Currently, mothers living with HIV (LWH) are challenged with different infant feeding guidelines depending on the country they are living in. This may contribute to confusion, stress, and mental health issues related to decision-making about infant feeding as a mother LWH. Yet, their male partners as their closest social capital have important roles to play in reducing or aggravating this psychosocial distress. Hence, we describe the role of male partners in supporting mothers who are living with HIV in the context of infant feeding. It is based on the results of a recent study of the socio-cultural context of infant feeding among Black mothers LWH in three countries; Canada, the USA, and Nigeria. The study was a tri-national, mixed-methods, community-based participatory research (CBPR) project, informed by postcolonialism and intersectionality theories. This paper is based on the qualitative component of the study. It was a focused ethnography (FE) involving 61 in-depth individual interviews (IDIs) with Black- mothers LWH. Thematic analysis guided the interpretation of these data, and trustworthiness was established through member-checking. Black mothers LWH acknowledged the various support roles that their male partners play in easing the practical and emotional burdens of infant feeding in the context of HIV. Male partners' roles were captured under three sub-themes: (1) Practical help, (2) Protection of the family, and (3) Emotional support and sounding board. These findings have explicated the evolving ways in which male partners support ACB mothers LWH to promote positive infant feeding outcomes, as well as enhance the emotional and physical well-being of both mother and infant. Our study has explicated the evolving ways in which male partners support Black mothers LWH to promote positive infant feeding outcomes, as well as enhance the emotional and physical well-being of both mother and infant.

BACKGROUND:Compassion competence is a nurse's ability to provide patient-centered care and communicate with patients in a sensitive and insightful manner. This descriptive cross-sectional survey study aimed to assess the compassion competence of a multinational group of nursing students.METHOD:A total of 1,158 undergraduate nursing students participated in this study, and stratified random sampling method was used to select participants from the 100 study level to the 400 or 500 level. Data were collected using the Compassion Competence Scale.RESULTS:Significant differences were found in students grouped by country of residence, marital status, and level of study. Age had a significant relationship with compassion competence, whereas gender did not. Students had high mean scores on sensitivity to patient needs across all countries.CONCLUSION:Effective communication skills and insights into patient problems are important aspects of compassion competence, and undergraduate nursing programs should emphasize both of these aspects. [J Nurs Educ. 2022;61(6):289-295.].

As the largest group of health care professionals, nurses are in a nodal position to ensure achievement of healthcare goals. Transforming Care at the Bedside (TCAB) is a global initiative whereby nurses implement innovative practices for patient satisfaction. However, the initiative has not been the focus of studies in Nigeria. This study examined TCAB practices among nurses in four hospitals in Southern Nigeria; and determined the effectiveness of capacity building on selected TCAB activities and outcomes. Triangulation (observation, descriptive and quasi-experimental) design was used to collect data from 224 randomly selected nurses working in medical and surgical units of four hospitals in two States of Southern Nigeria. Validated Observation checklist and two validated researcher-developed Questionnaires were utilized to collect data. The Intervention involved capacity building on 21 TCAB activities in four core areas: safe and reliable care; vitality and teamwork; patient-centred care; value-added care processes. The study followed ethical processes. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics on SPSS 20. After capacity building, nurses' practice of most TCAB activities improved significantly (p≤0.05), except for work redesign, and improving the work environment. Nurses also spent significantly more time on value-added activities and less time on non-value-added activities after the intervention. Practice of TCAB activities was significantly associated with patient and family satisfaction, nurses' satisfaction, patients' wellbeing, nurse: patient interactions and quality of care (p <0.001). Nurses in the four hospitals implemented many TCAB activities, and this significantly increased nurse: patient interactions, patient wellbeing and satisfaction in the hospitals studied. The TCAB initiative is therefore feasible and relevant in low resource settings like Nigeria.

