The theoretical properties of nanobubbles (NBs), such as a negative surface charge and large interfacial surface area, allow for highly efficient gas transfer and stagnation time in water and may reduce the surface tension of NB-treated water sources. These properties make NBs unique candidates for addressing issues like root zone oxygen deficiency, common in conventional and hydroponic crop production. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to confirm the presence of NBs in treated water and determine how time and temperature affect dissolved oxygen (DO) retention in NB-oxygenated water. Two membrane-based NB injection systems were compared with a standard method of aeration (aquarium air stone) and untreated potable water to determine the effect of NB oxygenation on DO retention time and nanoscopic particle size and concentration of potable water sources. NB oxygenation of potable water generally resulted in a greater number of nanoparticles detected compared with untreated potable water. NB oxygenation increased initial levels of DO in potable water when compared with the standard air stone. NB oxygenation failed to increase DO retention time compared with a standard air stone, regardless of water temperature. NB oxygenation remains a method of efficiently oxygenating large volumes of water, although the NBs investigated in the study did not increase DO retention in a potable water source.

Warm-season turfgrasses, especially hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers x Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davy), continue to be widely used on golf course putting greens in tropical and subtropical climates globally and are also gaining popularity in the transition zone region of the United States. Hybrid bermudagrass produces a high-quality putting green surface; however, it has relatively poor shade and cold tolerance. Recently, fine-textured zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) cultivars have been released and may be another potential option for golf course putting greens, especially since zoysiagrass is generally considered more shade tolerant than bermudagrass. "Lazer (DALZ 1308)" zoysiagrass (Zoysia matrella (L.) Merrill x Zoysia minima (Colenso) Zotov) is a new, fine-textured zoysiagrass that may have the potential to produce high-quality putting green surfaces in transition zone environments. The objective of this 2-year field trial was to compare Lazer zoysiagrass to TifEagle bermudagrass under varying light levels (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% shade) and management practices to determine the minimum daily light integral (DLI) requirements and surface playability characteristics (ball roll distance and surface firmness) for each species. Species plots were split with two mowing heights (2.5 and 3.2 mm) and further split with or without weekly applications of the plant growth regulator, trinexapac-ethyl. Lazer demonstrated significantly greater shade tolerance than TifEagle. The minimum DLI requirement for Lazer was generally about 10 mol m-2 day-1 less than TifEagle. Surface firmness was also greater for Lazer zoysiagrass, while TifEagle consistently produced greater ball roll distances than Lazer. Results from this trial demonstrate that Lazer zoysiagrass can produce acceptable putting green conditions and is better adapted than TifEagle to moderate shade conditions.

Cultural and environmental factors can place creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera ) under extreme stress during the summer months. This stress, coupled with the growth adaptation of creeping bentgrass, can result in shallow, poorly rooted stands of turf. To enhance root zone oxygen and rooting of creeping bentgrass, golf courses use methods such as core and solid-tine aerification, and sand topdressing. An additional method of delivering oxygen to the soil could be irrigation with nanobubble-oxygenated water. The properties of nanobubbles (NBs) allow for high gas dissolution rates in water. Irrigating with NB-oxygenated water sources may promote increased rooting of creeping bentgrass putting greens during high-temperature periods and lead to a more resilient playing surface. The objectives of this study include comparing the effects of irrigation with NB-oxygenated water sources with untreated water sources on creeping bentgrass putting green root zone and plant health characteristics using field and controlled environment experiments. Treatments included NB-oxygenated potable water and irrigation pond water, and untreated potable and irrigation pond water. In the field, NB-oxygenated water did not enhance plant health characteristics of creeping bentgrass. In 1 year, NB-oxygenated water increased the daily mean partial pressure of soil oxygen from 17.48 kPa to 18.21 kPa but soil oxygen was unaffected in the other 2 years of the trial. Subsurface irrigation with NB-oxygenated water did not affect measured plant health characteristics in the greenhouse. NB-oxygenation of irrigation water remains an excellent means of efficiently oxygenating large volumes of water. However, plant health benefits from NB-oxygenated irrigation water were not observed in this research.

