Rapid urban expansion in municipalities surrounding major Latin American cities has increased concerns about the health risks associated with PM2.5-bound heavy metals and metalloids (HMMs). This study investigated the concentrations, sources, and health risks of PM2.5-bound HMMs in a peri-urban municipality within the Bogotá metropolitan region, Colombia. Fifty PM2.5 samples were collected between November 2021 and May 2022 (16.7 L/min), and twelve HMMs (V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, Sb, Sn, Ba, Pb, and Zn) were quantified by ICP-MS. Monte Carlo simulations were used to assess variability and uncertainty in health risk estimates. The mean PM2.5 concentration was 33.7 ± 7.2 μg/m3. Zinc, Ba, Pb, Sn, and Cu were the dominant elements, while enrichment factors revealed strong anthropogenic influence, particularly for Sb, Cd, and Sn (EF > 85), indicating contributions from vehicular non-exhaust emissions and industrial activities. Positive Matrix Factorization identified five major sources: non-ferrous metal processing (27.4%), metal-enriched industrial emissions mixed with mineral dust (27.3%), industrial coal combustion (20.8%), heavy fuel oil combustion (18.7%), and traffic-related emissions influenced by brake wear (5.8%). Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were acceptable for both age groups but higher in adults. In both groups, Ni, As, and Cd dominated non-carcinogenic risk, whereas Cr(VI) accounted for approximately 85% of carcinogenic risk. Monte Carlo analysis confirmed Cr(VI) as the principal contributor to carcinogenic risk and uncertainty. The findings suggest that peri-urban municipalities near large urban centers may face degraded air quality from PM2.5-bound HMMs, in areas with substantial industrial activity and limited monitoring capacity.

Airborne particulate matter is a major pollutant globally due to its impact on atmospheric processes and human health. Depending on their aerodynamic size, particles can penetrate the respiratory system, with ultrafine particles (UFPs) reaching the bloodstream and affecting vital organs. This study investigates the particle number size distribution (PNSD), particle number concentration (PNC), and lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) in Bogotá, Cali, and Palmira, Colombia. Measurements were conducted at four sites representing different urban and industrial backgrounds using an Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor (ELPI+). Due to the availability and operation of the device, observations were limited to a few days, so the results of this study are indicative and not generalized for the cities. UFP concentrations were highest in Cali (28,399 cm−3), three times higher than in San Cristóbal, Bogotá. Fine particles (FPs) exhibited similar patterns across the three cities, with higher concentrations in San Cristóbal (2421 cm−3). Coarse particles (CPs) were most prevalent in Palmira (41.37 cm−3), and the highest LDSA values were recorded in Palmira and Cali (>80 µm2/cm3), indicating a higher potential for respiratory deposition. These findings highlight the importance of PNSD in health risk assessment in urban areas, providing valuable insights for future studies and strategies to manage air quality in Colombia.

A multiscale modeling ensemble chain has been assembled as a first step towards an air quality analysis and forecasting (AQF) system for Latin America. Two global and three regional models were tested and compared in retrospective mode over a shared domain (120-28 degrees W, 60 degrees S-30 degrees N) for the months of January and July 2015. The objective of this experiment was to understand their performance and characterize their errors. Observations from local air quality monitoring networks in Colombia, Chile, Brazil, Mexico, Ecuador and Peru were used for model evaluation. The models generally agreed with observations in large cities such as Mexico City and S & atilde;o Paulo, whereas representing smaller urban areas, such as Bogot & aacute; and Santiago, was more challenging. For instance, in Santiago during wintertime, the simulations showed large discrepancies with observations. No single model demonstrated superior performance over others or among pollutants and sites available. In general, ozone and NO2 exhibited the lowest bias and errors, especially in S & atilde;o Paulo and Mexico City. For SO2, the bias and error were close to 200 %, except for Bogot & aacute;. The ensemble, created from the median value of all models, was evaluated as well. In some cases, the ensemble outperformed the individual models and mitigated extreme over- or underestimation. However, more research is needed before concluding that the ensemble is the path for an AQF system in Latin America. This study identified certain limitations in the models and global emission inventories, which should be addressed with the involvement and experience of local researchers.