Photovoice is used commonly for community action research. Evidence shows that when used appropriately in the classroom, it can effectively engage students and enhance learning. Use in the nursing classroom is however limited. The aim of the study was to assess perception and experiences of postgraduate students, as well as the effectiveness of photovoice teaching strategy on acquisition of skills in critical thinking, communication, self directed learning, and problem-based learning. This mixed method study used photovoice pedagogy to teach the course “Health Systems Management” to twenty postgraduate students of Nursing Science at a University in Nigeria. Ethical clearance was obtained from the University Research Ethics Committee. Evaluation of students’ understanding of the teaching method and learning content involved obtaining photographs supporting both the positive and negative aspects of assigned topics, and presenting them as photovoice seminar. Data collection was through a validated 40-items questionnaire (for quantitative data) and Focus Group Discussion and in-depth interview (for exploratory data). Descriptive and inferential data analysis was on SPSS 18.0, while qualitative data were thematically analysed on NVivo 7.0. Results showed that photovoice methodology helped students develop critical thinking skills (p = 0.01), promoted self-directed learning (p = 0.001), strengthened communication skills (p = 0.01) and ensured problem-based learning (p = 0.02). Participants reported benefits of the method as empowerment of students for more effective involvement/participation in the teaching-learning process (100%), creation of powerful visual facts of topics (95.0%), effective engagement of students (90.0%), and enhanced appreciation of different points of view (85.0%). Qualitative data analysis yielded three themes “Transformation of the teaching-learning process”, “Critical group dialogue”, and “Engagement of students”. In conclusion, photovoice enhanced critical reflection, critical thinking, social communication, and self-directed learning skills and increased engagement of students. It can serve as an effective instructional method in nursing education.

All women deserve humane, considerate, sensitive and respectful care in childbirth. Respectful maternity care (RMC) is human right and standard midwifery practice. However there have been general public complaints about lack of respectful behaviour by midwives. To determine clients' experience of respectful maternity care and midwives' caring behaviour, two hospitals in Calabar, Nigeria were selected for this study. This descriptive study collected data from 83 purposively selected postnatal women who had spontaneous vaginal delivery, and 51 midwives caring for them. Ethical clearance was obtained from the HREC of Cross River State Ministry of Health and informed consent from participants. Clients and midwives identified respectful maternity care received/practiced from the RMC checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS version18.0. RMC was reported by 58 (69.9%) clients while 25 (30.1%) reported lack of it in different categories. Non-respectful care reported included lack of privacy, lack of information about progress of labour, denying preference and choice of childbirth position, lack of sensitivity towards clients' pain and culture, verbal abuse, detention in facility for non-payment of bill. Attending midwives confirmed not adequately screening or draping women (because of lack of screens and drapes); restricting women to deliver in the dorsal position and detaining women if they cannot pay the bill (because of hospital policy). Common acts of disrespectful care experienced by women in this study fit into some of the categories identified in literature. Appropriate maternity care must be respectful and rights-based in order to enhance utilization of maternity services and access to skilled care.

Introduction: Dementia prevalence has increased in Nigeria in the last two decades, and its challenges have become more visible.Dementia is poorly understood in the population, so older individuals with symptoms of cognitive impairment are commonly branded 'insane' or 'possessed by evil spirits.'This has resulted in stigmatization, rejection, neglect, and abandonment of the affected.Emerging non-pharmacological treatment options like music, dance, brain games, and physical exercises are evidential for improving cognitive functions in older people with dementia.However, studies on such alternative procedures in dementia are scarce in Nigeria.This study determined the short-term effects of brain-stimulating games and physical activities on five cognitive functions in people with mild dementia in, Calabar, Nigeria.Methods: Mixed method design was used to collect data from 21 participants (13 older people with mild dementia and 8 caregivers).Participants with dementia were engaged in both brain-stimulating games and supervised physical activities for 12 weeks.Quantitative data were collected (pre-and post-intervention) using a validated 32-items tool which assessed 5 cognitive functions, and were analyzed on IBM-SPSS 20.0.Qualitative data were collected from caregivers through structured openended interviews, and thematic content analysis was done using NVivo 10. Results:Scores on all assessed cognitive functions showed that mentally stimulating games and physical activity interventions positively and significantly influenced cognitive functions in patients with mild dementia (p<0.05).Three themes emerged from qualitative data, and caregivers reported significant changes in mood, memory and attention span of the participants with dementia. Conclusion:A combination of mentally stimulating games and exercises improved cognitive functions in older people with mild dementia.Findings have both local and global implications for enhancing social engagement, self-esteem and wellbeing of people with dementia.Further studies should determine the effect of these interventions on people with severe dementia; and the effect of individual interventions (physical activity, or brain-stimulating games) on cognitive functions.

