A coral-like AuCu bimetallic nanonetwork (AuCu-CBN) was synthesized via a citrate-mediated co-reduction method and subsequently immobilized onto a carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME) by potentiostatic deposition, aiming at the simultaneous and sensitive electrochemical profiling of shikonin (SK) and lithospermic acid (LA). This unique three-dimensional interconnected nanostructure, combined with the synergistic electronic effect between Au and Cu, endowed the AuCu-CBN/CFME with a significantly enlarged electrochemical active surface area and enhanced interfacial electrocatalytic activity. Systematic characterization by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed the markedly reduced charge transfer resistance and enhanced active surface area. Scan rate-dependent CV analysis revealed an adsorption-controlled oxidation behaviors of both analytes on the modified electrode. Notably, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) demonstrated that the oxidation peak currents for SK and LA at the AuCu-CBN/CFME were amplified by approximately 8.79- and 12.17-fold, respectively, compared to the bare CFME, highlighting the crucial role of the bimetallic nanonetwork in signal enhancement. Under optimized conditions, the sensor exhibited excellent linear responses for SK (4 nmol/L to 1.0 μmol/L) and LA (5 nmol/L to 1.0 μmol/L), with impressive detection limits of 0.413 nmol/L and 0.442 nmol/L, respectively. The AuCu-CBN/CFME also showed remarkable repeatability, stability, and anti-interference capability. Its practical utility was successfully validated through the accurate determination of SK and LA in real Lithospermum erythrorhizon root extracts, demonstrating great potential for quality control and multi-component analysis in complex herbal matrices.

Abstract In this study, safflower powders with varying particle sizes were prepared by conventional and superfine grinding methods. Results of particle size distribution, morphology, color, flow and hydration properties, Fourier transform infrared spectra, and volatile components showed that superfine grinding reduced the particle size to the micron scale and markedly increased the specific surface area, enhanced cell wall disruption and flowability, and improved brightness as well as red-yellow coloration. Hydration properties exhibited increases in solubility and swelling capacity but decrease in water-holding capacity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra confirmed that no structural changes occurred, while gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed distinct volatile profiles, with superfine powders showing stronger fruity and floral attributes. Furthermore, the availabilities of bioactive compounds such as hydroxysafflor yellow A, flavonoids, and polysaccharides were elevated, correlating with enhanced antioxidant and anticoagulant activities. These findings demonstrate that superfine grinding enhances the physicochemical characteristics, volatile profiles, and bioactivity of safflower powder, thus offering valuable potential for its use in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications. Graphical Abstract

The root bark of Morus alba L. is commonly used as a natural antioxidant; however, its active constituents and underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, a bioactivity-guided isolation approach was employed to identify antioxidant substances from the root bark of Morus alba L. and to investigate their protective effects against oxidative damage in HaCaT cells. Using techniques such as silica gel column chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC, combined with NMR and HR-ESI-MS analysis, 22 compounds were isolated and identified from the dichloromethane extract of Morus alba L. root bark, including Diels-Alder adducts, flavonoids, and benzofurans. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 are new compounds, while compounds 12 and 16 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Bioactivity screening revealed that Kuwanon A (compound 17) exhibited significant cytoprotective effects in an H2O2-induced HaCaT cell injury model, effectively scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), restoring mitochondrial function, and enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and GSH. Further studies indicated that H2O2 induced ferroptosis in HaCaT cells, characterized by abnormal Fe2+ levels, lipid peroxidation, and elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α). Kuwanon A significantly ameliorated these pathological changes. Consistently, ELISA and Astral DIA quantitative proteomics analyses demonstrated that Kuwanon A specifically upregulates the expression of the sulfurtransferase NFS1, thereby promoting the expression of the core antioxidant enzyme GPX4 and the iron storage protein ferritin-H, collectively inhibiting ferroptosis. This study elucidates that Kuwanon A is a key active component responsible for the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Morus alba L. root bark, and its mechanism is closely associated with regulating the NFS1-mediated ferroptosis defense pathway.

A phytochemical investigation of stems of Tinospora crispa was carried out and two pairs of novel regioisomeric lignanamides, tinosporamides A-D (1-4), were isolated along with ten known alkaloids and one known phaeophytin. The chemical structures of tinosporamides A-D (1-4) were deduced on the basis of spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS) along with NMR calculation based MAEΔΔδ method. Tinosporamides A-D were ascribed to a type of 3-O-7'/4-O-8' and 3-O-8'/4-O-7' (1,4-benzodioxane) lignanamides, respectively. This is, however, a newly-reported one as lignanamides from Tinospora species. The α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of all isolated compounds were measured with p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) assay. Among these compounds, pheophorbide a ethyl ester (15) exhibited the highest inhibitory activity, with an IC50 value recorded at 12.3 μM. In comparison, the positive controls acarbose and quercetin displayed IC50 values of 0.048 and 32.2 μM, respectively.