The use of oxygenated gasolines has increased in Latin America over the past several years with the goal to reduce oil dependence, improve gasoline combustion and emit fewer pollutants to the atmosphere. Countries such as Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Argentina, and Peru blend their gasoline with ethanol in different proportions. In Colombia, the regulation establishes a 10% vol of ethanol in gasoline (E10). Ethers are also used to oxygenate gasolines. MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) is blended in gasoline primarily in Mexico, Venezuela, and Chile, while ETBE (ethyl tertiary-butyl ether) is used in Argentina. The U.S. EPA Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) model was adapted to Colombia to evaluate gasoline blends with two renewable oxygenates (ethanol and ETBE) on the emission of criteria pollutants (PM2.5, CO, NOx, SO2), Total Gaseous Hydrocarbons (TGH), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), and toxic compounds. We followed the same approach used to build MOVESMexico and assess fuel specifications changes on vehicle emissions. The MOVES-Colombia model finds that E10 increases fuel volatility, VOCs, NOx, PM2.5, and SO2 emissions, and decreases CO relative to the unoxygenated base gasoline (E0). The impact of E10 consumption on air quality is due not only to primary pollutants, but also to the emission of ozone and PM2.5 precursors. Compared to E10 and E0, the ETBE blends reduce fuel volatility and emissions of VOCs, TGH, CO, NOx, PM2.5, and SO2. The introduction of ETBE could help major urban areas to meet air quality standards even with their current vehicle fleets. This work highlights that the effect of new fuel specifications needs to be properly assessed in terms of air quality before they are put in place. The development of modeling tools, such as MOVES-Colombia, facilitates the study of fuel quality and vehicle technology on pollutant emissions.

The influence of emissions of an active volcano on the composition of nanopartides and ultrafine road dust was identified in an urban area of the Andes. Although many cities are dose to active volcanoes, few studies have evaluated their influence in road dust composition. Air quality in urban areas is significantly affected by nonexhaust emissions (e.g. road dust, brake wear, tire wear), however, natural sources such as volcanoes also impact the chemical composition of the particles. In this study, elements from volcanic emissions such as Si > Al > Fe > Ca > K > Mg, and Si-Al with K were identified as complex hydrates. Similarly, As, Hg, Cd, As, H, Cd, Pb, V. and salammoniac were observed in nanoparticles and ultrafine material. Mineral composition was detected in the order of quartz> mullite> calcite> kaolinite> illite> goethite> magnetite> zircon> monazite, in addition to salammoniac, a tracer of volcanic sources. The foregoing analysis reflects the importance of carrying out more studies relating the influence of volcanic emissions in road dust in order to protect human health. The road dust load (RD10) ranged between 0.8 and 26.8 mg m(-2) in the city. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V.

The expansion that the North Bogotá savanna has had, not only in terms of population but also in industries, has generated an increase in emissions and therefore episodes of poor air quality in the region. This project seeks to identify and evaluate instruments and proposals for socialization that allow progress towards the governance of air quality in the municipalities of the Northern Sabana de Bogotá and assess the perception and information to which citizens have access. From the air quality information available in the SISAIRE system, the moving averages for the pollutants PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 were made for the municipalities of Sopó and Cajicá, and these levels were compared with the Resolution 2254 of 2017. Two particular cases were found, in which exceptional states should have been declared due to poor air quality. According to the regulations, the high concentrations of PM2.5 in Sopó and Cajicá led to levels of prevention and alert in the month of March 2020. Of these episodes there was no dissemination to the community, nor measures to protect their health. Additionally, a survey was conducted to determine the knowledge and participation that citizens in the North Sabana have regarding the air quality in their municipalities. The lack of interest, little knowledge and low participation that the community has regarding issues related to air quality was evident. For this reason, it is necessary to encourage citizen participation in the processes that are being carried out in terms of air quality. A strategy to achieve this purpose is the approach and interaction with the environment secretariats of Sopó and Cajicá that have opened to the project spaces for dialogue and training of citizens on air quality issues, addressing issues such as criteria pollutants, regulations related to quality of the air, protocols and the precautions before the exceptional states, in addition to giving instructions to access the information systems on air quality.