Spousal agreement is important for couples with HIV because of shared risk for health outcomes. Although high spousal agreement (concordance) is expected on most issues because of close daily contact and common living conditions, studies have shown discrepancies between husbands' and wives' reports on several family issues.Understanding spousal concordance on HIV-related issues offers opportunity to develop interventions that promote better health for both partners.This study assessed the extent of spousal agreement on reproductive decision making, self-management, and health promotion; and determined how spouses' responses reflect their partner's attitude and preferences on such issues.Mixed method was used to collect qualitative and quantitative data from 25 purposively selected, consenting couples living with HIV and attending two HIV Counselling & Testing clinics in Cross River State, Nigeria.Husband-wife pairs were interviewed separately and concordance was calculated.Ethical clearance was obtained from relevant gatekeepers as well as informed consent from participants.Significant male domination in reproductive decision making was identified.Concordance was poor for decision making power of the wife on sexual/reproductive issues (24%, kappa 0.16), changes in sexual relations (28%, kappa 0.22); communicating sexual and fertility issues with spouse (28%, kappa 0.24), and mutual support (35% (kappa 0.40); while strong concordance existed for starting medication & adherence to ART (72%, kappa 0.60), health promotion (85%, kappa 0.80) and self-management (89%, kappa 0.81).Spousal agreement is therefore poor for sex-related matters but good for health promotion and self-management.Partner agreement on HIV-related issues contributes to a fuller understanding of decision making among spouses.Knowledge of this by health providers is critical for effective counselling and interventions for couples with HIV.

Diabetic foot ulcers have led to countless amputations and reduced quality of life among individuals living with diabetes. Specialized diabetic foot care has been shown to reduce the risk of foot ulcers and amputation among diabetics. The study assessed the knowledge of diabetic foot care among 100 nurses in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and the Rivers State Hospitals Management Board Hospitals (which include General Hospitals from all the local government areas) in Rivers State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire containing questions on different aspects of diabetic foot care was interviewer-administered to the nurses and scored accordingly. The results showed that only 34 (34%) had training on diabetic foot care; and most of the nurses who had training had more than 20 years of experience. It was observed that the knowledge of diabetic foot care was significantly higher among nurses with more than 10 years of experience (p = 0.0046). Nurses with less than 10 years of experience had a significantly poor knowledge of diabetic foot care. Knowledge of footwear assessment and assessing the patient’s capacity for self-care was found to be significantly lower among nurses who had no training on diabetes foot care (p = 0.0001). The study shows the urgent need for frequently organized training on diabetic foot care for nursing practitioners to improve the quality of diabetes care in Rivers state, Nigeria.

The 2014 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in two states of Nigeria created social challenges because of the socio-cultural and behavioural implications of the disease.The outbreak lasted for three months, had twenty cases, eight deaths, and a case fatality of 40%.Ebola control guidelines suggest consideration of the socio-cultural responses to the outbreak.Therefore this study sought to identify the socio-cultural responses that influenced Ebola control, and determined nurses' preparedness to provide relevant socio-cultural care during the Ebola outbreak.Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to explore the socio-cultural and behavioural perspectives of Ebola in different communities for 3 weeks during the epidemic.Qualitative data were collected from 178 conveniently selected adults living in four communities in two South-South states of Nigeria; transcribed and analysed using NVivo 7.0.Quantitative data were collected from 85 nurses randomly selected from 6 community health centres, and data were analysed using descriptive statistics on SPSS 20.0.Approval for the study was obtained from the Ministry of Health of both states.Results revealed five themes: "naming the disease", "beliefs that impede Ebola control", "socio-cultural practices that impede control", "behavioural responses that enhance control" and "social concerns about the epidemic".Only 41% nurses were able to identify the Ebola-related socio-cultural factors; over 55% did not see socio-cultural factors as playing any important role in Ebola care; and only 36.5% agreed that they need training to provide such care.This study sheds light on the rarely considered issue of socio-cultural influence on Ebola control, and the results reveal low level of nurses" preparedness to deal with socio-cultural issues and provide relevant socio-cultural care during the epidemic.Although certain sociocultural beliefs and practices influencing EVD control existed in Nigeria during the epidemic, nurses working in the community had inadequate knowledge of these.

AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of mobile phones in enhancing self-care, adjustment and engagement in non-disclosed youth living with HIV. BACKGROUND Youth aged 15-24 years represent 42% of new HIV infections globally. Youth who are aware of their HIV status generally do not disclose it or utilize HIV-related facilities because of fear of stigma. They rely on the Internet for health maintenance information and access formal care only when immune-compromised and in crisis. INTRODUCTION This study shows how non-disclosed youth living with HIV can be reached and engaged for self-management and adjustment through mobile phone. STUDY DESIGN One-group pre-test/post-test experimental design was used. METHODS Mobile phones were used to give information, motivation and counselling to 19 purposively recruited non-disclosed youth with HIV in Calabar, South-South Nigeria. Psychological adjustment scale, modified self-care capacity scale and patient activation measure were used to collect data. Data were analysed using PASW 18.0. RESULTS Scores on self-care capacity, psychological adjustment and engagement increased significantly at post-test. HIV-related visits to health facilities did not improve significantly even at 6 months. Participants still preferred to consult healthcare providers for counselling through mobile phone. DISCUSSION Mobile phone-based interventions are low cost, convenient, ensure privacy and are suitable for youth. Such remote health counselling enhances self-management and positive living. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH POLICY Mobile phones enhance self-care, psychological adjustment and engagement in non-disclosed youth living with HIV, and can be used to increase care coverage. Findings underline the importance of policies to increase access by locating, counselling and engaging HIV-infected youth in care.