Objective: To address the unstable quality, difficult origin traceability, and cumbersome quantitative detection of active components in Mosla chinensis Maxim (MC), this study aims to establish a rapid, accurate, and non‑destructive quality detection method.Methods: 110 MC samples from 11 Chinese origins were analyzed using FT‑NIR, ATR‑MIR, and Raman spectroscopy. HPLC determined carvacrol and thymol contents. Chemometric (PCA, PLS‑DA) and machine learning (ExtraTrees, SVR, RF) methods were applied for origin discrimination and quantitative prediction, with optimized preprocessing.Results: Coastal origins accumulated more thymol, while inland origins tended to accumulate more carvacrol (compensatory distribution). PCA on fused spectra (first 10 PCs: 95.56% variance) could not achieve accurate origin clustering. ExtraTrees achieved the best origin discrimination (test accuracy 90.91%), significantly outperforming PLS‑DA (68.18%). Optimal quantitative models: carvacrol – FT‑NIR + RAW + ExtraTrees (R²=0.86, RPD=2.736); thymol – ATR‑MIR + SG1 + PLSR (R²=0.956, RPD=4.9); total content – FT‑NIR + SG1 + SVR (R²=0.70, RPD=1.867). Raman performed poorly due to fluorescence and weak signal.Conclusion: Single/multimodal spectroscopy combined with machine learning effectively enables origin discrimination and quantitative prediction of MC active components. The optimal model varies with component, depending on spectral band specificity, data distribution, and model compatibility. This method provides a reliable alternative for full‑chain quality control of MC.

Eight previously unreported clerodane diterpenoids (1-8), named tinocrispines A-H, and fifteen related known compounds (9-23), were isolated from Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook.f. & Thomson. Spectral data combined with quantum chemical calculations were applied to investigate the structural characteristics and absolute configurations. All of the isolated clerodanes contain 6/5/6/6, 6/5/6, 6/6/5, 6/6/6, and 6/6 fused ring systems with different heterocyclics. The effects of isolated clerodane diterpenoids on inflammation were assessed using a cell-based assay that measures nitric oxide (NO) release in LPS-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. Tinosporol C (IC50 = 5.4 μM) and rumphioside F (IC50 = 8.7 μM) demonstrated strong inhibitory effects on NO release. Molecular docking studies reveal that tinosporol C and rumphioside F can engage with the active sites of iNOS/COX-2 proteins via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Notably, borapetoside E displayed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 2.3 μM), which was 14 times lower than that of quercetin (IC50 = 32.3 μM). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation indicate that borapetoside E can effectively interact with the amino acid residues near the active sites of α-glucosidase through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Such observations contribute to science-based applications of T. crispa in diabetes and inflammatory diseases.

'Lane Late' (LL) is a late-ripening navel orange consumed in spring and summer. Increased orange production and consumption generate peel waste. To utilize the pectin resource from LL orange peel, this study optimized the ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides through response surface methodology and characterized the purified fraction (LLLP-1), achieving a crude yield of 12.0% and a pectin isolation yield of 18.4%. LLLP-1 was homogeneous (Mw 53.55 kDa, polydispersity index 1.40), amorphous, low-methyl-esterified and acetylated, with a water solubility of 80 mg/mL at 25 °C. Its HG region consisted of α-D-GalpA (45%, molar ratio), while the RG-I region contained α-L-Araf (26%) and α-D-Galp (21%) residues linked to α-L-Rhap. The RG-II region contained →4)-β-D-Xylp-(1 → (2.3%), →3,4)-β-D-GlcpA-(1 → (1.4%), as well as trace amounts of →4)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → (0.84%), →4)-β-D-Manp-(1 → (0.62%) and L-Fucp (0.42%). LLLP-1 exhibited anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities against alcoholic liver injury. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed enrichment of pectin-degrading bacteria (Bacteroidia and Clostridia) together with beneficial taxa (Akkermansia and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes), alongside suppression of inflammation-associated Helicobacter and Lachnospiraceae UCG001. KEGG pathway prediction suggested regulation of secondary bile acids, carbohydrate and vitamin metabolism, validated by elevated levels of ursodeoxycholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, pantothenic acid, glucuronic acid, and gut short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). In conclusion, this study provides a foundation for the utilization of LL orange peel as a functional ingredient against alcoholic liver injury.

