The 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (sDGs) that measure its progress have constituted a navigation chart for global development since 2015. However, national progress reports lack the regional and local detail that can capture the diversity of subnational experiences. This article presents evidence at the local level in the Antofagasta Region, which at the same time indicates the great challenges facing a mining region, and more broadly, any region whose economy is grounded on non-renewable extractivism. The central argument is that each region has particularities that sDG indicators can reveal. The evidence demonstrates the gaps that exist between different sDG indicators, against the national average and within the region itself. This information is relevant insofar as it goes beyond trend measurement and serves as an input for local and regional planning in the face of the imperative of a more sustainable development process, even in the regions most dependent on their natural resources.

Este artículo explora las transformaciones del paisaje en la comuna de Dalcahue, Chiloé, y cómo estas son influenciadas a su vez por los cambios en los modos de vida o livelihoods de los chilotes desde el terremoto de 1960 hasta fines de la década 2010. Se aplica una metodología cualitativa basada en el análisis de entrevistas a adultos mayores que vivieron el período de tiempo del caso de estudio, quienes fueron testigos del abandono y aislamiento geográfico del archipiélago en la década de los 60 (y anteriores), así como de la irrupción de las actividades acuícolas, las cuales provocaron la expansión urbana y el abandono del campo. El artículo concluye que las modificaciones del paisaje se dan por los cambios de modos de vida de la sociedad chilota, así como también por agentes externos propios de la globalización, como la llegada de la industria salmonera y de miticultura.

PurposeThis paper aims to analyze the influences of context and methodological differences in how universities confront, report and manage carbon neutrality in selected Andean universities, contrasted with a university in the USA.Design/methodology/approachA sequential, mixed-methods design, using quantitative and qualitative approaches was applied. The data analysis is based on a systematic literature review with bibliometric analysis to identify how carbon neutrality in universities is understood and applied. Informed by the quantitative analysis, the qualitative phase compared the assessment methodologies, opportunities and obstacles in three Andean universities - EAFIT in Colombia, EPN in Ecuador and the UC in Chile - contrasted with MIT (USA) for comparative purposes beyond the region.FindingsThe bibliometric analysis points to the evolution of carbon management and carbon neutrality in universities and indicates how universities have applied methodologies and defined opportunities and obstacles. In this comparative experience, the contextual issues are brought to the fore. The conclusions highlight the importance of context in carbon neutrality assessment and argue against crude comparative metrics. While carbon assessment protocols provide data on which actions may be taken, the phase of carbon management development and the specifics of context - based on local institutional, geographical, climatic, cultural, socioeconomic and national policy conditions - are far more relevant for identifying actions.Research limitations/implicationsThis study only considered four universities, and the findings are not generalizable. The argument highlights the point that contextual factors generate important differences that may complicate simple comparisons based on the university's type or size. It also highlights the differences in the carbon calculation methodologies used by the institutions.Practical implicationsResults build on the recent publications that document the Latin American context. The article contributes to knowledge about Andean university commitments and actions relating to climate change and carbon neutrality. This knowledge can contribute to how universities in the region seek to apply different methodologies, set targets and the timing of actions and consider their contextual opportunities and obstacles.Originality/valueComparing university carbon footprints and carbon neutrality plans is an emerging topic, presenting methodological and institutional difficulties. This paper reveals some of these difficulties by comparing parameters, actions and implementation processes against contextual factors. While there is a drive for international and national comparisons and systematization of data on university carbon performance, significant methodological gaps still need to be resolved to account for these contextual factors.

The conflict over Wallmapu-Araucan & iacute;a in southern Chile, between the Spanish conquistadores , the Chilean state and the Mapuche peoples, dates from the 16th century, with a key moment being the forced integration of Mapuche land into the Chilean state in the late nineteenth century. This paper discusses this long period of conflict in three moments: conquest, occupation and liberation, and it focuses on the use of fire as a politico -symbolic and techno-productive tool. A 'landscapes of power framework' is used for this historical political ecology analysis, based on texts from the nineteenth century to the present. The conclusions point to the historical importance of the use of fire as a tool not only for physical changes in the landscape, but principally as a tool of political symbolism that relates to a history of conflict of terror and displacement, used by the forces of occupation and resistance. (c) 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