Many bermudagrass ( Cynodon sp.) and zoysiagrass ( Zoysia sp.) cultivars are not available as seed and are commonly planted vegetatively using sprigs, especially for sod production or in sand-based systems. Sprig planting is typically done in late spring or early summer, but this can result in an extended grow-in period and delay the use of the turf in the first growing season. The objective of this study was to determine if sprigs of bermudagrass and zoysiagrass could be planted earlier in the year, during the dormancy phase, to hasten establishment. A field study was carried out in Fayetteville, AR, in 2014 and 2016 using ‘Tifway’ hybrid bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon transvaalensis ) and ‘Meyer’ zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica ), and in Guangzhou, China, in 2015, using ‘Tifway’ hybrid bermudagrass and ‘Lanyin III’ zoysiagrass ( Z. japonica ). Sprigs were planted in March (dormant), May (spring) and July (summer) in Fayetteville, and in January (dormant), March (spring) and May (summer) in Guangzhou. Sprigging rates of 30, 60, and 90 m 3 ·ha −1 were tested at both locations and across all planting dates. Bermudagrass was less affected by planting date, with dormant, spring or summer plantings effectively establishing full cover in the first growing season. Zoysiagrass that was sprigged in the dormant season was successfully established by the end of the first growing season while a full zoysiagrass cover was not achieved with either spring or summer plantings in Arkansas. Dormant sprigging reached full coverage as fast or faster than traditional spring or summer planting dates at both locations, indicating that bermudagrass and zoysiagrass establishment can be achieved earlier in the growing season using dormant sprigging methods.

Herbicide control options for bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers or C. dactylon x C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] include non-selective herbicides such as glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl] glycine), as well as selective graminicides such as fenoxaprop (Fenoxaprop-P-ethy) and fluazifop (Fluazifop-P-butyl). Regardless of the herbicide used, effective bermudagrass control can only be achieved with repeated applications. Fraise mowing has been recently introduced into the turfgrass industry and these machines can remove thatch and growing points down to a depth of 5.0 cm. Our hypothesis was that if a high percentage of the growing points of a bermudagrass stand were physically removed with fraise mowing, the remaining growing points would be more easily controlled with various herbicides. Six trials were conducted over two seasons to determine if fraise mowing and herbicides could be used in combination to improve bermudagrass control. Treatments included various combinations and timings of glyphosate (2.74 kg a.i. ha(-1)) and fluazifop (0.42 kg a.i. ha(-1)), applied to plots that were fraise mowed to a depth of 3.75 cm or not fraise mowed. Fraise mowing alone physically removed a significant amount of the bermudagrass growing points and provided partial bermudagrass control. A combination of fraise mowing and herbicide generally improved bermudagrass control over the herbicides alone. Herbicides applied after fraise mowing generally provided better bermudagrass control in comparison to applying herbicides prior to fraise mowing. Aggressive fraise mowing appears to be a tool that can improve bermudagrass control and could shorten the overall time window needed to remove existing bermudagrass from a site.

Plant tissue desiccation and low-temperature exposure are two common causes of winter injury to ultradwarf bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy] putting greens. Unlike low-temperature exposure, winter damage caused by tissue desiccation can occur regardless of temperature and may be worsened by soil hydrophobicity. Wetting agents are commonly applied to actively growing ultradwarf bermudagrass putting greens to remedy the negative effects of soil hydrophobicity. Less is known about the effect of wetting agent applications to dormant ultradwarf bermudagrass putting greens. This research aimed to quantify the effects of a late-fall wetting agent application on winter injury and the soil volumetric water content of a sand-based ultradwarf bermudagrass putting green. Single applications of three wetting agents at two rates were made in early December of 2015, 2016, and 2017 to a 'TifEagle' ultradwarf bermudagrass putting green and were compared with an untreated control. Spring green-up and soil volumetric water content were monitored from March to May of each season. Water drop penetration time tests were conducted twice each season to quantify reductions in hydrophobicity compared with the untreated control. On multiple dates, wetting agent treatments had significantly more green turfgrass coverage than the untreated control. In general, wetting agents reduced water drop penetration times in the top 2 cm of the soil profile. This research suggests that late-fall or winter applications of a wetting agent can reduce injury and enhance spring recovery of sand-based ultradwarf bermudagrass putting greens.