In this study, Forsythia suspensa fruit was processed by traditional and superfine grinding, sieving to obtain four powders (FS50, FS100, FS150, FS200). The average particle size decreased from 185.33 μm to 27.93 μm, accompanied by a 79.15% increase in cell wall breakage rate, a 63-fold increase in specific surface area, enhanced total pore volume, greater exposure of hydrophilic groups, and improved hydration properties. Total flavonoids, forsythoside A, and phillyrin peaked in FS150. Significant differences were observed in the volatile compounds among the four powders, with 19 shared key compounds contributing prominently to the aroma. Bioactivity assays demonstrated that FS150 exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory effects and DPPH/ABTS radical scavenging activities. Correlation analysis suggested close relationships among physicochemical properties and indicated that active components underlie anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Overall, Forsythia suspensa fruit ground to 150 mesh showed optimal quality and functionality, providing a theoretical basis for its application in functional foods.

Compound Ruteng (CRT) is a Tibetan medicinal formulation commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The main chemical components of CRT include terpenoids and phenolic compounds. This study aimed to isolate and characterize novel compounds from CRT, and to identify potential quality markers relevant to its anti-RA efficacy. A phytochemical investigation of CRT extract resulted in the discovery of 10 new terpenoids, including 8 tirucallane-type triterpenoids (compounds 1-8), 1 verticillane-type diterpenoid (compound 17), 1 prenylalloaromadendrane-type diterpenoid (compound 18), and 19 known compounds. Their structures were clarified using high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy, 1D and 2D NMR, and NMR calculations. Moreover, the electronic circular dichroism calculations were employed to determine the absolute configuration of compound 17. The discovery of the new compounds, together with the known anti-RA markers 3-keto-tirucall-8,24-dien-21-oic acid (9) and 3 alpha-O-acetyl-11-keto-(3-boswellic acid (13), provides a chemical foundation for developing terpenoids as quality markers from CRT. Thus, the findings have enriched the structural types of terpenoids, providing a material basis for ensuring the safety, efficacy, and stability of CRT.

This study presents the development of an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor based on a ruthenium nanoparticle-modified carbon fiber microelectrode (RuNPs/CFME) for the detection of aesculetin and investigation of its interaction with DNA. The RuNPs/CFME exhibited significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity, attributed to the large specific surface area and excellent conductivity of RuNPs, resulting in 54.6% decrease in charge transfer resistance compared to the bare electrode. The sensor demonstrated a linear response to aesculetin in the concentration range of 0.01-1 μM, with a detection limit (LOD) of 1.62 nM and a quantification limit (LOQ) of 5.44 nM. The electrode process was adsorption-controlled and involved a two-electron transfer. The modified sensor displayed high selectivity against common interferents, excellent reproducibility (RSD < 2%), and stability (>95% signal retention after 10 days). Furthermore, the platform was applied to study the interaction between aesculetin and calf thymus dsDNA, revealing a binding mechanism dominated by electrostatic interactions, as evidenced by a negative shift in oxidation potential and current attenuation. The sensor was successfully employed for aesculetin detection in human serum samples, achieving recoveries of 95.7-102.6%, demonstrating its potential for pharmacological applications and drug-DNA interaction studies.

This study presents the development of a highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on ruthenium-gold nanocluster-functionalized carbon fiber microelectrodes (AuNPs/RuNPs/CFME) for the ultrasensitive detection of acetaminophen (ACOP) and its genotoxic impurities, p-aminophenol (PAP) and p-nitrophenol (PNP). Leveraging the synergistic electrocatalytic effects of bimetallic nanoparticles, the modified electrode demonstrated exceptional performance, achieving wide linear ranges (0.04-100 µmol L-1 for ACOP, 1-10 µmol L-1 for PAP and PNP) and remarkably low detection limits (6.192 nmol L-1 for ACOP, 0.19 µmol L-1 for PAP, and 0.015 µmol L-1 for PNP). The sensor exhibited outstanding stability, anti-interference capability, and successful application in human serum samples with recoveries of 95.9-100.5%. Furthermore, the study explored the genotoxic interaction between ACOP and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) using electroanalytical, UV spectrophotometric, and molecular docking techniques. Results revealed that ACOP intercalates into dsDNA via hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking, providing mechanistic insights into its hepatotoxicity at high concentrations. The proposed sensor not only offers a robust platform for multiplexed drug monitoring but also advances understanding of ACOP-induced DNA damage, highlighting its potential in pharmacokinetic studies and toxicity assessment. This work underscores the significance of nanomaterial-enhanced electrochemical sensors for pharmaceutical quality control and toxicity assessment.