Air pollution is responsible for 10,527 annual deaths in Colombia, according to the National Planning Department. For Bogotá, this figure reaches 3,219 people in one year (DNP, 2017). Poor air quality is associated with diseases and deaths from lung cancer, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular diseases, among others. Not surprisingly, 51% of Colombians perceive air quality as the greatest environmental problem (DNP, 2018). In order to know the perception that citizens have about air quality, an online survey with closed questions was carried out between October 10 and December 10, 2020. It was completed by 1,581 people belonging to the city of Bogotá and neighboring municipalities. The survey was divided into five sections: socioeconomic conditions, knowledge and communication, alert events, citizen participation, and public health. It is the first time in the country that a survey of this magnitude has been developed on the subject of air quality by an interdisciplinary and inter-institutional team. According to the results obtained, 99% of those surveyed consider that air quality affects their health, with symptoms such as burning eyes, discomfort in the throat and nose, difficulty breathing, chest pain, anxiety, and dizziness, in areas of the city or periods with poor air quality. Respondents perceive the problem of air quality, however, they do not inform themselves about it, nor do they know how to do it. 75% of the state that they can smell, see or feel polluted air. 65% of the people never consult the state of the air quality of their locality or municipality. The foregoing is due to ignorance of the sources of information or the difficulty of accessing your query. Indeed, 44% of those surveyed do not know that air quality reports are available online. The study reveals that the media and social networks can be of great help in the dissemination of air quality information and its effects since about 72% of those surveyed use social networks to receive information on the subject. Television, digital and written press; and the radio also represent an opportunity for information. The results also reflect the low level of citizen participation in activities related to the improvement or protection of air quality. However, participation increases to the extent that respondents have a better knowledge of this problem. The research allowed to make visible the importance of true governance in environmental health for the improvement of the conditions of its surroundings, incorporating communication strategies and social appropriation of knowledge that facilitate and guarantee public health and the right to a healthy environment.

The municipalities of Mosquera, Madrid, and Funza are part of the industrial corridor of the Western Sabana de Bogotá, a logistics and services corridor with a high traffic flow, roads in poor condition, which may present a decrease in the air quality of its territory. These municipalities do not present adequate strategies for the dissemination of air quality information to the population, nor consolidated citizen participation, so there is a significant risk of affecting public health. The present research aims to identify elements and proposals that allow progress towards the governance of air quality in said municipalities. The omission in the declaration of exceptional states due to poor air quality by the environmental authority has been detected in the municipalities of Funza and Mosquera in 2020. These episodes occurred in the months of February, March, and April, which is a period of time characterized by the deterioration of air quality due to meteorological conditions such as thermal inversions, regional phenomena as for example forest fires, vehicular traffic, and the industrial dynamics that occur in these municipalities. From the calculation of moving averages of PM2.5, four exceptional levels of prevention and one level of alert were identified in the municipality of Mosquera, in the municipality of Funza, three levels of prevention were identified, however, only one declaration was issued of the prevention level by the Regional Autonomous Corporation of Cundinamarca (CAR), which was issued for the municipalities of Mosquera and Soacha from March 6 to April 15, 2020 (Resolution 0528 of 2020). Said declaration is not in accordance with the dynamics of the behavior of the air quality of the municipality of Mosquera, in addition to not presenting any official declaration of the exceptional states in the municipality of Funza, this is an indication that it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring and air quality management taking into account that this constitutes a fundamental factor to start the air quality governance process in the municipalities of the Sabana del Occidente de Bogotá..

