Crystal habit and crystal form are critical elements in determining product properties and functions. In this work, we developed a microfluidic antisolvent crystallization technique to rapidly screen and accurately control the solid form and crystal habit of triphenylmethanol (Ph3COH). This advanced technique separates the primary mixing of solutions from crystal formation (nucleation and growth) by introducing the microfluidic device, avoiding clogging in microchannels to obtain high-quality crystals. The results show that we can achieve controllable preparation of pure 2Ph3COH·DMSO (DMSO solvate), pure Ph3COH (form β), and mixed crystals with different mass ratios. Moreover, the microscale can prompt the DMSO solvate to grow into hexagonal sheet-like and bulk crystals. We can regulate the aspect ratio of hexagonal sheet-like crystals in binary solvents and control the crystal habit of the form β to transition between long needle-like shapes and short hexagonal prisms in DMF-H2O. Meanwhile, we revealed that the solvent ratio, the antisolvent flow rate, and the initial concentration of Ph3COH are the main factors affecting the solid form selectivity and morphology transition. Such a novel method would be considered as a promising technique to be extended to screen and control key crystallization parameters of other substances.

Anti-solvent crystallization behavior of triphenylmethanol, a multifactorial problem, was studied utilizing a droplet-based microfluidic device by integrating the in-situ visualization and off-line analyses. We successfully mitigated the adsorption and aggregation of crystals at the interface by adding the surfactant in microdroplets, obtaining high-quality crystals with the smaller median size (D50) reduced by 29% and narrower crystal size distribution (CSD) compared to samples without surfactant added. This study systematically investigated the effects of surfactant, initial concentration of solute and anti-solvent content on the crystal size, CSD and the crystal number per droplet. The phase diagram consisting of microdroplets array was constructed, clearly dividing the unsaturated zone and nucleation zone. The microfluidic chip with features of mixing and dispersing was designed, expanding the microfluidics application in rapid nucleation systems. The basic data we provided pave the way for further research on the metastable zone width, kinetics and thermodynamics of crystallization in microscale-confinement.

The development of energy materials possessing large number of active sites and exhibiting increased catalytic performance is an important strategy in (electro)catalysis. In this study, Ni2P/NiFeP owning rich interfaces was fabricated within the Ni(OH)2 nanosheet arrays to form hetero-structured Ni2P/NiFeP catalysts via the Kirkendall effect. The as-prepared catalysts exhibited only 250 mV overpotential towards the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at + 50 mA cm-2 in alkaline electrolytes, and delivered a current density of + 10 mA cm-2 at 1.57 V in a complete and fully functional water electrolyser using the Ni2P/NiFeP and Ni2P/ Ni2P catalysts on the anode and cathode side, respectively. The evolution and reconstruction of the interface in Ni2P/NiFeP during the electrochemical stability test experiments was also studied. It was found that reducing the interface resulted in a decrease in electrocatalytic performance and a transition in crystal structure to amorphous state was observed. The method developed in this investigation has been found to be useful for developing catalysts of rich interfaces, in turns paving the way for integrating novel highly active and stable electrocatalysts in electrochemical water splitting technologies. (c) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Practices in large-scale hydrolysis hydrogen production requires low-cost non-precious metal catalysts with high-efficiency. In this work, amorphous/polycrystalline CoP@CoB Hollow Nanochains are in-situ fabricated by applying gas-phase phosphating on CoB nano-chains. As expected, the formation of amorphous/polycrystalline with partially hollow structures and P-doping increased the number of exposed active sites, and altered the electronic structure of Co. As a result, the electron transfer and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) performance are enhanced. Based on the Kirkendall effect, the fabricated CoP@CoB catalyst generates a current density of 10 mA cm-2 at overpotential of 135 mV, which is much lower than the reported value of 250 mV for amorphous CoB nanoparticles.