As ultradwarf bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers. x C. trans-vaalensis Burtt-Davy) is used on putting greens in more northern locations, there is increased risk of sustaining winter injury from desiccation and low-temperature exposure. During the winter, installation and removal of protective covers can be costly and labor intensive. This research aims to define a predicted low-temperature threshold when covering an ultradwarf bermudagrass putting green becomes necessary, and to quantify the effects of a late-fall wetting agent application on winter survival of ultradwarf bermudagrass. Research was conducted over three winters (2015-2018) in Fayetteville, AR on a sand-based putting green established to 'Champion', 'MiniVerde', and 'TifEagle' bermudagrass cultivars. Covering treatments were placed on the green at forecasted low-temperature thresholds of 15, 18, 22, and 25 degrees F and were compared with an uncovered control. A single late-fall wetting agent application was applied to each cultivar x cover treatment. The wetting agent occasionally enhanced spring green-up, but this effect was inconsistent across seasons. Winter injury to the cultivar 'Champion' was greater than 'TifEagle' and 'MiniVerde'. Plots receiving cover treatments, regardless of covering temperature, achieved faster spring green-up than the uncovered control. Differences in green turf coverage between cover treatments were detected; although, those differences were not considered to be of practical importance. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the predicted low-temperature threshold for covering greens without a significant increase in winter injury, resulting in reduced golf course labor costs and increased potential revenue with more days open for play.

ABSTRACTShade from athletic stadium structures can be a significant detriment to turfgrass performance. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of shade on rooting and playing surface stability, measured as traction, on overseeded or non‐overseeded bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) turf. An experiment was established in 2013 on a mature bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. cv. Riviera] turf that was either overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or non‐overseeded. Shade structures were installed to create four light level treatments, including 0%, 30%, 60%, or 90% light‐reducing shade cloth. The light treatments resulted in average daily light integrals (DLI) of 40.8, 26.2, 14.8, and 3.3 mol m–2 d–1, respectively. Data were collected on rooting characteristics, species composition, and two forms of traction measurements. Moderate levels of shading (30%) caused a significant decline in rooting characteristics in non‐overseeded turf, while rooting of overseeded turf was not significantly affected until a 60% light reduction. Rotational resistance and peak horizontal force, measurements of athlete traction, were affected by increasing shade in both overseeded and non‐overseeded turf, but the association between traction and a minimum DLI was not conclusive. The persistence of bermudagrass in overseeded turf was significantly reduced at all shade levels studied. This study clearly demonstrates that rooting, bermudagrass persistence and traction of overseeded and non‐overseeded bermudagrass athletic fields are negatively affected by even modest levels of shade.

ABSTRACTShade from athletic stadium structures can be a significant deterrent to turfgrass performance. The objective of this study was to determine the daily light requirements of an overseeded or non‐overseeded bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) turf maintained to simulate an athletic field. An experiment was established in 2013 on a mature bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. cv. Riviera] turf that was either overseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) or non‐overseeded. Plots were re‐seeded with ryegrass each fall, but ryegrass was allowed to transition without chemical removal. Shade structures were installed to create four light level treatments including a full‐sun control (0% shade) and 30%, 60%, or 90% light‐reducing shade cloth. Quantum light sensors were mounted under each shade treatment and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was continuously measured and a daily light integral (DLI) calculated (mol PPFD m–2 d–1). The 2‐yr, average DLI values for shade treatments were 40.8 (0% shade), 26.2 (30% shade), 14.8 (60% shade) and 3.3 (90% shade) mol PPFD m–2 d–1. A range of growth and performance data were collected, including turfgrass coverage, clipping yields and leaf elongation rates. Overseeded and non‐overseeded bermudagrass failed to persist when 90% shade (DLI = 3.0 mol m–2 d–1) was imposed. Non‐overseeded bermudagrass required a higher DLI (26 mol m–2 d–1) to persist compared to overseeded bermudagrass (DLI = 21.8 mol m–2 d–1), primarily due to the enhanced shade tolerance of perennial ryegrass. However, the long‐term effects of shade began to decrease the quality of the overseeded turf by the end of the second year of the study. These data provide sports field managers with threshold light requirements for both overseeded and non‐overseeded bermudagrass turf.