Poor air quality is an environmental problem that affects health and generates high social costs. In Colombia, the magnitude of this problem is evidenced in studies carried out by the National Planning Department and the National Institute of Health. The study carried out by the National Planning Department in 2017 on health costs attributable to degradation indicates that these costs amounted to 20.7 billion pesos in 2015, of which 15.4 billion pesos are attributed to pollution of the air in cities, in correspondence with the above, the study of Burden of Environmental Disease in Colombia carried out by the National Institute of Health in 2018, disclosures that the greatest factor of exposure to environmental risk is poor air quality, a factor to which 15,681 deaths were attributed to it in 2016 [3].In accordance with the above, it is relevant to generate air Governance mechanisms, so this work presents the results of the research on Air Quality Governance in Bogotá: identification and construction of enabling elements and proposals. The objective of the research is to identify the mechanisms and instruments that favor the mobilization and participation of the population in the governance of air quality. The study was divided into three phases: in the first phase, the relevant institutions in Bogotá were identified associated with air quality and the means of dissemination and information on the state of air quality, and indicators and sources of information such as the Air Quality of Bogotá Index (IBOCA) and the Bogotá Air Quality Monitoring Network (RMCAB), in the second phase, a perception survey was conducted with 1,581 people and experts in air quality distributed between Bogotá and 22 municipalities of the department of Cundinamarca, Colombia, collecting information on the perception of air quality, citizen participation, degree of knowledge about indicators, control institutions, ease of access and interpretation of information and dissemination channels in relation to air quality. In the third phase, the econometric estimation approach was used to establish correlations and dependency relationships that would allow the identification of air quality governance mechanisms and instruments.

La mala calidad del aire que se ha presentado en los últimos años en el municipio de Soacha ha generado que se decreten niveles excepcionales de calidad del aire en más de una ocasión, lo que genera problemas en la salud de los habitantes y aún más en los grupos sensibles. El municipio solamente cuenta con dos estaciones actualmente activas para el monitoreo de la calidad del aire, las cuales son: Colegio y Uniminuto las cuales pertenecen a la red de monitoreo de la CAR, ambas presentan concentraciones que superan los niveles máximos permitidos por la legislación colombiana, por esta razón se planea la valoración de la capacidad institucional para responder a estados de mala calidad del aire en el municipio de Soacha, para lograr esto se recopila una serie de investigaciones sobre la gestión de calidad del aire en diferentes regiones nacionales donde abordan las problemáticas por la contaminación atmosférica dando paso a una correcta gestión para disminuir la mala calidad del aire y de esta forma obtener una guía bibliográfica para el desarrollo de este trabajo de investigación.En el desarrollo de este trabajo se desea abordar la gestión de gobernanza de la calidad del aire que comprende la capacidad institucional y ciudadana para responder a estados excepcionales por contaminación del aire, con base en lo anterior se ha hecho un seguimiento a las concentraciones ambientales de PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2 y CO en el período Enero de 2020 a Enero de 2021, accediendo a la información a través de la página del Subsistema de Calidad del Aire (SISAIRE), teniendo en cuenta que los contaminantes SO2, NO2 y CO no superaron los niveles de excepción, solamente se realizó un analisis para los contaminantes PM2.5 y PM10.Para determinar si se debe declarar un estado excepcional la concentración debe cumplir con lo establecido en el artículo 11 de la Resolución 2254 de 2017. Agregando a lo anterior se utilizó el método de constatación y así se logró determinar que para el contaminante PM2.5 se presentaron 3 niveles de prevención, de las cuales 2 fueron declaradas de manera oficial por la CAR para la estación Colegio, mientras que para la estación Uniminuto se presentaron 3 niveles de prevención y 2 alertas, de las cuales solo 1 fue declarado de manera oficial. Por otra parte, para el contaminante PM10 se presentaron 2 niveles de prevención, de las cuales solo 1 fue declarado para la estación Uniminuto.Lo anterior indica que ni la CAR ni el municipio de Soacha están atendiendo en forma oportuna los estados excepcionales por mala calidad del aire en el municipio, representando una situación de afectación a la salud pública. Por lo que se optó fortalecer la comunicación de información de calidad del aire a la ciudadanía y las medidas que se deberían tomar para contrarrestar los efectos de la mala contaminación en periodos dónde se decreten estados de excepción.

