A zein/ethyl cellulose (EC) composite film was prepared for aqueous systems, with mechanical properties, water solubility, and oil permeation as evaluation indicators. The optimal conditions were zein/EC mass ratio of 1: 9, ethanol concentration of 93 mL/dL, 0.3 g/g glyceryl dioleate (GD), and curing temperature of 60 °C. Under these conditions, after one-month water soaking, the film showed a tensile strength of 11.61 MPa and an elongation at break of 43.60%, with no obvious oil permeation within one week. The film exhibited low water solubility with values ≤ 0.010%. FTIR analysis indicated zein and EC were physically combined; SEM analysis showed GD improved their compatibility, presenting more uniform surface; water contact angle analysis demonstrated composite film exhibited good hydrophobicity; and DSC analysis revealed composite film possessed better thermal stability. The film acted as a coating to apply in walnut, hazelnut, and peanut chunks for nut-containing jam preparation. A 3-month storage experiment at 25 °C showed the coating reduced the average oil seepage rate of jams from 1.97% to 0.18%, effectively inhibiting oil seepage; acid value and peroxide value of oils in all samples met the limits regulated by the National Standard. This coating significantly improves the storage stability of nut-containing jams in aqueous systems.

Dehydrated ricinoleic acid (DRA)/maleic anhydride (MA) adducts were prepared through the Diels‐Alder (DA) reaction and then applied for the preparation of pressure‐sensitive adhesives (PSAs). The preparation parameters of the DRA/MA adduct were optimized by investigating the effects of molar ratio, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the adduction degree with acid value (AV) as the evaluation index. Results showed that the optimal parameters were the molar ratio of MA and DRA at 1.2: 1, reaction temperature of 120 °C, and reaction time of 1.5 h, under which the AV of DRA/MA adduct reached up to 298.7 mg KOH/g. Results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum showed that DA reaction effectively occurred between the conjugated diene of DRA and MA. Results from rheology and differential scanning calorimetry showed a higher viscosity and glass transition temperature of DRA/MA adduct than DRA due to the introduction of MA. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the DRA/MA adduct had good thermal stability. Compared with epoxidized linseed oils‐based PSA (peel strength of 0.217 N/cm and loop tack of 0.390 N), PSA copolymerized by DRA/MA adduct and epoxidized linseed oils had higher adhesion strength (peel strength of 0.309–1.813 N/cm and loop tack of 0.713–7.490 N) and was crosslinked mainly by polyesterifications.

A comprehensively antioxidative mechanism was systematically investigated for tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) in edible oils during storage. Three key aspects were elucidated to demonstrate how TBHQ retains its antioxidative activity: (1) the molecular advantages of TBHQ compared to other synthetic phenolic antioxidants; (2) the antioxidative performance of tert-butylbenzoquinone (TBBQ), TBHQ's main transformation product, which demonstrated the ability to be reduced back to TBHQ in both free radical and pure triglyceride systems; and (3) the identification and verification of two additional phenolic transformation products 2-methylallyl-hydroquinone (MAHQ) and 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-ol from various edible oils using GC-MS and NMR techniques. MAHQ showed antioxidative activity similar to TBHQ, while the monophenolic product was hypothesized to possess antioxidative properties. These findings reveal that TBHQ's retained antioxidative activity during oil storage is through both its molecular advantages and the antioxidative properties of its transformation products, providing theoretical support for TBHQ applications in the food industry.

The effects of temperature, humidity, and UV irradiation on the accelerated oil oxidation of chicken seasoning (CS) were investigated, aiming to establish a method for evaluating its storage stability. Key oxidation indicators, such as peroxide value (POV), fatty acid profile, and volatile aldehydes, were measured to assess the degree of oil oxidation. The results indicated that oil oxidation of CS is not significantly accelerated by temperatures of 50-80 degrees C due to the inhibitory effects of the Maillard reaction. The effect of humidity on accelerating oil oxidation of chicken seasoning was insignificant, either, due to the high barrier properties of the packaging material. The oil oxidation rate was greatly accelerated by UV irradiation. However, the mechanism of photosensitive oxidation reaction is inconsistent with that of auto-oxidation reaction under actual storage conditions. Ultimately, UV irradiation combined with constant temperature storage was used to induce auto-oxidation of CS, and the suitable accelerating conditions were 18 h of UV irradiation, followed by 50 degrees C of constant temperature storage. The storage stability of 6 commercially available CS was successfully evaluated using this method. The established method provides a reliable approach for assessing the storage stability and shelf life of CS.