针对低低温省煤器及其衍生系统中,低低温省煤器普遍存在的受热面磨损、积灰堵塞、换热管泄漏以及受热面腐蚀等四大问题,以某300 MW机组低低温省煤器系统为例,从系统设计和受热面结构两方面提出了优化改造方法.在低低温省煤器系统设计上采取合理提高烟气流速、合理选择受热面布置位置、设置前置除灰装置和在线输灰装置、脱硝装置喷氨优化改造等方式.在受热面结构上采取调整受热面结构参数、采用单翅片和小翅片结构、采用密封圈对管板和封壳进行密封等方式.同时,考虑到不同机组燃用煤质和运行情况的差异,提出了低低温省煤器优化设计原则.这些研究结果可为低低温省煤器系统优化改造提供参考.

Water electrolysis using wind and solar as power offers a sustainable and promising approach to produce hydrogen. Bifunctional catalysts can significantly simplify the electrolysis system and enhance the overall electrochemical efficiency. Herein, three-dimensional nanostructured Ni and MoN compounds (Ni-Mo-N) with Schottky heterojunctions on the surface are developed as bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). It is found that the solvents and pyrolysis temperature play a very important role in the formation of Ni-Mo-N with Schottky heterojunctions. The optimized Ni-Mo-N can deliver an overpotential of 125 mV (@100 mA cm(-2) current density) in HER, which is approach to the Pt/C (20 wt%) (116 mV). Ni-Mo-N also exhibits high-performance in OER, comparable to RuO2. When Ni-Mo-N is assembled as cathode and anode for water electrolysis, at the cell voltage of 1.604 V the cell reaches the current density of 10 mA cm(-2) with remarkable durability, making the Ni-Mo-N a promising bifunctional catalyst for water electrolysis. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Although carbon-based electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) have been put into practical use, their performance needs to be improved by tuning the surface features and structures of the carbon electrodes. In this study, a method of electro-oxidation was developed to engineer the surface features of the carbon cloth wrapped with a nitrogen-doped carbon layer, and then to obtain a highly hydrophilic, nitrogen-doped carbon cloth electrode with plenty of quinone-containing sites. When the obtained materials were used as electrodes in symmetric capacitors, a high area-specific capacitance (1600 mF cm-2 at 1 mA cm-2), high volume energy density (9.47 mW h cm-3), and excellent cycling stability performance (the capacitance only drops by 3% after 10 000 cycles) can be achieved. These results show that the newly developed method is an efficient approach for improving the electrochemical performance of three-dimensional carbon electrodes in EDLCs.

Direct seawater electrolysis is the main method of hydrogen energy production in the future. However, due to the competition of anode chlorine evolution and the phenomenon of cathode fouling, direct seawater electrolysis faces great challenges. Alkali treatment of seawater is the treatment method for most work at present, but there is currently no uniform standard for the amount of alkali. Obviously, excessive alkali treatment will increase operating costs. Here, the NiFe LDH material, which is considered to have the best catalytic OER performance, is grown on carbon cloth, and the optimal amount of alkali treatment seawater is explored. By determining the amount of alkali by the amount of precipitation, it can reduce the operating cost of industrial production. It can also prevent the impact of sedimentation on the life of the equipment. We believe that this treatment method will make a great contribution to the future standard seawater pretreatment method.