In indoor spaces, there is evidence of the importance of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus by air through aerosols, especially in poorly ventilated conditions. Viruses are exhaled by infected people into respiratory particles with sizes less than 50 microns (microdroplets) that are suspended in the air (aerosols) and can be transported to distances greater than 2 meters within a closed room, such as classrooms. Therefore, in closed school environments, the conditions of occupation and ventilation are essential to determine and minimize the risk of transmission of the virus. There are various techniques to physically assess the air change rate (ACH) in an indoor space or to estimate it indirectly by measuring carbon dioxide (CO2). However, these procedures could be complex for an untrained community or in the absence of a CO2 monitor. The application of mathematical models allows alternatively to evaluate the ventilation conditions from the estimation of ACH or the concentration of CO2 in an intramural space. Some mathematical models were included as part of a guide developed for the evaluation and monitoring of ventilation in school settings. In this work, the application of mass balance models is presented, under conditions of complete mixing, in a classroom in order to estimate ACH from the volume and occupation of the room. Likewise, mathematical expressions are developed to estimate the concentration of CO2 and evaluate the risk of contagion to COVID-19 in situations with and without ventilation. From simple mathematical expressions, it is contributed to the evaluation of the ventilation conditions of classrooms to avoid possible outbreaks of contagion in face-to-face education.

Road dust (RD) resuspension is one of the main sources of particulate matter in cities with adverse impacts on air quality, health, and climate. Studies on the variability of the deposited PM10 fraction of RD (RD10) have been limited in Latin America, whereby our understanding of the central factors that control this pollutant remains incomplete. In this study, forty-one RD10 samples were collected in two Andean cities (Bogotá and Manizales) and analyzed for ions, minerals, and trace elements. RD10 levels varied between 1.8–45.7 mg/m2, with an average of 11.8 mg/m2, in Bogotá and between 0.8–26.7 mg/m2, with an average of 5.7 mg/m2, in Manizales. Minerals were the most abundant species in both cities, with a fraction significantly larger in Manizales (38%) than Bogotá (9%). The difference could be explained mainly by the complex topography and the composition of soil derived from volcanic ash in Manizales. The volcanic activity was also associated with SO4−2 and Cl−. Enrichment factors and principal component analysis were conducted to explore potential factors associated to sources of RD10. Elements such as Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, V, Sb, and Mo were mainly associated with exhaust and non-exhaust traffic emissions.

El libro ofrece conceptos básicos de modelamiento ambiental e introduce al lector en el uso del lenguaje de programación R. El abordaje propuesto abarca los diversos medios (agua, aire, suelo y biota) y presenta las generalidades de la materia. Esta aproximación conlleva, en algunos casos, el simplificar, bajo criterios de ingeniería y desarrollos idealizados, situaciones ambientales que de otra forma serían muy complejas de abordar. El fortalecimiento de las capacidades de modelación ambiental posibilita el uso de modelos en el diagnóstico de la contaminación ambiental y en la toma de decisiones de política pública.