Nuts are rich in oils, proteins, minerals, and vitamins, which not only provides humans with good nutrients but also reduces the risk of some diseases. However, the high content of oils, especially with high polyunsaturated fatty acids, leads nuts to be prone to rancidity, producing odor, reducing the quality of nuts and affecting human health if intaking rancid nuts. In this review, the factors affecting nut oxidation were comprehensively and critically reviewed from the view of species and variety of nuts, harvest period, mechanical damage during harvest and storage, transportation, processing, packaging, and storage. Appropriate measures in every link were also covered to inhibit the rancidity of oils in nuts. Prospects that are worthy of deep investigations were proposed such as smart packaging, cross-investigations of multiple disciplines, etc. This review could provide scientific and valuable support to improve the quality of nuts and better apply them to industrial production.

Effects of N-methylimidazole hydrogen sulfate, 2-pyrrolidone hydrogen sulfate, N-methyl pyrrolidone hydrogen sulfate, and their -SO3H functionalized acidic ionic liquids were comparatively investigated on the dehydration degree of ricinoleic acid (RA) sample and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in the resulting dehydrated ricinoleic acid (DRA) sample. Results showed the -SO3H functionalized N-methyl pyrrolidone hydrogen sulfate ([C3SO3Hnmp]HSO4) had the strongest catalytic activity among the six ionic liquids. Under the optimal conditions (4 % [C3SO3Hnmp]HSO4, 250 degrees C, and 30 min), the dehydration degree of RA sample reached 98.69 % with 42.57 % of CLA in the resulting DRA sample. Results from nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry indicated the hydroxyl group of RA underwent intramolecular dehydration to form new double bonds; RA sample was randomly dehydrated with both non-conjugated linoleic acid and CLA present in DRA sample. Rheological analysis showed that RA sample had a higher viscosity than DRA sample due to the presence of hydrogen bonds. Thermogravimetric analysis showed RA and DRA samples were thermally stable at up to 250 degrees C.

The hydroxyl value and conjugated linoleic acid content of dehydrated castor oils are two important indicators that reflect its properties.Thus,monitoring the two indicators can better realize the industrial production of high-quality dehydrated castor oils.However,traditional chemical measurement methods have many disadvantages in determination of the two indictors,including large reagent consumption,long determination time,and cannot achieve rapid monitoring.Fourier transform infrared spectrometry(FTIR)is a new and non-destructive detection method that is low-cost and can achieve rapid detection.In this work,FTIR technique was employed to collect spectral information of dehydrated castor oils and analyze the relationship between FTIR spectral information and hydroxyl value and conjugated linoleic acid content,and a rapid detection method for detecting the property indicators of dehydrated castor oils was thus established.FTIR scanning was performed on dehydrated castor oils with a hydroxyl value of 21.9-161.4 mg KOH/g and a conjugated linoleic acid content of less than 37.5%.Among different preprocessing methods,orthogonal scatter correction(OSC)could improve the prediction accuracy of the resulting model,by which the optimal modeling data segments for hydroxyl value and conjugated linoleic acid content were 3200-3800 cm-1 and 800-1200 cm-1,respectively,and the optimal modeling method was partial least squares(PLS).The coefficients of determination of the optimal models for hydroxyl value and conjugated linoleic acid content were all above 0.99.

A GC-MS method was investigated for simultaneous determination of TBHQ and its transformation products (TBBQ, MAHQ) in fats and oils. Three substances were determined with good linearity of 0.15-100.00 mu g/mL (R2 > 0.9982); low LODs (0.05, 0.17, and 0.10 mu g/mL) and the LOQs (0.15, 0.52, and 0.30 mu g/mL). The recoveries of the three substances ranged from 93.28 % to 104.64 %. The method is sensitive and reproducible and meets the requirements of the methodology. The initial addition of TBHQ can be assessed with a recovery of > 90 % based on three substances, and the recovery could be closer to the initial addition of TBHQ if more transformation productions of TBHQ were identified with further in-depth study in the future. Compared to reported HPLC methods, the method realizes accurate quantitative detection of TBHQ and its transformation products, which can address the discrepancies between upstream and downstream enterprises in the food industry regarding the amount of TBHQ addition. This method allows downstream companies to precisely control the addition level in order to meet the requirements (maximum of 200 mg/kg based on oil content) regulated by National Standards as well as provide theoretical support for the scientific understanding and application of TBHQ in food industry.

