The Frenguelliidae Petrulevičius & Nel, 2003 is an endemic family of Odonata recorded from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina. They are only present in the lower Eocene (52 Ma) of Laguna del Hunco, the middle Eocene (47 Ma) of Río Pichileufú, and Arroyo Chacay (no absolute dating). The family consists of four genera and six species, namely Frenguellia patagonica Petrulevičius and Nel, 2003, F. iglesiasi Petrulevičius and Nel, 2013, Treintamilun vuelvenlucha Petrulevičius, 2017, Nelala chori Petrulevičius, 2019, N. chacay Petrulevičius, 2023, and Chacayala campeona Petrulevičius, 2022.

Interactions between the two most abundant groups of organisms on Earth, insects and plants, are especially relevant in evolutionary studies. We review different aspects related to endophytic eggs laid by insects in plants for more than 300 Myrs, from the Carboniferous to the Miocene. This work provides a meta-analysis of endophytic insect oviposition in the fossil record, based on the plant group used as host, the number of oviposition traces on a single leaf, their trace pattern, and the morphometry of the individual egg traces.

The insertion of the Odonata ovipositor in the plant tissue generates a scar that surrounds the eggs (trace). In insects, individual egg traces are known to vary in size, but their variation in individual shape is mostly unknown. Twenty-four specimens were obtained from the Laguna del Hunco (Lower Eocene, Chubut) and Río Pichileufú (Middle Eocene, Río Negro), Argentina, which had 1346 oviposition traces (MEF Collection). For the first time, a study of the shape and size of a large number of individual Odonata endophytic egg traces was carried out using traditional (general and mixed linear models) and geometric morphometrics (Fourier elliptical series) to elucidate whether there are changes in size or shape of the individual endophytic egg traces associated with the substrate used at the time of oviposition, if the Lower Eocene traces have varied in relation to those of the Middle Eocene, and if the ichnological classification (Paleoovoidus arcuatus, P. bifurcatus and P. rectus) reflects such variations. We found differences in size (p < 0.05), but not in shape, in relation to the variables studied. This could reflect that the shape of Odonata eggs (inferred from the traces), unlike their size, could have a strong evolutionary constraint already observed since the Eocene.

Megapodagrionids in the wide sense are a polyphyletic group of damselflies (Huang et al., 2018). In recent studies there is a tendency to restrict the Megapodagrionidae only to few genera, and to over rank some subfamilies such as Philosininae and Argiolestinae to family level (Kalkman & Theischinger, 2013; Dijkstra et al., 2014). These efforts are based on nymphal (Kalkman et al., 2010) and wing characters (Kalkman & Theischinger, 2013).

Abstract. Although the order Odonata has a rich fossil record, many questions about its reproductive biology remain unanswered. There are two strategies of egg laying among odonates, exophytic and endophytic, the latter being one of the most revealing vestiges of plant–insect association in the fossil record. We assessed whether geometric morphometrics based on elliptical series of Fourier allow expression of variability of shape in traces of Odonata eggs within a leaf of Eucalyptus chubutensis (Berry) González (in part), González, 2009 (Myrtaceae) from Laguna del Hunco (Chubut, Argentina) (early Eocene) and whether this variability is consistent with the ichnotaxonomy of this material. We found that the largest variation corresponds to the compression of the shape while the remaining two components reflect variations in the apex position and its curvature, which changed according to the relative position of the traces in the leaf. There was no evidence that the hardness of the leaf would affect the shape of the egg trace. We postulate that these traces could have been produced by one single female: Variations in the pattern observable in the fossil of an originally three-dimensional structure are consistent with differences in the position of the eggs inserted by a single female who has flexed her abdomen to insert the eggs as she approaches the apex of the leaf (behavior observed also in extant dragonflies). For the first time, endophytic egg traces are analyzed with geometrical morphometrics, and this allows us to make inferences on the oviposition behavior of a female that lived around 52 million years ago.