This paper analyzes the PM10 concentrations and influences of atmospheric condition (AC) and land coverage (LC) on a high-pollution megacity (Bogota, Colombia) from a public health viewpoint. Information of monitoring stations equipped with measuring devices for PM10/temperature/solar-radiation/wind-speed were used. The research period lasted eight years (2007–2014). AC and LC were determined after comparing daily PM10 concentrations (DPM10) to reference limits published by the World Health Organization (WHO). ARIMA models for DPM10 were also developed. The results indicated that urban sectors with lower atmospheric instability (AI) had a 2.85% increase in daily mortality (DM) in relation to sectors with greater AI. In these sectors of lower AI, impervious LC predominated, instead of vegetated LC. An ARIMA analysis revealed that a greater extent of impervious LC around a station led to a greater effect on previous days’ DPM10 concentrations. Extreme PM10 episodes persisted for up to two days. Extreme pollution episodes were probably also preceded by low mixing-layer heights (between 722–1085 m). The findings showed a 13.0% increase in WHO standard excesses (PE) for each 10 µg/m3 increase in DPM10, and a 0.313% increase in DM for each 10% increase in PE. The observed average reduction of 14.8% in DPM10 (−0.79% in DM) was probably due to 40% restriction of the traffic at peak hours.

Poor air quality disproportionally impacts cities in low- and middle-income countries. In Bogotá, Colombia, a metropolitan area with over 10 million inhabitants, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels regularly exceed air quality guidelines, leading to detrimental effects on health. Although there is public interest to improve the city's air quality, the main sources of PM2.5 pollution have not been clearly identified and the use of modeling for policy development in Bogotá has been limited. Here, we apply a modeling framework based on the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ) to conduct seasonal simulations of air pollution in Bogotá and reveal the emissions sectors with the largest contributions to PM2.5. Based on these results, we project and compare the air quality benefits of potential pollution mitigation strategies focused on these sources. The analysis finds that resuspended dust from unpaved roads is the largest local source of PM2.5 and can contribute over 30% of seasonally-averaged concentration across the city. Vehicles, industrial activity, and unpaved road dust combined are responsible for over 60% of PM2.5 pollution in Bogotá. A scenario analysis shows that paving roads can lead to PM2.5 decreases of nearly 10 μg/m3 by 2030 in some areas of the city, but air quality will deteriorate significantly over others in the absence of additional emissions control measures. Mitigation strategies designed to target the sectors with the largest contributions to PM2.5, including road cleaning systems, controls for industrial point sources, cleaner transportation fuels, and updated vehicle fleets, can largely avert projected increases in concentrations, although the impacts of different approaches vary throughout the city. This study is the first to use a comprehensive model to determine sector contributions to air pollution and inform potential emissions control policies in Bogotá, demonstrating an approach to guide pollution management in developing cities facing comparable challenges.

ABSTRACT Vehicle non-exhaust emissions are a major component of particle matter, including the direct wear of tires, brakes, road, and the resuspension of deposited particles. It is suggested that resuspended PM (RPM) emissions can be at the same magnitude or even larger than combustion emissions in urban centers. Factors affecting RPM can be included in four categories: road characteristics, traffic condition, land use, and meteorology. In order to study and evaluate these influencing factors, road dust less than 10 micrometers (RD10) was collected in 41 sites across Bogotá. The sampling points had diverse characteristics. RD10 levels varied between 1.0 and 45.8 mg/m2 with an average of 8.9 ± 8.4 mg/m2. Lower RD10 values were observed when vegetation density was high, pavement condition good, driving speeds fast and construction activities absent. On the contrary, RD10 increased under heavy-duty traffic influence and dry conditions. Among dust mitigation measures, management of land-use variables could be as important as traffic control and road maintenance. Implications: This study documented for the first time in Latin America dust loadings less than 10 micrometers, information that can be used to estimate resuspended particle matter emissions in the region. The influence of meteorology, traffic characteristics, road condition, and land-use variables was analyzed and quantified. The management of land-use variables could be as important as traffic control and road maintenance for road dust mitigation. Further research interests are discussed.