This article traces the genealogy of the idea of sustainable development in Latin America. It links perspectives from historical political ecology and the history of ideas to trace authors, conferences and major works that produced and disseminated socio-ecological knowledge relating to sustainable development in the region. Challenging the pretensions of 'universality' of this concept, the article presents the formulations of alternative development created by Latin American theorists that were influenced by the socio-political and socio-economic ideas prevalent in the region prior to the Brundtland report, and which established strong ties to issues of justice and rights. The North-South flow of ideas is palpable, however, there was also a South-North flow that enriched and challenged ideas such as the limits to growth through the Latin American World Model and the concept of 'ecodevelopment'. This allowed for a Latin American construction of sustainable development that was different from other regions, and which eventually led to new formulations such as post-development, buen vivir and neo-extractivism. The article concludes that there were key moments, themes and contexts that led to a particular emphasis on socio-ecological justice that contrasts with ecological modernisation and environmental responsibility conceptual formulations that emerged more strongly in other regions. (c) 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

The Fishmeal Revolution: The Industrialization of the Humboldt Current Ecosystem. By Kristin A. Wintersteen. Oakland: University of California Press, 2021. 246 pp. Hardcover, $95.00. ISBN: 978-0-520-37963-3. - Volume 97 Issue 4

Evaluating and monitoring the sustainable development of nations and cities requires sets of indicators. Such indicator sets should measure equity, health, environmental, or governmental progress or recess - among other sustainability aspects. In 2015 the United Nations ratified 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) assessed through 231 indicators. However, other - local - sets of indicators have been developed too. In this paper we review geodata challenges that emerged when we developed four sustainability indicator sets in Chile. Faced challenges include (geo)data availability and data representativeness, among others. We analyse how GIScience knowledge has contributed to indicator development and outline three priority research topics: (i) updating indicators based on automated processes, while respecting representativeness, (ii) tools for planning scenario generation, and (iii) methods for short-and long-term forecasting.

In the context of the UN 10-year Framework Programmes on Sustainable Production and Consumption (2012-2022), it is necessary to understand consumption patterns, mainly in urban areas. The municipal geography of consumption establishes a radical change in understanding urban sustainability merely as a challenge of poverty and low consumption. Through an Urban Sustainability Index, we identify patterns that reveal material processes and opportunities for wellbeing and levels of consumption. Focusing on the urban metabolism and indicators of impacts on intergenerational wellbeing, the index shows high levels of consumption in four municipalities and notable gaps in material and social conditions at the national and intra-regional scales. The article presents the municipal geography of wellbeing and consumption in Chile, in order to reveal the condition of urban sustainability to guide improvements in material and social conditions uncoupled from consumption. It also warns of the particular paradoxes of the development process.

How sustainable is salmon aquaculture? The criteria for responding to this question are set by different organisations, since the concept of sustainable aquaculture is a social construction and there are no agreed criteria for establishing this sustainability condition and its evolution. Using an historical political ecology perspective, this paper unravels the evolution of this social construction over the past 50 years in order to establish how sustainability, responsibility, and sustainable development have been (re)constructed over time in response to changing demands. These constructions are traced through scientific publications, business reports, international organisation literature, and in terms of regulatory and consumer pressures. The documents provide evidence of the ways in which the sector evolved a particular conception of sustainability alongside the emerging global agenda set in motion by the Stockholm Conference of 1972, precisely at a time when the collapse of many capture fisheries became evident and aquaculture was presented as a more sustainable alternative. The conclusions point to the importance, for the sector, of restricting the sustainability concept to a narrow definition of business responsibility based on eco-efficiency, bio-security, and innovation, and separating this responsibility from the broader-based concept of sustainable development promoted by most UN agencies, governments, and NGOs.

In Latin American cities, indigenous peoples' presence is often overlooked: symbols and iconographies either exclude them as a minority or 'memorialise' them as part of a distant past. Through ethnographic observation, walking and visual narrative analysis, and adapting Charles Hale's constructions of indigeneity, this article examines the different representations of indigeneity in urban public space in Santiago de Chile. It interrogates its forms and multiple meanings and the ways in which these are challenged and appropriated by current indigenous artistic production and activism, highlighting the struggle to emphasise contemporary, hybrid lived experiences rather than essentialised, neo-colonial memorialisation. The article addresses urban imaginaries of indigeneity as an arena for the struggle between different representations, which are highly relevant to the new Chilean Constitution and demands for pluri-nationalism, and form part of an ongoing (de)construction of entrenched power relations.

