided.Mansfield's critical assessment of radical perspectives on the military is persuasive, but it is at times hard to evaluate his understanding of soldier politics, particularly among the rank and file. Much of the book is based on published material, including printed memoirs. This source material lends itself to a narrative often structured around brief biographical sketches. While inherently biased toward the officer caste, Mansfield notes that autobiographical material is also widely available for common soldiers (109). However, I would like to have seen a more detailed discussion of this source material.Published memoirs are available in abundance, and not only for authors from the officer caste. As John Burnett, David Vincent, David Mayall, and Jonathan Rose have shown, the autobiographies of working-class authors—particularly men—provide abundant source material for the labor historian. But what should we make of memoirs, and particularly the genre of military memoirs, which were often published with an eye to sales? Mansfield draws on this material effectively to give glimpses of soldiers’ lived experiences and views, but only briefly considers the reliability of these sources.Mansfield's study nevertheless offers a refreshing addition to the social history of Britain's working class. He firmly insists on a rich, diverse understanding of soldier politics that is far removed from the stereotypes of rank-and-file loyalty and officer Toryism: even though the armed forces ultimately obeyed orders to put down strikes and rebellions, a variety of political positions and ideas flourished throughout the century. Soldiers as Citizens is a thoughtful and nuanced contribution to British labor history.

Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) is an established high precision tool enabling us to detect early implant migration in total hip arthroplasty. The aim of this study is to present the RSA and clinical results of a new cementless hip stem and to compare those with established benchmarks.

"Just giving: why philanthropy is failing democracy and how it can do better." International Journal of Lifelong Education, 39(5-6), pp. 622–623

Background: All-polyethylene (AP) tibial components in patients aged greater than 60 years have stable tibial migration patterns and favorable survival rates when compared to identical Metal-backed (MB) designs. Tibial component migration in younger patients has not been reported. The aim of this study was to examine the migration characteristics of patients aged less than 60 years compared to a previous cohort of AP and MB tibial components of identical design in older patients. Methods: A prospective consecutive study examined tibial component migration in 21 patients aged less than 60 years undergoing a cemented total knee arthroplasty with an AP tibial component by radiostereometric analysis (RSA) to 24 months. Results were compared to the authors' previous series of 21 patients aged greater than 60 years that were randomized to either an AP or MB tibial component. Results: Both age groups of patients implanted with an AP component had stable migration patterns with no patient having greater than 0.2 degrees rotation or 0.2 mm maximum total point motion. Five of 11 MB tibial components displayed continued migration between one and two years. Subsidence was similar in all groups, whilst maximum total point motion was greater for the MB cohort (034 mm, 0.33 mm, 0.61 mm; AP <60, AP >60, MB). Conclusions: Young patients implanted with an AP tibial component had stable tibial migration patterns comparable to older patients with the same AP implant. Regardless of age, AP tibial components were at least as stable as MB tibial components. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In response to our chapter in this book (Chap. 10 ), Marcella Milana restates the significance of country comparison in adult education research. In developing this position she highlights three aspects of her own chapter (Chap. 11 ), which we gladly comment on, both as a way of completing the debate within this volume, and also of filling in the picture that this debate present of the current state-of-the-art of International Comparative Adult Education Research as well of as its future tasks.

Achieving adequate healing in large or load-bearing bone defects is highly challenging even with surgical intervention. The clinical standard of repairing bone defects using autografts or allografts has many drawbacks. A bioactive ceramic scaffold, strontium-hardystonite-gahnite or "Sr-HT-Gahnite" (a multi-component, calcium silicate-based ceramic) is developed, which when 3D-printed combines high strength with outstanding bone regeneration ability. In this study, the performance of purely synthetic, 3D-printed Sr-HT-Gahnite scaffolds is assessed in repairing large and load-bearing bone defects. The scaffolds are implanted into critical-sized segmental defects in sheep tibia for 3 and 12 months, with bone autografts used for comparison. The scaffolds induce substantial bone formation and defect bridging after 12 months, as indicated by X-ray, micro-computed tomography, and histological and biomechanical analyses. Detailed analysis of the bone-scaffold interface using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy and multiphoton microscopy shows scaffold degradation and maturation of the newly formed bone. In silico modeling of strain energy distribution in the scaffolds reveal the importance of surgical fixation and mechanical loading on long-term bone regeneration. The clinical application of 3D-printed Sr-HT-Gahnite scaffolds as a synthetic bone substitute can potentially improve the repair of challenging bone defects and overcome the limitations of bone graft transplantation.

