John has just received his master's degree in marriage and family therapy and has started his first job providing home-based therapy for a community social service agency. He finds himself struggling to align his systems and social constructionist family therapy training with his new charge to find a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnosis for the identified patient in the family. He feels this is not in keeping with his family therapy beliefs and finds himself conflicted about being true to his field of thought. Also, he finds himself feeling resentful about the role that others involved with his cases (e.g., case workers, psychiatrists, judges) have in directing how he is supposed to treat his clients. They prescribe medications, require behavioral treatment plans, and have him write progress reports to the court. John believes that many of these requirements are antithetical to the family therapy models he learned in graduate school. How does he proceed? Does he give up family therapy to fit in with his job? Does he quit his job in hopes of finding a family therapy-friendly agency? How does he deal ethically with these seemingly polar opposites that appear to be pulling him in different directions?

Extensive research has been done on new mothers and their well-being post-pregnancy. Particularly, couples' relationship satisfaction has been shown to diminish as new mothers adjust to their new role (Lawrence, Rothman, Cobb, Rothman, & Bradbury, 2008). The purpose of this study is to look at potential factors play into this possible drop in satisfaction, in an effort to better understand this transition. Study participants included 101 first-time mothers in long-term relationships, with babies between 6 and 12 months old. Through a series of regression analyses, the researchers found that higher levels of differentiation were significantly associated with higher levels of perceived pregnancy health and higher levels of relationship satisfaction. Further, higher levels of perceived pregnancy health are associated with higher levels of relationship satisfaction, and levels of family coping act as a moderator between these two variables. The relational therapeutic implications of these findings are also discussed.

The present study examined relationship and sexual satisfaction of parents of children with special needs. The impact of role differentiation, coping styles, and sexual desire on relationship and sexual satisfaction were measured, as well as the link between relationship and sexual satisfaction of parents (N = 62). Results from the study indicate that several dimensions were significantly correlated with both sexual (e.g., reframing coping strategies and sexual desire) and relationship (e.g., emotional reactivity, reframing coping strategies) satisfaction. Evidence from this study suggests that therapists should be attentive and sensitive to particular issues to help parents of children with special needs improve their relationship and sexual satisfaction.

Orel, N.A., & Fruhauf, C.A. (Eds.). (2015). The lives of LGBT older adults: Understanding challenges and resilience. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. 241 pp., $69.95 (Hardcover),...

Inconsistent results have been found in prior research on the Bowen Family Systems Theory concept of differentiation of self and its application to individuals, couples, and families of different cultural backgrounds. In this regard, this study examined the impact of differentiation of self on healthy family functioning, family communication, and family satisfaction with 277 participants including South Koreans living in South Korea, South Korean-born citizens living in the United States, and White Americans living in the United States. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis identified the measurement invariance of a differentiation scale (DSI-R) used for the three study groups. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) found significant differences between White Americans and South Koreans with regard to the level of differentiation. Results of multigroup structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses found a significant association between differentiation of self and healthy family functioning across the three groups with the American group having significantly higher differentiation than the two South Korean groups." Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

The goal of this study was to gain a more complete understanding of the marital satisfaction of family caregivers based on a strength-based framework of family resiliency. Previous research has identified a relationship between the caregiving experience and coping, spirituality/religiosity, and hope, but no study to date has investigated the effect of those three variables on the marital satisfaction of family caregivers. We hypothesized that family caregivers who are spiritual/religious, hopeful, and use effective family coping strategies would experience greater marital satisfaction. A hierarchical linear regression analyzing data from 191 family caregivers supported the hypotheses. Implications for clinicians are discussed.

In this study, self and other ratings of dyadic empathy are proposed to predict relationship satisfaction. One-hundred and fifty-one individuals over the age of eighteen who were in a relationship of at least six months in length at the time of the survey completed the Interpersonal Reactivity Index for Couples ( Peloquin & Lafontaine, 2010) and the Couples Satisfaction Index ( Funk & Rogge, 2007). Total scores for self and other rated dyadic empathy as well as scores of the congruity between self and other were assessed for each respondent. The results indicated that total perceived dyadic empathy and perceived dyadic empathic congruity were significant predictors of relationship satisfaction.

This study investigated the stressors and enhancers for students reported by students and faculty who are enrolled or teach in accredited marriage and family therapy programs. Results indicated that students (n = 112) and faculty members (n = 43) differ in their perceptions of six out of thirteen different program characteristics: information to prospective students, professional development, career guidance and placement services, mentoring, program climate, and feedback provided to students. Faculty perceived these program characteristics more enhancing than students. However, students’ and faculty means were ranked similarly in prioritization.

This study examined relationships between differentiation of self and family functioning within the South Korean culture. The participants in this study were 235 Koreans residing in South Korea and ranged in age from 20 to 70 years. An analysis of variance revealed that older South Koreans had higher differentiation levels than younger South Koreans. Results of a multivariate analysis of covariance revealed there were significant differences between the high differentiation group and the low differentiation group across family functioning, family satisfaction, and family communication. The authors briefly discuss implications for clinical practice and future research.