Lockdown measures led to air pollution decrease in several countries around the world such as China and India, whereas other regions experimented an increase in pollutant concentrations. Northern South America (NSA) was one of those areas where pollution changed during lockdown due to high fire activity. This study aims to analyze, for the first time in NSA, the behavior of selected criteria air pollutants during the implementation of the SARS-CoV-2 lockdown in two high populated cities of the region: Bogotá and Medellín in Colombia. A set of tools including surface measurements, as well as satellite and modeled data were used. 24-hour average concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 were collected from air quality stations for the lockdown period ranging from February 21 to June 30, 2020. The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) was used to analyze the fire flux OC as a biomass burning (BB) indicator, and tropospheric NO2 concentrations were retrieved from TROPOMI. The HYSPLIT model was used to analyze back trajectories and fire data were obtained from MODIS sensor measurements. Our analysis shows short-term background NO2, PM10, and PM2.5 concentration reductions of 60%, 44%, and 40%, respectively, for the strict lockdown; and 62%, 58%, and 69% for the relaxed lockdown. Corresponding long-term reductions were of 50%, 32%, and 9% for the strict lockdown; and 37%, 29%, and 19% for the relaxed lockdown. Regional BB increased PM2.5 concentrations by 20 μg/m3 during the strict lockdown, and the Saharan dust event increased PM10 concentrations up to 168 μg/m3 in Bogotá, and 104 μg/m3 in Medellín, bringing an additional risk of morbidity and mortality for population. Regional BB has several causes that need to be properly managed to benefit local air quality improvement plans. Future cleaner transport policies equivalent to reduced lockdown mobility could bring pollution close to WHO guidelines.

Mobile sources contribute directly or indirectly with most of the atmospheric emissions in Colombian cities. Quantification of mobile source emissions rely on emission factors (EF) and vehicle activity. However, EF for vehicles in the country have not evolved at the same time as fleet renovation and fuel composition changes in the last few years. In fact, estimated EF before 2010 may not reflect the reduction of sulfur content in diesel and the renovation and deterioration of passenger vehicles; therefore, emission levels may be over or under estimated. To account for these changes, we have implemented the MOVES model in Bogota and obtained a new database of on-road vehicle emission factors. For this purpose, local information of activity rates, speed profiles, vehicle population distribution and age, meteorology and fuel composition was used. Emissions were estimated with these new set of EF and compared with previous inventories. We observed large reductions in SO2 (-87%), CO (-65%) and VOC (-62%) emissions from mobiles sources and lower reductions in NOx (-20%). Other pollutants such as PM2.5 (+15%) and CO2 (+28%) reported increases. This paper includes a new database of on-road vehicle emission factors for Bogota, which can be applied in other Colombian cities in the absence of local data.

According to the latest study by the National Institute of Health, environmental risk factors, including air pollution, affect social costs (burden of the disease) that amount to an average of 585.476 million pesos, which constitutes 0.0678 % of the national GDP; in the case of the economic burden attributable to the air quality irrigation factor, the figure amounts to 451,862 million pesos. In the particular case of the city of Bogotá, air pollution in Bogotá has an impact on costs of 4.2 billion pesos, according to a study by the National Planning Department, in addition, the main pollutant in Bogotá is particulate matter (PM), in its two fractions PM10 and PM2.5, whose main emission sources are in the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles and industries, as well as the resuspension of dust deposited on the roads, coming from erosion processes, wear of brakes, tires and pavements. In this work, research results related to the estimation of costs per ton reduced of PM are presented for 4 scenarios where emission reduction strategies for the year 2030 related to the technological advancement in private vehicles, cargo, public transport and motorcycles are evaluated. The economic valuation of the scenarios was carried out based on investment unit values for changes in the fleets projected to 2030. The calculation in the reduction of emissions was carried out taking into account a 2030 trend scenario, without considering any strategy, and the change in emissions when implementing the strategies of the 4 scenarios. To this end, a bottom-up estimate of the emissions inventory was made using an emissions application developed by the University of La Salle and Ecopetrol for each scenario, including the trend. For both PM10 and PM2.5. The lowest costs per ton reduced were found for the vehicle renewal strategy in cargo vehicles, being 21 and 25 million pesos per ton respectively.