The family Frenguelliidae Petrulevičius & Nel, 2003 was hitherto known from two genera and three species: Frenguellia patagonica Petrulevičius & Nel, 2003, F. iglesiasi Petrulevičius & Nel, 2013 and Treintamilun vuelvenlucha Petrulevičius, 2017. Frenguelliidae is a very interesting group, controversially considered either an Epiproctophora, basal to Euepiproctophora by Petrulevičius & Nel (2003, 2007, 2013) and Petrulevičius et al. (2011), or a Zygoptera by Nel & Arillo (2006), Nel et al. (2008), Lak et al. (2009) and Bechly & Poinar (2013). Only the epiproctophoran hypothesis was discussed and based principally in a putative character of the group, the curved CuP (Petrulevičius & Nel, 2003, 2007, 2013). The zygopteran hypothesis could be reasonably adopted due to the presence in Frenguelliidae of a character which is absent in the basal Epiproctophora: the IR2 aligned with the subnodus (Petrulevičius, 2017). Other characters shared by Frenguelliidae and other Zygoptera are homoplastic and are also present in some Epiproctophora, i.e., arculus nearer to Ax2 than to Ax1 in Cyclothemistidae: Triassoneura (Fujiyama, 1991) and Epiophlebiidae: Mesoepiophlebia (Nel & Jarzembowski, 1996); the lack of pterostigmal brace in Campterophlebiidae: Ctenogampsophlebia (Petrulevičius et al., 2011); absence of secondary antenodals could also occur in Triassoneura. The morphology of the new species does not contradict the hypothesis postulated by Petrulevičius & Nel (2003, 2007, 2013) about the phyletic position of the group which remains uncertain and its resolution exceeds the possibility of the present work but is a nice topic for future research.

Fil: Romero Lebron, Maria Eugenia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Cordoba. Instituto Multidisciplinar de Biologia Vegetal (P). Grupo Vinculado Centro de Relevamiento y Evaluacion de Recursos Agricolas y Naturales; Argentina

A new synlestid zygopteran, Madres delpueblo n. gen.n. sp., is described from the middle Eocene of Río Pichileufú, Patagonia, Argentina.The new genus is characterised by wing characters such as the discoidal cell narrow and long; Ax2 aligned with the arculus; MP distinctly curved after its origin; CuP+AA fused to the hind margin half of the length of the discoidal cell; CuP closer to Ax2 than to Ax1.Needle damselflies or Malachites are represented in other two Patagonian Eocene localities, by nymphs and adults.The new genus enlarges the fossil record of Lestomorpha in Argentina to four extinct genera: Promegalestes, Austroperilestes, Inacayalestes and Madres n. gen.versus two Recent ones: Lestes and Archilestes.

The genus Rhabdotalebra Young is reviewed, including description of a new species, R. albinoi n. sp., from Buenos Aires province, Argentina. A detailed morphological description and illustrations of the new species are provided. A key of all known Rhabdotalebra species is provided to facilitate the comparison of the new species with those previously known, based on pattern coloration and male and female genitalia, is given. Some field observations on its biology are also provided.

A new burmagomphid anisopteran, Satelitala soberana gen. et sp. nov. is described from the lower Eocene of Laguna del Hunco, Patagonia, Argentina. The new genus is characterised by hindwing characters such as the subdiscoidal triangle not elongated; anal loop divided longitudinally; paranal cell divided longitudinally; five terminal cells between RP and MA; five terminal cells between MP and CuA; and obtuse angle between PsA and CuP+AA. Burmagomphid dragonflies were represented so far only by one specimen from the middle Cretaceous of Southeast Asia. This new record extends the distribution to Patagonia, to the Cenozoic, and also to paleolake deposits.

Fil: Petrulevicius, Julian Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - La Plata; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Division Paleozoologia Invertebrados; Argentina

Fil: Petrulevicius, Julian Fernando. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas; Argentina

A new pentatomoid heteropteran, Chinchekoala qunita gen. et sp. nov. is described from the lower Eocene of Laguna del Hunco, Patagonia, Argentina. The new genus is mainly characterised by cephalic characters such as the mandibular plates surpassing the clypeus and touching each other in dorsal view; head wider than long; and remarkable characters related to the eyes, which are surrounded antero-laterally and posteriorly by the anteocular processes and the pronotum, as well as they extend medially more than usual in the Pentatomoidea. This is the first pentatomoid from the Ypresian of Patagonia and the second from the Eocene in the region, being the unique two fossil pentatomoids in Argentina.