Help your clients' relationships survive infidelity!In the Handbook of the Clinical Treatment of Infidelity, a panel of seasoned experts reflects on issues central to affairs, and on how to help couples heal and learn from them. First, editors Fred P. Piercy, Katherine M. Hertlein, and Joseph L. Wetchler provide an essential overview of infidelity theory, research, and treatment. They discuss the effect of infidelity on couples and delineate three types of infidelity—emotional, physical, and infidelity including aspects of both. They review the relatively new role of the Internet in infidelity and explore infidelity within the context of comarital relationships. Finally, they discuss the overarching theories and common models used in infidelity treatment.Also in the Handbook of the Clinical Treatment of Infidelity: Susan M. Johnson, the co-developer of Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), discusses affairs through the lens of attachment theory, and shows how EFT provides a way to acknowledge and express pain, remorse, and regret, and to repair this attachment bond. David Moultrup takes a Bowenian approach to infidelity, focusing attention on the underlying dynamics of the emotional system Frank Pittman and Tina Pittman Wagers outline cultural myths about affairs and do their share of debunking Adrian Blow discusses how to help couples directly address their pain—and the challenges of the healing process Brian Case highlights the role of apology and forgiveness in the healing process Frank Stalfa and Catherine Hastings focus on the treatment of "accusatory suffering"—a spouse's obsessive holding onto and retaliating for an affair long after it has ended, and despite the offending partner's repeated apologies and attempts at restitution Don-David Lusterman discusses individuals who have suppressed or denied traumatic stress reactions to their partner's affair, and how to help them Scott Johnson discusses myths about affairs, from who is cheating on whom, to whether men really have more affairs than women, to the blame-filled language of "affairs," "betrayal," and "infidelity," asking us to think more systematically about affairs and to see the dynamics of extra dyadic relationships as more complex and nuanced than they are typically portrayed in the literature Joan Atwood provides an overview of Internet infidelity—the factors influencing one's involvement in this type of infidelity, and some considerations for therapists Tim Nelson, Fred Piercy, and Doug Sprenkle report on the results of a multi-phase Delphi study that explored what infidelity experts say are the critical issues, interventions, and gender differences in the treatment of Internet infidelity Monica Whitty and Adrian Carr draw upon Klein's object relations theory and discuss how this might influence the way people rationalize their Internet infidelity Emily Brown outlines the concept of the Split Self Affair—discussing its origins, characteristics, and implications for individuals and couples, and providing detailed information on how to work with these couples in therapy Michael Bettinger presents extra dyadic relationship as a fact, rather than a problem, within many gay male relationships—a discussion that shows how gay male polyamory can work as an alternative to the heterosexual model of emotional and sexual exclusivity in romantic dyadic relationships Katherine Hertlein and Gary Skaggs report on the results of a study that assessed the level of differentiation and one's engagement in extra dyadic relationshipsThe Handbook of the Clinical Treatment of Infidelity is essential reading for today's (and tomorrow's) clinicians who work with couples. Make it a p

Love became an integral part of marriage in Western culture in the mid-1900s. Marriage began to change along with the inclusion of love, which is evidenced by changes in divorce rates. While marriages themselves change, love too may be influenced in a reciprocal process. This study was interested in identifying the association between parental relationship factors, including marital status and interparental conflict, and both the experience of and expectations for love. The sample was collected using online convenience sampling, and included (N = 207) heterosexually married participants. Hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted to determine the unique contribution of the parent marital factors on love. Higher levels of interparental conflict were associated with lower levels of love and expectations for love, while having parents who were separated was associated with higher relationship expectations. These findings can support case conceptualizations for clinical work with couples and the use of Narrative and Transgenerational therapies.

The present study examines the relationship between adult attachment style, differentiation, and infidelity. Results indicated that attachment anxiety and avoidance showed significant relationships with infidelity at both the bivariate and multivariate levels of analysis. Differentiation also showed significant results at the bivariate level, whereas the differentiation subconstruct, fusion with others, contributed significantly to the overall model. The knowledge of a parental affair increased the chances of individuals participating in extradyadic relationships as well as other demographic characteristics. The impact of results on clinical implications and therapeutic interventions are discussed as well as future areas of research.

Individual beliefs and expectations regarding gender roles influence interpersonal behavior. If family therapists ignore or avoid discussions regarding gender roles, change may ultimately be inhibited. The Cognitive-Active Gender Role Identification Continuum (CAGRIC) is a framework that may facilitate a therapist's discussion of gender roles and the ways in which gender role expectations impact their clients’ relationships. Using data from the 2002 International Social Survey Program module on “Family and Changing Gender Roles,” this study examines the gender role classifications proposed by the CAGRIC model and the influence of gender role beliefs and behaviors on relationship satisfaction. Data from Australia, Brazil, Israel, Japan, Russia, Spain, and the United States are used to test the clustering and congruence hypotheses of the CAGRIC model. Results suggest support for the clustering hypothesis of the model, especially in Western countries.