Quercetin and kaempferol are well known flavanols, with several common pharmacological effects. Due to their structural similarity, the simultaneous detection of these compounds can provide an efficient analytical process, reducing time and resources in research and quality control settings. For simultaneous detection, gold and silver nanoparticles combined with carbon fiber microelectrodes (AuNPs/AgNPs/CFME) were designed. Various electrochemical techniques, including cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were employed to investigate the electrochemical behavior of quercetin and kaempferol with AuNPs/AgNPs/CFME. The AuNPs/AgNPs/CFME exhibited superior electrochemical properties compared to CFME alone, reduced the oxidation peak potential, enhanced the current response and improved electrode sensitivity. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the linear range of the sensor for detecting kaempferol and quercetin is 5.0 x 10-7-1.0 x 10-5 mol/L, with a limit of detection (LOD) 0.017 mu mol/L and 0.011 mu mol/L, respectively. The sensor exhibited good stability and achieved simultaneous quantitative detection of quercetin and kaempferol in human serum, with recovery rates ranging between 95.6 % and 103.3 %. The developed AuNPs/AgNPs/CFME sensor presented a promising platform for the sensitive and selective detection of quercetin and kaempferol.

Tanshinone I and cryptotanshinone are two major diterpene quinone active ingredients extracted from Danshen, known for anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor properties. Due to the similarity of their chemical structures, the simultaneous detection of these compounds is of crucial for pharmaceutical and quality control applications. To detect Tanshinone I and cryptotanshinone, a network structure of gold-palladium composite network (AuPd-NW) was synthesized using sodium citrate reduction method. The AuPd-NW were then immobilized onto a carbon fiber microelectrode (CFME) surface via electrochemical deposition, forming a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor, AuPd-NW/CFME, for the quantitative detection of tanshinone I and cryptotanshinone. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterized the morphology and structure of the material and modified electrode. The electrochemical behavior of tanshinone I and cryptotanshinone on the modified electrode was investigated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results revealed that simultaneous detection of both compounds was achieved by DPV, with good linear relationships between the oxidation peak current and the concentrations. For tanshinone I, the linear range was from 0.02 to 0.8 mu mol/L, with a linear equation of Ip = 117.37c(mu mol/L) + 68.879 (R2 = 0.995). For cryptotanshinone, the linear range was from 0.1 to 4 mu mol/L, with a linear equation of Ip = 13.474c(mu mol/L) + 102.21 (R2 = 0.990) and Ip = 56.612c(mu mol/L) + 57.571 (R2 = 0.990). The limits of detection (LOD) were determined to be 20.324 nmol/L and 8.261 nmol/L (S/N = 3). The AuPd-NW/CFME sensor exhibited high stability and anti-interference ability. The recovery rates of Tanshinone I and cryptotanshinone in compound Danshen tablets ranged from 95.0 % to 106.9 %, confirming uts applicability in real sample analysis.

This study optimized the extraction of flavonoids from Anchusa italica Retz. using ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent (DES) technology to maximize yield. A Box-Behnken design identified the optimal extraction parameters: solid-liquid ratio of 32.97, temperature of 68.74 °C, extraction time of 101 min, and ultrasonic power of 480.68 W. Flavonoid components were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. In vitro, the total flavonoid extract significantly reduced oxidative stress markers-malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, and iron-and enhanced antioxidant defense markers, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglia. These protective effects were potentially mediated through the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B/glutathione peroxidase 4 (TLR4/NF-κB/GPX4) signaling pathway. In vivo, oral administration of the extract for four weeks ameliorated depression-like behaviors in C57BL/6 mice exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Treatment with the extract elevated serum levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, as well as those of BDNF, while upregulating hippocampal protein expression in the BDNF/tyrosine receptor kinase B/cAMP response element-binding protein (BDNF/TrkB/CREB) signaling pathway, thereby confirming its antidepressant efficacy. This study establishes an efficient DES-based extraction method for bioactive flavonoids and provides compelling evidence for the therapeutic potential of A. italica flavonoids in treating depression by targeting oxidative stress and neurotrophic signaling.