A continuing education programme on HIV/AIDS was organized for nurses in three hospitals in Calabar in late 1998, using a modular teaching method. A prestest/post-test design was used to collected data on nurses‟ HIV/AIDS related knowledge, attitudes, practice and willingness to care using a 69 items KAP schedule. The educational programme was arranged in modules with each module dealing with a major area of HIV/AIDS. A total of 216 nurses of varying professional levels participated in the programme but only 194 returned completed questionnaires at both pre-test and post-test (89.8% return rate). Results at pre-test showed low level of knowledge, negative attitudes, a general reluctance to care for people with HIV/AIDS, a fear of contagion in the workplace and basically unsafe practice. At post-test, the level of knowledge increased significantly (p=0.0I), attitudes were more favourable (p=0.05) and safe practice increased (p=0.05). Willingness to care for people with HIV/AIDS however did not improve significantly despite the improved knowledge and attitudes. There was a correlation between knowledge and attitudes (r*=0.3l, p=0.00l), knowledge and safe practice (r=0.54, p<00l) and attitude and safe practice (r=0.41, p<.001). Willingness to care for HIVinfected clients did not correlate with any of the other variables. HIV training should therefore focus on both knowledge and attitudinal change. Introduction Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a universally fatal, care-intensive, progressive disease that has reached epidemic proportions in some parts of the world. Recent data show that between 1. 5 and 2.5 million people in Nigeria are infected with the virus (Sani-Gwarzo, 1998). AIDS care has posed several challenges and resulted in a number of concerns for care providers. Nurses, by their nature of work and number, are responsible for the bulk of direct healthcare to people with HIV/AIDS. By their code of ethics nurses are expected to deliver compassionate, non-judgmental, non-discriminatory care to clients irrespective of their clinical diagnosis. But the fear of contagion and negative stereotype beliefs make it difficult for the nurse to establish a therapeutic relationship with the HIV-infected client. While some nurses do not have adequate knowledge to provide safe care, others do not have the necessary emotional and attitudinal resources to do so. Studies by O‟Donnell and O‟Donnell (1987), Turner et al (1988), Wertz et al (1987), Schillo and Reischl (1993), have identified significant gaps in healtlnvorkers‟ AIDS related knowledge ;and a lot of misconceptions about unverified, non-viable routes of HIV transmission. Other studies (Currey and Ogden 1990; Kelly et al 1988; Kerr and Horrocks 1990; Meissenhelder and La Charite 1989, Morgan and Treadway 1989, Scherer et al 1992, Sherman 1996; and Wiley et al 1990) have reported some fears and concerns about HIV/AIDS, negative attitudes towards infected person and the reluctance of nurse to care for such clients. The unwillingness to care for persons with HIV/AIDS is a result of the fear of contagion and inadequate knowledge of precautionary AIDS care (Meissenhelder and La Charite 1989; Wang et al 1993). However according to the Centre for Disease Control (1987) and Weiss (1992) there is a strong empirical evidence of low risk of occupational transmission and therefore fear of contagion in the workplace is unnecessary as long as the health-worker exercises precautionary care. A sound HIV-related knowledge base is capable of changing attitudes and values, reducing fears and increasing willingness to care for HIV-infected clients (Schillo and Reischl 1993; Young et al 1989; Highriter et al 1985; Henry et al 1990; Flaskerud et al 1989). Therefore ongoing education will ensure the acquisition of skills for safe care, reduce unnecessary fears and concerns and develop more favourable attitudes. This study examined the effect of HIV-related hospital-based continuing education programme on nurses' knowledge, attitudes, concerns, and willingness to care for clients with HIV/AIDS. This was Dr. Mildred E. John, Regina U. Okoit and Theresa J. Ndehhio Nigerian Academic Forum Vol. / No. 1, November, 2001 32 based on the assumption that a more accurate knowledge of HIV/AIDS would result in a safer practice, a more favourable attitude towards HIV/AIDS, a lower fear of contagion and a greater willingness to care for people with HIV/AIDS. Subjects and Methods This study was an evaluation research with a quasi-experimental pretest/posttest design. A convenience sample of 216 licensed nurses working in three hospitals in Calabar (University of Calabar l eaching Hospital, Psychiatric hospital and Infectious Diseases hospital) served as subjects. However, only 194 nurses returned completed questionnaires at both pretest and posttest, representing 89.8% return rate. A self-report HIV/AIDS knowledge. Attitude and Practice Schedule (HAKAPS) with 69 items arranged in four modules, was used to collect data. Knowledge had 22 items, attitude (I 5), practice (15) willingness (10) and concerns (7). Knowledge, concerns and willingness were measured on a 3-point response of “Yes/No/Not Sure”; attitude on a 5-point Likert type scale ranging from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”; and safe practice on a 3-point scale of „never/sometimes/always”. The items were assesed for content validity by three content experts, and items with at least two-thirds of agreement were included in the schedule. The instrument was pilot tested on 30 randomly selected nurses with a Cronbach‟s alpha coefficient of 0.71. Thereafter a three-day continuing education programme was arranged for each hospital with lectures on the nature and transmission of HIV (module I), manifestations of HIV infection and AIDS (module 2, general prevention (module 3) and universal precautions in AIDS care (module 4). The knowledge, attitudes, concerns, willingness and practice of nurses were evaluated both before lectures commenced (pretest) and at the end of the programme (post-test). Since items on precautionary practice asked about actual practice, the post-test evaluation of practice was done after three months, during which time the subjects had had enough time to practise the skills taught. Responses on knowledge, concerns and willingness were scored I for correct response and 0 for incorrect and “not sure". Negatively stated items on attitude were scored I for “strongly agree” and 5 for “strongly disagree”, while positively stated items had reverse weighting. A total score of 0 to 9 for any subject was considered poor knowledge, 10 to 17 (moderate knowledge) and 18 to 22 (good knowledge). Scores of 15 to 39 signified “unfavourable attitude” while 40 to 75 was considered “favourable”. On the safe practice scale; “always” was scored 2; “sometimes” I and “never” 0. A total score of 7 to 20 signified “unsafe practice” while 21 to 30 signified “safe practice”. Data were entered using the SPSS programme and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson Correlations (for significance of relationship between variables), t-test for paired comparisons (for significance of change between pretest and posttest) and chi square statistic (for strength of association between demographic factors and knowledge, attitude, willingness and safe practice). Results Subjects ranged in age between 23 and 58 years with a mean of 37.9 and a standard deviation of 7.6. About 91.8% of subjects were female and 8.2% male and 40% with prior HIV training either in Nursing School or at continuing education programmes. Subjects‟ characteristics are on Table 1. Pretest results on Table 2 show that HIV-related knowledge was generally low (40% and below) except in the areas of viable routes of transmission and general prevention. Knowledge was significantly lower among nurses in the lower professional ranks (chi square 40.6, p=0.05) and those working in the psychiatric wards (chi square 44,3, p=0.02). Knowledge was not significantly related to prior HIV training (p=O.IO) and marital status (p=0.10). Only 36.6% subjects answered up to 14 (up to 60%) of the knowledge items correctly, and 84.5% subjects had misconceptions about non-viable routs of transmission for example mosquito bites, contact of intact skin with fomites etc. Over 90% had the fear of contagion in the workplace and over 70% had an unfavourable attitude towards people with HIV/AIDS. Only 24.7% nurses expressed willingness to work with or care for HIV-infected clients. Subjects expressed concern in four major areas limited resources for safe practice, non-testing of clients‟ HIV status routinely, inadequate HIV-related training and nonavailability of clear guidelines for precautionary care in the hospital. In terms of safe practice, only 19.6% nurses used protective clothing when carrying our Knowledge, Altitudes, Precautionary Practice and Willingness of Nurses In HIV/Aids Care Before And After An Educ. Prog. Nigerian Academic Forum Vol. 1 No. 1, November, 2001 33 procedures with the possibility of splashing of body fluids; 27.3% used gloves when handling secretions and only 14.4% adequately handled and disposed of used sharps (Table 2). About 14 (72.2%) nurses recapped used needles using a two-hand technique (unsafe practice) out of which 17 (12.1% of these or 8.8% of subjects) had at least one needle-stick injury within three months before the study. Only 13.4% of subjects could describe correctly the care of injury from used sharps. Only 6 (3.1%) nurses (all in one ward) disposed of used sharps in puncture-proof containers (improvised large beverage tins). Nineteen nurses (9.8%) reported accidental splashing of blood and amniotic fluid on their clothes, arms and face during care giving and only 7 (36.8%) of these had on them a protective gown/apron at the time. Comparison of pretest and posttest means and standard deviation of the variables on Tables 3 shows a significant increase in p