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. EF-24, an analog of curcumin, has been shown to possess promising anticancer effects. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In the present study, the inhibitory effect of EF-24 against one breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, and its anti-migration ability were assessed by MTT, wound healing, and Transwell assay. Furthermore, we found that EF-24 could induce initiation of autophagy as evidenced by fluorescence and electron microscope observation. EF-24 also induced mitochondrial apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells as detected by Hoechst 33342 staining, flow cytometry analysis, and western blot analysis. In addition, the early autophagy inhibitor 3-MA could reduce the cleavage of PARP protein and protect cells from EF-24-induced apoptosis, while the autophagy inducer (rapamycin) could enhance the anticancer effect of EF-24 in MDA-MB-231 cells, which suggest that EF-24 induces crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis, which herein participate in the antiproliferative effect of EF-24 in breast cancer cells. Moreover, removal of EF-24-activated ROS with NAC significantly reversed migration ability of MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating that EF-24 exerted an inhibitory effect through a ROS-mediating pathway. These results will help to elucidate the antitumor mechanism of curcumin analogs and to explore future potential clinical applications. EF-24 induces crosstalk of autophagy and apoptosis, which participate in the antiproliferative effect of EF-24 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.image

Six undescribed triterpenoid saponins, namely aescuchinosides A-F, along with seven known triterpenoid saponins, were isolated from the seeds of Aesculus chinensis. Barrigenol-like triterpenoids (BATs) constitute these saponins. Protoaescigenin serves as their aglycone, with various oxygen-containing groups, including acetyl, isobutyryl, tigloyl, and angeloyl groups situated at C-21, C-22, and C-28. Various techniques, including 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and acid hydrolysis, were employed to determine the structures of these compounds. The antihyperglycemic effects of the isolated compounds were examined in insulin -resistant HepG2 cells induced by palmitic acid treatment. At a concentration of 6 μM, aesculinoside F exhibited a significant increase in glucose consumption. In addition, aesculinoside F demonstrated the potential to improve insulin resistant by upregulating the PI3K/AKT pathway. These results indicate that the seeds of A.chinensis hold promising potential for preventing insulin resistant related disease.

Vegetable oils-based polyols prepared by epoxidation-hydroxylation often have the phenomenon of the coexistence of epoxy and hydroxyl groups due to different ring-opening degrees. The acylation method recommended by the American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) standard (D1957-86) and the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) standard (965.32) is applicable only to fatty alcohols in oils and fats and their derivatives but not to vegetable oils-based polyols since the residual epoxy groups in vegetable oils-based polyols lead the tested hydroxyl value (OHV) to be higher than the actual OHV. A method combining ring-preopening of residual epoxy groups, ether extraction of ring-preopened vegetable oils-based polyols, and subsequent acetylation by acetic anhydride-acetic acid was established for OHV determination of vegetable oils-based polyols. The accuracy of the method was verified by the known theoretical OHVs of short-chain alcohols and simulated vegetable oils-based polyols. The absolute values of relative deviations for OHVs of short-chain alcohols and simulated vegetable oils-based polyols were within 1.0% and 3.1%, respectively, which indicates the feasibility of the established method in eliminating the negative effects of residual epoxy groups in vegetable oils-based polyols on OHV determination as well as accurately determining and evaluating the OHV of vegetable oils-based polyols. The method can broaden the range of OHV determination up to 1800 mg KOH/g. The ratio of acetic anhydride and acetic acid and reaction time are key factors affecting the complete degree of acetylation, which can be regulated mutually in accurately determining the OHV of vegetable oils-based polyols according to the practice. It is the first time, to our best knowledge, to establish a method to eliminate the negative effects of residual epoxy groups in vegetable oils-based polyols on OHV determination. The established method provides a feasible method for polyol industry to accurately evaluate the product quality of vegetable oils-based polyols. Scheme of the method for accurately determining hydroxyl value of vegetable oils-based polyols. image

Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance technique combined with chemometrics was employed to establish the quantitative models for rapidly monitoring the changes of indicators (hydroxyl value (OHV), epoxy value (EV), polymeric hydroxyl value (POHV, reflecting the degree of polyetherification)) during the ring opening of epoxidized soybean oils. Comprehensively considering the variations of peak retention times and peak areas of LF-NMR spectra, OHVs of vegetable oils-based polyols were divided into low OHV (LOHV, 1.7-91.9 mg KOH/g) group and high OHV (HOHV, 94.1-229.4 mg KOH/g) group. In both LOHV and HOHV groups, OHV presented good linearity with T-2w, S-23, and STotal of relaxation property with correlation coefficient of >0.90. EV and POHV also presented good linearity with relaxation property in both LOHV and HOHV groups. In LOHV group, data segment 1-1000 ms was taken with Deresolve, no preprocessing, and Deresolve as preprocessing methods for OHV, EV, and POHV, respectively, and partial least square (PLS) as the modeling method for all the three indicators, where RMSEPs of OHV, EV, and POHV models were 4.282, 0.114, and 4.061, respectively. In HOHV group, data segment 1-1000 ms was taken with no preprocessing as the preprocessing method and PLS as the modeling method for all the three indicators, where RMSEPs of OHV, EV, and POHV models were 3.117, 0.088, and 4.964, respectively. The established method will benefit polyol industry to online adjust the production parameters according to the monitoring results and achieve high-quality of vegetable oils-based polyols.

To enhance the physicochemical quality, drying efficiency, and nutrient retention of dried Licorice products, this study investigated the effects of ultrasonic pretreatment on the radio frequency vacuum (RFV) drying characteristics, microstructure, and retention of natural active substances in Licorice slices. The ultrasonic time, power, and frequency were considered as experimental factors. The results showed that, compared with conventional RFV drying, ultrasonic pretreatment reduced the drying time of Licorice slices by 20–60 min. The Weibull model accurately described the moisture ratio changes under different pretreatment conditions (R2 > 0.9984, χ2 < 2.381 × 10−5). The optimal retention of polysaccharides, total phenols, total flavonoids, and antioxidants was achieved under pretreatment conditions of 30 min of ultrasonic time, 180 W of ultrasonic power, and 40 kHz of ultrasonic frequency. Furthermore, ultrasonic pretreatment preserved the internal cellular structure of Licorice slices, maintaining intact tissue cells and well-defined microchannels. However, a slight reduction in sample color was observed following ultrasound application. In conclusion, ultrasonic pretreatment significantly improved the RFV drying process for Licorice slices by enhancing drying efficiency, preserving active ingredients, and optimizing the physicochemical quality of the dried product. This study provides novel insights and methods for optimizing the drying process of Licorice, offering a foundation for further research and industrial applications.

Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) combined with chemometrics was used for the rapidly and nondestructively quantitative determination of carbonyl value (CV) of frying oils during frying process. The quality indices of frying oils during frying process were analyzed as well as the changes of its LF-NMR signal, followed by exploring the correlation between the quality indices of frying oils and the relaxation-characteristic indices and investigating the influences of modeling data and preprocessing methods on the modeling performance. Based on the echo decay curves data of LF-NMR and the relaxation-characteristic indices data, the prediction model of CV was established by partial least square (PLS), principal component regression (PCR), multiple linear regression (MLR), and support vector machine regression (SVR). Results showed that there was a significant correlation between CV and relaxation-characteristic indices (p<0.01) with both modeling data and preprocessing methods affecting the model performance. The prediction performance of non-linear SVR model was significantly superior to that of linear modeling methods (PLS, PCR, and MLR). The best prediction model of CV was built using the SVR method based on echo decay curves data. The root mean square error of prediction and coefficient of determination were 2.599 mmol/kg and 0.9873, respectively.