This study evaluated the potential of polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (PSP), a blue–green microalgae with remarkable bioactive properties, as a dietary supplement for preventing UV-induced skin photoaging. PSPs were characterized by gel exclusion and ion chromatography. UV-induced skin photoaging in KM mice was treated with different doses of PSP. The potential mechanism for UV-induced damage to mouse dermal fibroblasts (MDFs) was also investigated. PSP treatment attenuated UV-induced skin damage (wrinkling, erythema, and thickening) and oxidative stress in mice and MDFs by upregulating Nrf2/HO-1/SOD2 and suppressing NF-κB/MMP pathways, suggesting dual modulation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

A total of 31 compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of Anchusa italica Retz., which contained one ursane triterpenoid, 2α,3β,19α-trihydroxy-23-formyl-urs-12-en-28,21β-olide (1), and five norisoprenoids: (2R,6R,9S)-9-hydroxy-4-megastigmen-3-one-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3); (2R,6S,9S)-9-hydroxy-megastigman-4,7-dien-3-one-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4); (+)-isololiolide β-D-glucopyranoside (5); (2S,8R)-loliolide β-D-glucopyranoside (6a); and (2R,8S)-loliolide β-D-glucopyranoside (6b). It also contained 25 known compounds (2 and 7–30). The chemical structures of the compounds, inclusive of their absolute configurations, were ascertained using spectroscopic methods such as NMR, HR-MS, and quantum chemical calculations (computational NMR and ECD), in combination with relevant literature data. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of the isolated substances was discussed, with compounds 1, 2, and 7–13 potentially broadening the application of triterpenes as taxonomic markers for the classification of the genus Anchusa.

Based on the LC-MS/MS molecular networking strategy, nine undescribed 2-isobutylmalate derivatives, namely bletistrosides M-U (compounds 1-7, 9, and 11), together with two known analogues (compounds 8 and 10), were isolated and identified from the leaves of Bletilla striata. Their structures with absolute configurations were deduced from spectroscopic data, acidic hydrolysis, and comparison with reported compounds. Compounds 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/8 represented four pairs of Z/E isomers regarding cinnamoyl groups, and each pair underwent interconversion under UV radiation at 254 nm. Biologically, compounds 1, 2, and 10 exhibited anti-pulmonary fibrosis effects against bleomycin-stimulated cell injury in A549 cells. Further investigations demonstrated that the anti-pulmonary fibrosis potential of 2 was related to the inhibition of apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by blocking the Bax/Bcl-2, TGF-β1/Smad2/3, and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways, while concurrently enhancing the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Caffeic acid (CA) and dihydrotanshinone I (DHT I) are two important natural products that have become a research hotspot because of their significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumour fields. Bimetallic gold-selenium nanoparticles (AuSe-BNPs) were prepared using the water-bath reduction method, and a carbon fiber microelectrode modified by AuSe BNPs composites (AuSe-BNPs/CFME) was constructed for the detection of CA and DHT I. The electrochemical performance of the AuSe-BNPs/CFME was characterised by using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The good electrical conductivity of AuSe BNPs/CFME was confirmed. CA concentration in the range of 1.0-10.0 mu mol/L and DHT I concentration in the range of 0.1-1.0 mu mol/L showed a good linear relationship with the oxidation peak currents, and the limits of detection (LODs) of 0.88 mu mol/L and 0.0055 mu mol/L, respectively. The modified electrode exhibited good anti-interference properties when coexisting with common ions or relevant active ingredients. It was applied to the determination of CA and DHT I in human serum, with recovery rates ranging from 99.1 % to 104.3 %, and can be used for the detection of actual samples.

The quality control of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is the core issue to ensure the modernization,industrialization and internationalization of TCM.Compared with other detection methods,electrochemical analysis method has many advantages such as high sensitivity,fast detection speed and low cost,making it an important means of quality control for TCM and having broad development prospects.This article reviewed the research progress of electrochemical methods in quality control of TCM in recent years,discussed the application of electrochemical fingerprinting technique in identification of TCM,and comprehensively summarized the application of electrochemical technology in analyzing effective components and harmful substances in TCM,including flavonoids,alkaloids,quinones,glycosides,heavy metals and pesticide residues.Finally,the development prospects of electrochemical methods in the field of quality control of TCM were discussed.

Sepsis is a prevalent critical illness observed in emergency intensive care unit (ICU), characterized by life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by infection-induced inflammatory immune disorders in the body. The suppression of immune function plays a crucial role in the development and progression of sepsis. Traditional Chinese medicine theory of "acute deficiency syndrome" in sepsis shares similarities with the concept of "immunosuppression". According to this theory, ginseng is frequently utilized in clinical treatment of sepsis due to its ability to invigorate vitality and strengthen the body, playing a crucial role in tonifying deficiency and improving the overall health of patients. This paper provides a detailed discussion of the pathophysiological mechanisms of sepsis immune dysfunction and its correlation with "acute deficiency syndrome" in traditional Chinese medicine. It summarizes the current state of modern pharmacological research on ginseng's impact on the body's immune function, discusses relevant research progress and shortcomings regarding ginseng's therapeutic effects on immunosuppression in sepsis, and proposes future research directions.