An important function of communication networks is to implement reliable data transfer over an unreliable underlying network. Formal specifications are given for reliable and unreliable communication layers, in terms of I/O automata. Based on these specifications. it is proved that no reliable communication protocol can tolerate crashes of the processors on which the protocol runs.

Supercritical fluid CO2 was used to fractionate menhaden oil fatty acid ethyl esters to obtain concentrates of the esters of allcis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and allcis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Separation of the ethyl esters was found to occur primarily by carbon number, thus limiting the degree to which the ethyl esters of EPA and DHA could be concentrated. Urea fractionation of whole esters in order to remove saturates, monoenes and dienes prior to fractionation with supercritical fluid CO2 resulted in concentrates of EPA and DHA in purities exceeding 90%. Several criteria are given for the selection of crude oils in order to maximize both purity and yield of concentrates.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHeat-induced changes in sulfhydryl groups and disulfide bonds in fish protein and their effect on protein and amino acid digestibility in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)Johannes Opstvedt, Ruth Miller, Ronald W. Hardy, and John SpinelliCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1984, 32, 4, 929–935Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00124a056https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00124a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views688Altmetric-Citations136LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

AbstractFish silage, canola meal, and wheat bran were blended to form an acid‐stabilised, paste‐like product. Changes in protein nitrogen, non‐protein nitrogen, phytic acid, and orthophosphorus contents of the acidified blends were measured over a 5‐week period of storage at room temperature (20–22°C). During the storage period, phytic acid from the canola meal was dephosphorylated by phytase from the wheat bran. Changes in the level of non‐protein nitrogen showed that the fish proteins were partially hydrolysed and liquefied during storage, and that the fish enzymes may have partially hydrolysed the canola meal and wheat bran proteins. The resulting product could be stored at room temperature without spoiling and could be dried in conventional drying equipment. This process provides a means of improving the nutritional value of canola meal by reducing its high phytate content, and of producing a homogeneous dry feed commodity from liquid fish silage.

Feed ingredients containing fish silage and liquefied fish made from ground, whole Pacific whiting and co-dried in a vacuum dryer with mixtures of soybean meal and feather meal to facilitate drying were prepared. An additional batch of fish silage was co-dried with the other dry ingredients in the diet formulation that was used, Abernathy diet S8-1. Fish meal, made by vacuum drying Pacific whiting, was used in the control diet. Co-dried fish meal was made by co-drying Pacific whiting with a soybean meal-feather meal mixture. Fish meal was entirely replaced by the co-dried products in the experimental diets, which were fed to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) for 32 weeks. The best growth and food conversion values were obtained by feeding the fish meal control diet or the diet in which the fish meal was replaced with co-dried liquefied fish. No significant differences in final weights were found between trout fed diets containing co-dried fish meal or co-dried fish silage (fish products were 25% of the diet), but these fish were significantly smaller than fish fed the fish meal control or the co-dried liquefied fish diets. Reducing the fish silage to 12.5% or increasing it to 50% further reduced weight gains in the trout. Food conversion values, protein efficiency ratios, and net protein utilization values generally followed the same trends between diets as did the final weight values. Apparent digestibility coefficients for the co-dried products were lower than for the fish meal, possibly because they contained soybean meal-feather meal mixtures. Organoleptic properties of the fish were not affected by diet.

Rainbow trout were fed for 150 days on four purified diets containing 0 and 0.5% phytic acid. These diets contained increasing increments of Ca (0.92–1.30%) and Mg (0.054–0.085%). The fish fed the diets containing phytic acid had 10% reduced growth and feed conversion. Increasing Ca and Mg content of the diet in the presence of phytic acid did not affect growth and feed conversion. Fish fed diets containing over 1% Ca without phytic acid had a 5% reduction in growth and feed conversion. The zinc and iron levels in the blood of the fish fed the diets containing phytic acid were not significantly different from the controls. The copper levels in the blood decreased in the fish diets with increasing increments of Ca ang Mg, but phytic acid did not influence this change. Increasing increments of Ca and Mg reduced the mean copper levels in the liver from 60 to 37 ppm. Similar reductions were found when phytic acid was included in the diet. Mean liver zinc levels did not significantly vary regardless of the diet fed. In vitro tests confirmed that phytic acid/protein (casein) complexes are only partially hydrolyzed by pepsin. In vivo tests with rainbow trout in which a casein/phytate complex was substituted for casein showed a 6.6% reduction in diet digestibility. It was concluded that the reduced growth in fish fed diets containing phytic acid was related to a reduction in protein availability rather than to an alteration in the bioavailability of Zn, Fe, or Cu.