Sodium caseinate (CN) and zein were used as raw materials to prepare a composite coating applied in air system with mechanical properties, and water vapor and oxygen permeability as evaluation index. Results showed the most suitable conditions were the mass ratio of CN to zein at 0.25: 1, 60% (v/v) aqueous ethanol, polyethylene glycol (0.3 g/g) as the plasticizer, and citric acid (2.5%, w/v) as the crosslinker, and curing temperature at 50 degrees C. Under these conditions, the tensile strength of composite coating was 6.671 MPa, and the elongation at break was 97.596%. The water vapor permeability was 14.236 g mm/(m2 & sdot;d & sdot;kPa), and the growth rate of peroxide value of tung oils sealed by the composite coating was 71.300%. Results from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry revealed that CN and zein were effectively crosslinked by citric acid with improved compatibility and smoother surface of the resulting coating. Results from the accelerated oxidation experiment showed that coating reduced the peroxide value and p-anisidine value of peanut chunks from 1.02 g/100 g and 6.59 to 0.62 g/100 g and 2.24, respectively, indicating that the composite coating prepared effectively inhibited the oxidative rancidity of peanut chunks.

Vegetable oils-based pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are green and sustainable but face unsatisfactory adhesion strengths and are prone to aging during storage and application due to the existence of residual double bonds and massive ester bonds. Nine common antioxidants (tea polyphenol palmitate (TPP), caffeic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene, tertiary butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, and tea polyphenols) were grafted into epoxidized soybean oils-PSA (ESO-PSA) system to enhance antiaging properties and adhesion strengths. Results showed ESO-PSAs grafted with caffeic acid, tertiary butylhydroquinone, butylated hydroxyanisole, propyl gallate, tea polyphenols, or TPP didn't occur failure with TPP having best performance. The optimal conditions were ESO reacted with 0.9 % TPP, 70 % rosin ester, and 7.0 % phosphoric acid at 50 °C for 5 min, under which peel strength and loop tack increased to 2.460 N/cm and 1.66 N, respectively, but peel strength residue reduced to 138.09 %, compared with control (0.407 N/cm, 0.43 N, and 1669.99 %). Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric results showed TPP grafting increased the glass transition temperature of ESO-PSA slightly but improved its thermal stability significantly. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance results showed TPP, phosphoric acid, and rosin ester all partially participated in the covalently crosslinking polymerization of ESO-PSAs and the rest existed in the network structures in the free form.

Janus membranes with asymmetric wettable structures have well-pleasing anti-organic fouling but plague with severe pore wetting induced by surfactants in the membrane distillation (MD) wastewater treatment. The design of anti-wetting Janus membranes based on the membrane substrates and the hydrophilic layer was prevailing in easing membrane wetting, however, it was not systematically reviewed. Here we presented a comprehensive review of anti-wetting Janus membranes. The theoretical backgrounds including the pore wetting process of surfactants, effects of surfactants, and co-existing ions on wetting kinetics were first discussed. Then, the anti-wetting mechanisms of novel Janus membranes were analyzed in detail. Secondly, the state-of-the-art development of anti-wetting Janus membranes as well as the corresponding design methods were summarized and briefly discussed the limitations of fabrication strategies. Finally, the challenges and future needs of anti-wetting Janus membranes from the aspect of performance and structure were critically proposed. Overall, this review provided an in-depth analysis of anti-wetting mechanisms and broad coverage of innovative anti-wetting Janus membranes evolution. It is expected to inspire future research on Janus membranes for the practical application of MD technology.

3D driving visualization is a crucial component of in-car Human-Machine Interface (HMI), as it effectively conveys the behavior and intention of driving automation system-engaged vehicles. However, the performance of 3D interface information transmission is significantly affected by perspectives. This paper presents a perspective definition framework based on overall cockpit interaction. It discusses the factors that affect 3D perspective definition in driving scenarios and how they impact it.

Phosphatidylserine (PS) is the part of cell structure in the body and has many beneficial functions especially in brain-related aging diseases. Although daily foods can provide PS to human body, the amount is very limited due to its poverty in most foods. To overcome the issue, numerous studies based on PS have been reported to develop PS-related supplements. In this review, PS was comprehensively and critically reviewed from the view of resources, functions, processing techniques, patents, and prospects. For resources, animal, plant, and microorganism origins were all covered with their differences in composition profiles. For functions, benefits regarding memory, cognitive enhancement, exercise performance, reducing Alzheimer's disease, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms were covered as well as the functional differences among animal-, plant-, and microorganism-based PS-related supplements. For processing techniques, traditional extracting methods from animal, plant, and microorganism tissues were comparatively discussed with enzymatic synthesis based on different reaction systems. Finally, patents of PS-related supplements were evaluated as well as their applications. This review could provide scientific and valuable support for PS industry.