The recent work of Mariana Mazzucato on the role of public funding in economic development seeks to rebalance debates on innovation to highlight the role of the State, as opposed to the dominant narrative of unregulated private initiative. This is particularly relevant for the case of the Chilean salmon industry where, besides the diffusion of technology and management practices by a combination of international agencies and private initiatives, its boom has been supported by considerable national public funding since the 1970s and especially after the transition to democracy in 1990. In this regard, the main argument of this paper is that the innovation system of the Chilean salmon industry should be understood within a neostructural model of economic development. However, although the State has had an essential role in financing and promoting innovation, we found that it has not served as a guiding entity (directionality) for how innovation should be undertaken. This is important to recognise since it helps to explain why the Chilean salmon industry has been able to direct innovation towards its own economic interests without attending to broader social issues related to its operations, despite this public expenditure. The main conclusion is that, due to the type of knowledge developed and how innovations are valued within the sector's innovation system, the goal is to increase volume, reduce costs, and marginally mitigate negative socio-ecological externalities.

En el Marco de diez años de Programas en Producción y Consumo Sustentable de la ONU (10YFP, 2012-2022) se hace necesario entender los patrones de consumo fundamental mente en aquellas zonas urbanas. La geografía comunal de consumo establece un cambio radical en entender la sustentabilidad urbana, desde un foco en el desafío de la pobreza y consumo limitado. Mediante un Índice de Sustentabilidad Urbana se identifican patrones que develan procesos y oportunidades materiales de bienestar y niveles de consumo. Cen trándose en aquellos marcos que dan cuenta de un metabolismo urbano o indicadores de impacto al bienestar intergeneracional, se evidencian altos niveles de consumo en cuatro comunas y además brechas destacables en las condiciones materiales y sociales a niveles intra regionales y nacionales. El articulo presenta la geografía del bienestar y el consumo urbano en Chile, cuyo propósito es indicar la condición de sustentabilidad urbana para el mejoramiento de condiciones materiales y sociales desacopladas del consumo y que, a su vez, advierta de ciertas paradojas en el decurso hacia el desarrollo.

Marine sacrificial zones are planned areas dedicated to the toxic violence of carbo-chemical port development around the world. In the marine environment in Chile, repeated fisher led new social movements have been raised regarding the need to create laws controlling marine pollution from combined coal power station/extraction complexes and realise participatory blue epistemic justice. A series of case studies from across Chile demonstrate the importance of integrating fisher observations of contamination. Interviews and participatory GIS shows how fisher communities LEK observations can be integrated from Quintero, Mejillones and Coronel, which help generalise about the participatory solutions to the impacts of other coastal industrial complexes. The social protests of 2020–2021 opened up a new space for environmental rights through a successful campaign for a new Chilean constitution, the importance of which is shown by the politization of the violence of these sacrificial zones locally and globally. Differently to the creation of the constitution by the neoliberal dictatorship, the participatory space afforded by a people’s constitution through a plebiscite means that environmental justice concerns can be implemented in concrete form.

El paisaje de poder del 'Granero de Chile' emerge durante el siglo XIX como un símbolo del progreso en Wallmapu (Araucanía). El Estado chileno, apoyado por las élites agríco las, políticas e intelectuales movilizaron acciones que permitieron la explotación de los recursos naturales. Estos acontecimientos posibilitaron la construcción del paisaje de poder del 'Granero de Chile', que se instaló en la antigua frontera araucana. Mediante la deconstrucción e interpretación de fuentes históricas y utilizando la perspectiva de la ecología política histórica y los paisajes de poder, se indaga en su trayectoria la cual está vinculada a una hegemonía imperante que se traza a través de dispositivos para ejercer la coerción, lograr el consentimiento e imponer una forma particular de paisaje en este territorio. Las conclusiones apuntan a la importancia del contexto histórico para explicar las configuraciones socioecológicas contemporáneas de paisajes, ya que permiten com prender la influencia de las relaciones de poder y los factores políticos, económicos y culturales en la construcción social de un territorio, y en la eliminación de otros paisajes.

Regional resilience refers to an immanent condition for facing multiple risks on a permanent basis, both episodic and incremental. These risks are not only linked to natural disasters and climate change, but also to poverty and inequality of access to services such as health, and personal safety. This article considers the underlying conditions that shape regional resilience in Chile, based on inter-regional and intra-regional comparisons in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago and the Region of Araucanía. Instead of viewing resilience in terms of an ability to counter a single risk, the article highlights the fact that risks are multiple and overlapping over time and generated at different scales. Municipal level data on poverty, health, and public finances in the two regions reveal the contrasting underlying inequalities that point to regional mosaics of resilience rather than homogeneity. Different threats are superposed on these preexisting conditions of resilience. The article refers to three in particular: the 2010 Chilean earthquake (episodic); climate change (episodic and incremental); and the Covid-19 pandemic (episodic). The findings point to high levels of urban versus rural differentiation, and also high differentiation within the Santiago Metropolitan Area based on socio-economic conditions. This regional mosaic of underlying structural conditions suggests that regional resilience can be enhanced by engaging with structural socio-spatial inequalities rather than a focus on managing risks via siloed, threat-by-threat responses.