The prevalence of HIV among youths in Nigeria is 4.1% and likely to increase unless youths adopt behaviours to reduce transmission. A cost-effective, health promotional behaviour change strategy is therefore important. Little is known about health promotional behaviour change among youths living with HIV (YLH) in Nigeria. The purpose of the study was to identify the health promotion activities adopted by YLH and to determine health promotional behaviour change after behaviour change counselling (BCC). Mixed method design was used, involving qualitative (focused group discussion, in-depth interview) and intervention (counselling and education to motivate behaviour change using pre-test/post-test design). Twenty three youth living with HIV were purposively selected after obtaining ethical permission and informed consent. Eight participants preferred to participate through e-mail and telephone. Qualitative data were transcribed and analysed thematically using NVivo 9.0 while quantitative data analysis involved PASW 18.0. Themes from qualitative data were “understanding risk behaviour” and “achieving life goals”. Participants (60.9%) reported initial loss of interest in life and negligence of health promotion activities after the diagnosis but reported engaging in behaviours inimical to healthy living, as shown in responses “I had unprotected sex with my friend; why use condoms when we are both HIV-positive?” and “Why take the medications if I will not live long enough to fulfill my aspirations?” Overall scores on health promotion activities increased significantly after the intervention (p < 0.001). We conclude that behaviour change counselling enhances engagement in health promotion activities and positive living in youths living with HIV infection.

Background: Work-related conflict (WRC) may be inevitable but can interfere with nurses’ roles performance if not well managed. Nurses are unique in the directions from where conflicts emerge: administrators, nursing colleagues, physicians, Para-medical staff, patients and their families. Un-resolved conflicts may be linked to poor communication resulting from refusal to cooperate, poor team collaboration and problem-solving, decreased clients’ satisfaction, distrust, split camps, gossips and disruption of work-flow. This study investigated sources of WRC and their influence on nurses’ independent and inter-dependent roles in a Tertiary Hospital in South-south Nigeria. Methods: A 50-items WRC questionnaire built on a four-point Likert-type scale was used to collect data from a random sample of 242 nurses of all ranks, representing 40% of the target population of 585. The instrument had internal consistency of r = .81 and test-retest reliability of r = .83. Data were analyzed using independent t -test determined at significance level of .05. Results: Results showed that female respondents were 237 (98%) while 5 (2%) were males. The major sources of WRC included: conflicts as a result of overwork and poor rewarding system each with frequency of 222 (92%); patients-related conflict and leadership conflicts each with frequency of 218 (90%); misunderstanding involving nursing colleagues with a frequency of 194 (81%); poor work environment 192 (80%); conflicts with other health professionals with 189 (78\%) frequency and discrimination issues with 180 (61%) frequency. Furthermore, there was no significant influence of WRC on nurses’ independent and inter-dependent roles. (Cal. t = -4.6; P = .00; Observed mean = 37.7 < Expected mean = 40.0 and Cal. t = -9.3; P = .00; Observed mean = 17.5 < Expected mean = 20.0). Conclusions: Many sources of WRC were observed among the nurses but they were found to have no influence on their roles’ performance probably due to the ethical and legal implications of nursing duties. Recommendations included effective and timely communication at all times among nurses, hospital administrators and other stake-holders.