Core Ideas In transitional environments, mixtures of bermudagrass and Kentucky bluegrass can provide green cover year‐round. In mixtures, cultivars of bermudagrass characterized by slow green‐up favor the survival of Kentucky bluegrass. The choice of Kentucky bluegrass cultivars has limited practical impact on the performance of mixtures with bermudagrass. Climatic changes and the need to reduce water consumption for irrigation have led to expanded use of warm‐season turf species in transitional zones. Turf managers are often hesitant to use warm‐season species because they undergo dormancy for a long period during the winter. Although this issue might be addressed by mixing cool‐ with warm‐season species, there is a lack of information on the performance and dynamics of species succession in such turfgrass mixtures. A 2‐yr investigation was conducted in Legnaro, Italy, and Fayetteville, AR, to test the turf quality and species succession in mixtures of various cultivars of bermudagrass (BG) [ Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] with Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) ( Poa pratensis L.). Bermudagrass cultivars, Yukon and Veracruz, were seeded in June 2011 at 5 g m −2 and KBG cultivars Brooklawn, Mystere, and Nublue Plus were overseeded in September 2011 at 30 g m −2 . Across both studies, the frequency of BG in the mixture was generally higher for Yukon and ranged from 40 to 95%. However, the mixtures with Veracruz had superior turf quality in Legnaro from October 2012 to March 2013. The species succession was influenced by BG cultivars, whereas KBG cultivar had little effect on the rate of plant composition change. On the basis of these results, the choice of BG cultivar appears critical for establishing functional KBG and BG mixtures in transitional zones.

Many early spring bulb species are naturally found in grassy areas such as meadows or lawns. However, few studies have been conducted to define this concept in maintained lawns, especially warm-season lawns such as zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica ) or bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon ). Four early spring bulb species, including two crocus species ( Crocus tommasinianus ‘Ruby Giant’ and Crocus chrysanthus ‘Goldilocks’), reticulated iris ( Iris reticulata ‘Cantab’), and snowdrop ( Galanthus elwesii ) were established in a zoysiagrass lawn site in Fall 2010. In Spring 2011 and 2012, five common preemergence herbicides used on lawns were applied across the plots to determine phytotoxicity. In addition, mowing treatments were started on plots at two timings (15 Mar. and 15 Apr.) to determine how mowing might affect survival and performance of the bulb species. Early performance was good for all bulb species and greater than 50% flower production was observed in the first spring (2011) after planting. However, in the subsequent 3 years (2012–14), the only species that persisted and continued to flower adequately each spring was ‘Ruby Giant’ crocus. Herbicides and mowing did not affect bulb survival or performance in the trial, suggesting that typical lawn management practices will not be deleterious to the bulbs. These results demonstrate that early spring bulbs may be incorporated into dormant, warm-season lawns, but species and cultivar selection will be crucial for long-term performance.

This study compared simulated spills of three fuel types at two temperatures on turf damage and recovery. Field research was initiated in Fayetteville, AR on 8 June 2012. Experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. Factors included fuel type, application temperature, and turfgrass surface. Fuel types were petroleum diesel (PD), a 20% biodiesel and 80% petroleum diesel blend (B20), and 100% biodiesel (B100) applied at 32°C and at 74°C. Turfgrass surfaces included creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L. ‘SR1020’) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon var. dactylon ‘Tifeagle’) putting greens and creeping bentgrass (‘SR1020’), bermudagrass (‘Tifsport’), and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud. ‘Meyer’) fairways. For Trial 1, 20 mL was applied at the center of each 929-cm2 plot on 8 June 2012, and data collection extended through 20 July 2012 (42 days). For Trial 2, 10 mL was applied at the center of each 929-cm2 plot on 20 July 2012, and data collection extended through 31 Aug. 2012 (42 days). In 8 of 10 comparisons, there was a statistically significant fuel type-by-week-after-application interaction, with PD applications resulting in greater damage and slower recovery and B100 resulting in less damage and more rapid recovery. B20 was generally intermediate to PD and B100.