Desde su incorporación a la República de Chile, Wallmapu/Araucanía ha sido objeto de importantes transformaciones territoriales. Una vez usurpada la tierra al pueblo mapuche, llegó el momento de explotar los fértiles valles e inexpugnables bosques para dar inicio al cultivo de trigo y su explotación que duró hasta inicios del siglo XX. Este trabajo busca indagar en la ‘invención’ del paisaje forestal del ‘Oro Verde’ en este territorio, utilizando para ello el enfoque de la ecología política histórica y el marco de ‘paisajes de poder’ en particular. A partir del análisis e interpretación de fuentes históricas, incluyendo cartografía, fotografía y textos, se (re)construye la trayectoria de este paisaje, haciendo énfasis en el rol de la ciencia, la promulgación de leyes, la creación de instituciones y la influencia de instituciones internacionales, quienes durante gran parte del siglo XX allanaron el camino para la llegada de grandes empresas, quienes bajo la dictadura iniciaron un ‘boom’ forestal sin precedentes. Las conclusiones apuntan a la importancia de transitar desde el concepto neutro de vocación territorial hacia la invención del paisaje como una construcción social basada en relaciones de poder que llevan a la dominación y la exclusión.

Representations of sustainability and sustainable development, as images, figures, and models have received relatively little attention in the literature, compared with textual definitions. However, there has been a concerted effort by authors to communicate complexity to specialized and wider audiences over the past fifty years. The purpose of this article is to present a taxonomy of visual representations of sustainability and sustainable development that reveal the conceptual diversity and complexity of these metanarratives of the dynamics of socio-ecological systems (SES). Using an exploratory and interpretive methodology, the principal objective is to describe and interpret the core traits of 18 different representations, which reflect the hybrid nature of sustainability and sustainable development depictions, but also allow them to be categorized into six main types. This exercise is based on the review of images used in the secondary literature on sustainability and sustainable development, and also websites that have compiled sets of images. The shared roots or common traits of the six main types are to be found in the principles of complexity, nonlinearity, holism, projection, and praxis. These roots reflect not only the dynamics of SES, but also how these system representations change according to their purposes and etiologies which are, in turn, defined by the academic, public, and private actors who design them.

The landscape of power of the 'Chilean wheat bowl' that emerged during the nineteenth century was presented as a symbol of progress for Wallmapu (Araucania). The Chilean state, supported by agrarian, political and intellectual elites enabled the extraction of natural resources which led to the construction of a new 'Chilean wheat bowl' landscape of power, installed on the old Mapuche frontier. This article deconstructs and interprets historical sources within a framework based on historical political ecology and landscapes of power. It traces the hegemonic imposition of this landscape via devices that ensured coercion or enabled consent, with a view to imposing a particular landscape in this territory. The conclusions point to the importance of historical context for explaining contemporary socio-ecological configurations of landcapes, since this context reveals the influence of power relations and political, economic and cultural factors in the social construction of territories, and the elimination of other landscapes.

The region of Araucania, since its incorporation into the Republic of Chile, has been subject to significant territorial transformations. The Chilean State, supported by economic elites, the political class, and intellectuals have all contributed to the discursive positioning of, and the creation of artefacts in, this regional space. These devices for mobilising power have enabled an appropriation of nature – through natural resource exploitation – and an appropriation of land rights through property titles. The occupation of Araucania from the end of the 19th century was achieved principally through the artefacts of larger settlement consolidation, the railway network, and the building of roads. These were designed and imposed from Santiago through political and administrative channels based on an internal colonialism logic. Conflicts with indigenous Mapuche in Wallmapu (the Mapudungun name for their territory) arose as a consequence of asymmetries of power and this appropriation of space, including expulsion from their land, deforestation, increasing poverty due to restricted access to traditional resources, and epistemic violence through specific constructions of development and the subalterning of indigenous “others.” This historical political ecology not only reveals the expanding frontiers of extractivism and processes of accumulation in favour of national political and economic elites, but more importantly shows how the construction of cultural landscapes became a device for exercising power and justifying appropriation in pursuit of modernity, progress, and development. These landscapes of power evolved over time as different demands were placed on this territory: first as a wheat bowl, and second as forestry plantation. A “landscapes of power” framework is presented in order to work through these constructions of landscape, building on phenomenological and dwelling perspectives in order to focus on the role of cultural hegemony and power relations.