The discovery of the southernmost world record (49.5 degrees S) of a Late Cretaceous insect fauna and plant-insect interactions is reported herein. The new locality is from the middle Cenomanian lacustrine deposits of the Mata Amarilla Formation belonging to the Austral foreland Basin, southwest Patagonia, Argentina. A first trip to the locality yielded few specimens of Coleoptera, among them an Archostemata: Cupedidae, and also a tiny specimen of Fulgoroidea: Perforissidae represented by Aonikenkissus zamunerae gen. et sp. nov. The Perforissidae were previously recorded from the Berriasian (?)-Barremian, Aptian, Albian, Turonian and Santonian in the Northern Hemisphere. The new species represents the first record of Perforissidae for South America and for the whole Southern Hemisphere. The new record suggests that the Perforissidae had a broader biogeographical distribution, and seem to have been cosmopolitan in the mid-Cretaceous. The Cupedidae reported herein is the first record for the Cenomanian and the first record of the genus Zygadenia in South America. Insect traces found in the same strata are made in an angiosperm palmatilobed leaf and correspond to a piercing and sucking type of damage. This type of damage is compared to recent stipples and to isolated piercings. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A new genus and species of Discocephalini, Acanthocephalonotum martinsnetoi gen. n. et sp. n. is described from Río Pichileufú, middle Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina at palaeolatitude ~ 46°S. The new species is the first fossil representative of the Discocephalinae. This taxon is extant in equatorial to subtropical America, and some species reach warm temperate latitudes (Buenos Aires province). The new genus is distinguished from the other genera of Discocephalini by the combination of these characters: interocular width greater than head length; head massive and quadrangular with the anterior margin almost straight; juga touching each other; labrum thick and curved; triangular ante-ocular process extending beyond the eye; broad spine-like antero-lateral process of the pronotum; pronotum explanate and bean shaped; scutellum triangular with a circular tongue reaching the anterior side of abdominal segment 7; and wings well developed with membrane just surpassing end of abdomen.

Choristopsychidae, established by Martynov in 1937 with a single isolated forewing, is a little known extinct family in Mecoptera. Since then, no new members of this enigmatic family have been described. Based on 23 well-preserved specimens with complete body and wings from the Middle Jurassic of northeastern China, we report one new genus and three new species of Choristopsychidae, two new species of the genus Choristopsyche Martynov, 1937: C. perfecta sp. n. and C. asticta sp. n.; one new species of Paristopsyche gen. n.: P. angelineae sp. n.; and re-describe C. tenuinervis Martynov, 1937. In addition, we emend the diagnoses of Choristopsychidae and Choristopsyche. Analyzing the forewing length/width ratios of representative species in Mecoptera, we confirm that choristopsychids have the lowest ratio of forewing length/width, meaning broadest forewings. These findings, the first fossil choristopsychids with well-preserved body structure and the first record of Choristopsychidae in China, shed light on the morphology of these taxa and broaden their distribution from Tajikistan to China, while increasing the diversity of Mesozoic Mecoptera in China.

Odonata are beginning to be well recorded in the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina. They are represented by body fossils and traces in three localities. Oviposition scars are recorded in Río Pichileufú (Lutetian: 47.7 Ma; Río Negro province) and Laguna del Hunco (Ypresian: 52.2 Ma; Chubut province), nymphs in Confluencia (Ypresian?; Río Negro), and adults (wings) in Laguna del Hunco. The absence of different stages in given localities could depend on different factors, such as as environmental, taphonomical and/or sampling bias. Laguna del Hunco is well sampled and the absence of nymphs seems to depend on taphonomical factors since there are other preimaginal aquatic inhabitants of the lake, such as Trichoptera nymph cases. Confluencia has not been well sampled and adults could be absent due to a sampling bias. The nymphs of Confluencia indicate a water body with low energy flux. Ovipositions in Laguna del Hunco and Río Pichileufú are made on terrestrial leaves of bushes and trees and have three different morphologies. Leaves are interpreted to be alive when oviposition was done as they show tissue reactions associated to the injuries. Wrinkled wings at Laguna del Hunco are interpreted to be signals of predation probably by birds or mammals.

The discovery of a new specimen of Frenguelliidae, attributed to the new species Frenguellia Argentina, is noteworthy for the knowledge of the diversity within this little-known family.

A new genus with a new species of Cimbrophlebiidae, Perfecticimbrophlebia laetus Yang, Shih & Ren gen. et sp. nov., and a new species of Bittacidae, Preanabittacus validus Yang, Shih & Ren sp. nov., are described and illustrated. Both specimens derive from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation at Daohugou in Inner Mongolia, China. Based on characters of Preanabittacus validus Yang, Shih & Ren sp. nov., the diagnosis of Preanabittacus is emended.