You can put away the wide-leg jeans and the platform shoes, but get ready for the two grass types that are currently a growing trend in the market: seashore paspalum and Zorro Zoysia. Paspalum has proved to be a quality grass that provides excellent payability and deals well with poor water quality. And more and more superintendents are choosing zoysia over bermudagrass because it can handle low water, and like the paspalum, has low nitrogen requirements. Looks like one application of POLYON could last the whole year with these turfgrass trends. By Michael D. Richardson, John W. Boyd, Douglas E. Karcher, John H. McCalla and Josh W. Landreth

It has been demonstrated that improved cultivars of seeded common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) can be dormant-seeded during the winter, providing an alternative approach to renovate damaged areas of turf. However, bermudagrass golf courses and athletic fields are often overseeded with a cool-season grass such as perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) during the dormancy period and the overseeded grass may prevent or delay establishment of dormant-seeded bermudagrass. The objective of this study was to determine if dormant seeding into an overseeded turf could be an effective means of bermudagrass establishment. ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass was seeded into a simulated overseeded turf on three different dates, including March (dormant seeding), April (spring seeding), and June (summer seeding) in 2008 and 2010 at Fayetteville, AR. In addition, five herbicides, including glyphosate, flazasulfuron, foramsulfuron, trifloxysulfuron, pronamide, and an untreated control, were applied to each of those seeding date treatments to alter the competition from the perennial ryegrass. Bermudagrass establishment was enhanced by herbicide application, but less affected by seeding date. Glyphosate applied before seeding provided the highest bermudagrass coverage compared to the other herbicide treatments and sulfonylurea herbicides were also effective at suppressing ryegrass competition compared to pronamide and untreated plots. Establishment of seeded bermudagrass into an overseeded stand of perennial ryegrass turf was improved with herbicide use, regardless of the seeding date. However, there was no advantage to dormant seeding bermudagrass into an overseeded turf.

Lie is the position in which a golf ball comes to rest following a stroke. Although the lie of a golf ball is an important factor affecting the play of the next stroke, there have been few attempts to measure this characteristic or determine how management practices, turfgrass species, or cultivars affect ball lie. The objective of this study was to develop and demonstrate a new technique using digital image analysis for measuring ball lie in various turfgrasses. The technique uses a stage that positions a digital camera at the top of a mowed turfgrass canopy and collects an image of a golf ball positioned at the same focal length in each frame. The image was then subjected to digital image analysis to determine the percentage of the golf ball that was visible above the canopy. The new technique was calibrated by positioning a golf ball at a defined height above the soil and also compared with another published technique, called Lie-N-Eye, for accuracy and ease of use. The image analysis technique could distinguish changes in ball height within a turfgrass canopy. In addition, collecting data with the technique was easier and faster compared with the Lie-N-Eye, the only other method of ball lie analysis available. However, the two devices produced data that were highly correlated. Two cultivar trials of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) and zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) were evaluated using the technique, and significant differences among cultivars in both species were demonstrated.

Foliar fertilization often comprises a significant portion of the total annual nitrogen (N) applied to putting greens. Despite the prevalent use of this N fertilization method, turfgrass scientific research efforts devoted to foliar absorption have been limited. Most glaringly, there have been no studies to date that document foliar uptake of N in a real-world, field setting. This study was initiated to evaluate the efficiency of this practice in the field and address the factors that may affect the foliar absorption process. A 15N isotopic tracer field study was conducted to compare seasonal uptake of foliarapplied nitrogen by Penn A-1 creeping bentgrass and Tifeagle ultradwarf bermudagrass when managed for putting green utility. 15Nlabeled urea (46-0-0) was applied monthly, May through September, at rates of 0.10 lb N/1000 ft2 and 0.25 lb N/1000 ft2. Both species proved receptive to foliar uptake of urea-N, and absorption into plant tissues happened rapidly. A range of 24-57% of the fertilizer N applied was recovered in leaves/ shoots at 1 h after treatment, while peak foliar absorption was generally observed at 4 h after treatment. Foliar uptake, when measured as a percentage of N applied, was significantly reduced at higher application rates on both species. Month of year significantly affected foliar absorption by creeping bentgrass. This was seen as a progressive reduction across the season in the percentage of N applied and recovered in creeping bentgrass plant tissue (May = 59%; September = 37%). However, no seasonal effect was observed on ultradwarf bermudagrass as percent foliar absorption remained fairly constant (45-50%) throughout the five months of this study.