In article number 1801298, Hala Zreiqat and co-workers showcase a Sr-HT-Gahnite bone substitute implanted in a sheep tibial segmental defect for one year. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) cross-section of the implant-bone interface shows nanoscale detail of the scaffold (top) and loose connective tissue (bottom), between which is a disrupted zone of ceramic degradation and tissue infiltration.

In 2016 and 1017 we celebrated the 200th anniversary of the beginnings of comparative education. Marc-Antoine Jullien, also known as Jullien de Paris, laid the foundation stone of comparative education as an academic discipline with the publication of a standardised questionnaire of 266 questions partly published in 1816 and 1817 in the 'Journal d'éducation'. Furthermore, the ideas of Marc-Antoine Jullien not only stimulated and influenced the development of international comparative education, but also had an impact on comparative adult education studies. In fact, Charters and Siddiqui consider the "introduction of the Jullien Plan to the Anglophone world through its publication" in 1917 to be the first key event in the development of comparative adult education studies (Charters and Siddiqui 1989, p. 20).

We invited John Field, a distinguished member of our Editorial Advisory Board, to reflect on the meaning and significance of adult education centenaries in Britain and Germany.In Germany and Britai...

The formulation of appropriate postoperative strategies, following fracture repair, currently involves an understanding of radiological and clinical outcome measures. This study has evaluated several modalities used to assess the progression of bone healing in a sheep tibial segmental defect model. Measures of defect optical density and volumetric data including bone density (BD), bone volume (BV) and bone mass (BM) were compared with qualitative data involving visual appraisal of radiographs [% bridging callus and modified radiographic union score tibia (mRUST)] and a clinical outcomemeasure (locomotory function). Percent bridging callus andmRUSTmeasures displayed strong correlation (r = 0.999), while locomotory function was weakly correlated with bridging callus (r = 0.029) and mRUST (r = 0.046). There was moderate to strong correlation between the qualitative and quantitative data. Bone density, BV and BM showed strong correlations within this dataset (BD- BV, r = 0.814; BD- BM, r = 0.818; BV- BM, r = 1.000). Likewise, optical density measures were strongly correlated with BD (r = 0.824), BV (r = 0.957) and BM (r = 0.959). The utilization of both qualitative and quantitative data, in assessment of the progression of fracture healing, has provided valuable insight. Measures of optical density have been shown to make a substantial contribution to this assessment and which should be considered for use in studies evaluating fracture healing.

Educational technology is on a roll, and with it has come a wave of interest in earlier efforts to apply industrial techniques and tools to teaching. Bill Ferster’s new book starts by observing tha...

This chapter provides different adult education systems and summarizes some of the main types of approach in different countries. It argues that while national differences remain strong, the combined effects of globalisation, technological change and intergovernmental policy developments mean that there is a marked shift towards the weakening of national influences on adult education and increasing heterogeneity of provision reflecting factors other than national differences. The field of adult education and training is a broad one, and it is talked about in a number of different ways. UNESCO, which has a broad international focus, uses the term 'adult learning and education', which it defines as encompassing 'all formal, non-formal and informal or incidental learning and continuing education undertaken by adults'. While national differences remain strong, the combined effects of globalisation, technological change and intergovernmental policy developments are undoubtedly having some impact on adult education and training.

In patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction (MI), sometimes an “apical ballooning” contractile dysfunction pattern that exceeds factual myocardial injury is identified in the ventriculography and bedside echocardiography. The hemodynamic consequences/sequela of this “Tako-tsobu effect” has not been well delineated. Of note, this anatomic imaging finding often misleads frontline physicians who assume reciprocal causation of persistent cardiac pump failure and ventricular pressure overload.Using real-time myocardial perfusion contrast echocardiography (MCE), we investigated myocardial (microvascular) perfusion in 60 patients after acute MI and coronary revascularization. Twenty-eight percent of the studied patients showed significantly mismatched myocardial perfusion and contractile defects. In these patients, an integrated imaging assessment with coronary angiography/ventriculography, deformation echocardiography, and MCE proved that the myocardial mechanic abnormalities significantly exceeded the defected perfusion areas. Compared with 72% of the patients without perfusion-contractility mismatch, apparently worse systolic functions (left ventricular ejection, wall motion score, and systolic longitudinal strain) in these patients did not change diastolic ventricular filling pressures (E/E′ and E/A) or hemodynamic consequences/adverse events. Both systolic and diastolic functions in patients with perfusion-contractility mismatch appeared to be comparable with those in patients with Tako-tsubo syndrome.Real-time MCE identifies discrepant myocardial microvascular perfusion and mechanics in patients with acute MI. The “Tako-tsubo effect” in patients with perfusion-contractility mismatch does not cause diastolic filling pressure change or worse hemodynamic consequence/cardiac event.