ABSTRACTAlkali‐treated fish products such as lutefisk and sodium tripolyphosphate‐treated fillets were analyzed for lysinoalanine (LAL). No detectable amounts of LAL were found in these products both of which had pH values between 8.0 and 8.5 even after they had been heated to ordinary cooking temperatures (162°C) for up to 30 min. There was no measurable quantity of LAL found in samples at pH 10 heated for 60 min at 90°C; however, measurable quantities of LAL were found in similarly heated samples at pH 12 and 13. Thus, LAL formation is not an apparent problem in the ordinary processing of fish.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSome new observations on the pathways of formation of dimethylamine in fish muscle and liverJohn Spinelli and Barbara J. KouryCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1981, 29, 2, 327–331Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00104a027https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00104a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views144Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Up to 40% of the fish meal portion of the Oregon Moist Pellet (OMP) was replaced with up to 40% alkane yeast single cell protein (22% of dietary protein) in diets fed to rainbow trout in fresh water, and up to 100% of the fish meal portion was replaced with alkane yeast (54% of dietary protein) in OMP diets fed to coho salmon in salt water. Salmon diets were supplemented with DL-methionine to correct for a suspected deficiency in this essential amino acid. Alkane yeast was an acceptable substitute for fish meal at all levels tested in trout. Only 25% yeast substitution was judged to be acceptable in the OMP diet for marine-cultured coho salmon, causing less than 4% reduction in growth. In marine-cultured coho salmon, growth was depressed further at fish meal substitution levels greater than 25%, while supplementation with DL-methionine enhanced growth and feed conversion only slightly.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNonenzymic formation of dimethylamine in dried fishery productsJohn Spinelli and Barbara KouryCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1979, 27, 5, 1104–1108Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60225a036https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60225a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views134Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

The rate of deposition of carotenoids in pen-reared coho salmon was investigated by the addition of known carotenoid levels to diets. The carotenoids added to the diets were derived from red crab (P. planipes), and a process is described for the preparation of a soya oil carotenoid concentrate. Using a 3-stage counter-current extraction process, extracts containing 155 mg/100 g oil were prepared from red crab (P. planipes). Oregon moist pellets containing 3, 6, and 9 mg carotenoid/100 g were prepared using these extracts and were fed to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) for 120 days. The amount of carotenoid deposited in the flesh of the fish was related to the carotenoid content of the diet and to the weight of the fish. Fish fed diets containing 6 and 9 mg carotenoid/100 g for the same length of time contained 60% more flesh carotenoids than those fed 3 mg/100 g. In general, after 120 days of feeding, only those fish feeding on diets containing 6.0 and 9.0 mg carotenoid/100 g and weighing over 215 g were assessed as having good-to-excellent coloration. Analysis of the flesh showed that there was no correlation between its carotenoid and fat contents.

The use of dogfish (Squalus acanthias) meal as a complete replacement for herring or other low mercury (Hg) content fish meal in rations intended for rearing cultured salmon introduces the risk of producing fish that exceed the current U.S. FDA tolerance level of 0.5 ppm Hg. The amount of Hg that accumulates in the muscle is related not only to the total Hg content of the fish, but is probably also related to the form in which it is present in the diet and to other constituents that may react with the Hg in the diet. Our results indicate that dogfish meal may be used as a partial (< 50%) replacement for the fish meal portion of the diet without encountering Hg values (in the muscle) that exceed 0.5 ppm Hg. No evidence was found that naturally occurring chelating agents in dehydrated orange peel or polygalacturonic acid–cellulose complexes (PG) have the ability to chelate and prevent the deposition of Hg in either the muscle or the liver of the fish. It was observed that growth is decreased in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fed OMP-type diets in which 50% or more of herring meal was replaced with dogfish meal.

Journal of Food ScienceVolume 40, Issue 1 p. 58-61 EFFECT OF MOISTURE, CARBOHYDRATE AND ATMOSPHERE ON THE FUNCTIONAL STABILITY OF FISH PROTEIN ISOLATES BARBARA J. KOURY, BARBARA J. KOURY USDC National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service Pacific Utilization Research Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112Search for more papers by this authorJOHN SPINELLI, JOHN SPINELLI USDC National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service Pacific Utilization Research Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112Search for more papers by this author BARBARA J. KOURY, BARBARA J. KOURY USDC National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service Pacific Utilization Research Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112Search for more papers by this authorJOHN SPINELLI, JOHN SPINELLI USDC National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service Pacific Utilization Research Center, 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112Search for more papers by this author First published: January 1975 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1975.tb03735.xCitations: 7 Use of trade names in this article does not imply endorsement. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Acker, L.W. 1969. Water activity and enzyme activity. Food Technol. 23: 1257. Bligh, E.G., Dyer, W.J., Regier, L.W., Din, J.R. and Legendre, R. 1973. Functional and nutritive food proteins from fish. FAO Technical Conference on Fishery Products. Tokyo. Japan. Paper No. E-25. Chou, H.E., Acott, K.M. and Labuza, T.P. 1973. Sorption hysteresis and chemical activity: Lipid oxidation. J. Food Sci. 38: 316. Surkiewicz, B.F. and Hyder, K. 1972. 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JAOCS 46: F7. Webb, N.B., Ivey, F.J., Craig, H.B., Jones, V.A. and Monroe, R.J. 1970. The measurement of emulsifying capacity by electrical resistance. J. Food Sci. 35: 501. Yasui, T. and Hashimoto, Y. 1966. Effect of freeze-drying on denaturation of myosin from rabbit skeletal muscle. J. Food Sci. 31: 293. Zerlin, A. and Karel, M. 1969. Oxidation effects in a freeze-dried gelatin-methyl linoleate system. J. Food Sci. 34: 160. Citing Literature Volume40, Issue1January 1975Pages 58-61 ReferencesRelatedInformation