Foliar nitrogen (N) fertilization often comprises a major portion of the total N inputs applied to creeping bentgrass golf greens annually. Many of these applications are made using fertilizers that have been formulated and marketed as specialty foliar fertilizers. Various forms of inorganic and organic N are usually included in these products purchased by golf course superintendents. However, little is currently known about the foliar absorption efficiency among different chemical N forms routinely applied to putting greens. This project was conducted to evaluate foliar uptake of N after application of different 15N-labeled inorganic and organic sources. Three common N fertilizer forms [(urea, ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), and potassium nitrate (KNO3)] were used in the trial, along with three amino acids (glycine, glutamic acid, and proline). All treatments were applied at a rate of 0.10 lb N/1000 ft2 on 18 September 2008 to plots within a ‘Penn G2’ creeping bentgrass research green. Plant tissue samples were taken 1 h and 8 h after application for N analysis. Foliar uptake of the various N compounds ranged from 37-56% of the N applied at the final sampling time of 8 h after application. Nitrogen source had a significant effect on the amount of fertilizer N recovered within plant leaves/shoots. Absorption of KNO3 into aerial plant parts was significantly lower than all of the chemical forms tested, while the other treatments were taken up similarly.

Weed control during the establishment of seeded bermudagrass is a major factor in the success of the planting. This study evaluated the effects of several postemergence herbicides on newly-established bermudagrass seedlings. In addition, a second technique was evaluated which used activated charcoal to protect bermudagrass seed rows from preemergence herbicides. All postemergence herbicides tested in this study caused some injury on the juvenile turf, but the turf recovered quickly from injury. The use of activated charcoal and preemergence herbicides proved to be an effective technique for establishing seeded bermudagrass.

Foliar nitrogen (N) fertilization continues to gain popularity with golf course superintendents, especially in regard to putting green nutrition. However, little is currently known about the efficiency of this practice in the field, or the significance of the possible N-loss mechanisms associated with foliar applications. This project was conducted to document the extent of ammonia volatilization from turfgrasses managed as putting greens, following the applications of foliar N using urea (46-0-0), over a 24 h period. Two different foliar fertilizer rates (0.10 1b N/1000ft2 and 0.25 lb N/1000ft2) were applied once monthly (May through September) to established putting greens of ‘Penn A-1’ creeping bentgrass and ‘Tifeagle’ ultradwarf bermudagrass. This study was initiated in 2007 and repeated in 2008. Ammonia volatilization over a 24-h period was measured via boricacid trapping. Month of year and N rate both had a significant effect on the amount of N volatilized from the turfgrass canopy. The results from our field trial suggest that foliar urea-N applications to putting green turf can be made to actively growing plant tissue throughout the season without concern for substantial N loss via this pathway.

It is not clear how various wetting agent products affect moisture distribution throughout sand-based putting green rootzones. The objective of this research was to determine how localized dry spot (LDS) incidence, and soil moisture values and uniformity, were affected by the application of five commercially available wetting agents. Wetting agents were applied during the 2007 growing season and evaluated under conditions of frequent, moderate, and infrequent irrigation application. All of the wetting agents tested in this study significantly reduced LDS formation compared to the untreated control. In addition, none of the wetting agents significantly increased soil moisture values during periods of frequent or moderate irrigation. The wetting agent products Cascade Plus, One Putt, and Revolution were the most consistent in improving rootzone moisture uniformity. These results suggest that specific wetting agents can be used to manage LDS without adversely affecting rootzone moisture distribution.