Enormously active and cost-effective electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are the critical components to produce hydrogen via water splitting using the electricity produced from renewable energy sources. Herein, inspired by the highly electric conductivity of CoB, shell-core structured Ni(OH)(2)@CoB nano-chains are synthesized as highly active OER catalyst with the assistance of the magnetic field. In the shell-core structured Ni(OH)(2)@CoB nano-chains, Ni(OH)(2) nanoflakes were directly grown onto CoB nano-chains via a facile and wet chemical method. Ni(OH)(2) in nanoflake form can provide more available active sites on the surface for electrochemical reaction that is evidenced by high BET surface area (648.9 m(2) g-(1)). At the current density of 10 mA cm(-2), the over potentials of OER occurred on Ni(OH)(2)@CoB is 320 mV. The obtained Ni(OH)(2)@CoB also shows very good OER durability without any observable decline for 12 h. The high OER catalytic performance combined with its low-cost makes the Ni(OH)(2)@CoB nano-chains promising OER catalyst for water splitting in alkaline media. (c) 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Six different environmental samples were applied to enrich microbial consortia for efficient degradation of corn stalk, under the thermophilic and mesophilic conditions. The consortium obtained from anaerobic digested sludge under thermophilic condition (TC-Y) had the highest lignocellulose-degrading activity. The CO2 yield was 246.73 mL/g VS in 23 days, meanwhile, the maximum CO2 production rate was 15.48 mL/(CO2·d), which was 28.75% and 52.27% higher than that under mesophilic condition, respectively. The peak value of cellulase activity reached 0.105 U/mL, which was at least 34.61% higher than the other groups. In addition, 49.5% of corn stalk was degraded in 20 days, moreover, the degradation ratio of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin can reach 52.76%, 62.45% and 42.23%, respectively. Microbial consortium structure analysis indicated that the TC-Y contained the phylum of Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Furthermore, the Pseudoxanthomonas belonging to GammaProteobacteria might be the key bacterial group for the lignocellulose degradation. These results indicated the capability of degrading un-pretreated corn stalk and the potential for further investigation and application of TC-Y.

Biofilms enable Cronobacter spp. to contaminate food, infect infants and resist different environmental stresses, especially desiccation, which is the main reason why Cronobacter can survive in powdered infant formula (PIF) for a long time. Considering the high lethality of Cronobacter infection in infants, it is important to find efficient and safe inhibitors of Cronobacter biofilms. In this study, we found that chitooligosaccharides (COS) with a molecular weight of 2000 Da efficiently inhibited Cronobacter biofilms, especially in skim milk broth. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC77) of COS was as low as 20 μg/mL, which is lower than that reported in most previous studies. Besides, the elimination rate of COS for Cronobacter mature biofilms was 50% when the concentration was 10 mg/mL. COS could significantly inhibit soluble polysaccharide secretion and biofilm cell growth, as well as change the cell membrane permeability of Cronobacter. These might be the possible reasons for COS’s efficient inhibition of Cronobacter biofilms. However, during the inhibition, five important genes-related to biofilm formation—flhD, flgJ, luxR, ompA, and wcaJ—were all up-regulated after COS treatment, except the gene bcsA. In summary, our findings showed that COS could be used as an efficient and safe inhibitor against Cronobacter biofilms for better control of Cronobacter contamination and infection.

在各类环境介质及生物体甚至人体中都检测到有机磷阻燃剂磷酸三(1,3-二氯-2-丙基)酯(tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phos-phate,TDCPP)的存在,为探究TDCPP对人体健康的毒性作用,选取人体正常肝细胞L-02细胞作为模型,考察在体外暴露条件下TDCPP对L-02细胞的细胞存活率、凋亡、氧化应激以及p53通路相关基因方面的影响.MTT结果显示,24 h、48 h、72 h的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为:116.56μmol·L-1、81.89μmol·L-1、65.11μmol·L-1.TDCPP暴露24 h条件下,随着TDCPP暴露浓度的增加,细胞的凋亡率和活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平也逐渐增加,100μmol·L-1浓度条件下凋亡高达25.58％±1.61％,ROS水平是对照组的2.07±0.07倍.实时荧光定量PCR法检测线粒体凋亡通路相关基因的表达情况,在TDCPP刺激下,Bax、caspase-3、caspase-9、p53和Apaf-1相对表达量增加,Bcl-2相对表达量减少.蛋白免疫印迹法检测发现Bax/Bcl-2和caspase-3均随浓度增加而递增.本研究为综合评估TDCPP的生物和环境健康毒理效应提供了实验数据及理论支持.

采用动态连续处理装置研究颗粒活性炭(GAC)催化H2O2氧化活性红X-3B染料(RRX-3B)的效能以及GAC表面吸附污染物对催化性能的影响,考察GAC与Fe2+协同催化作用.研究结果表明:RRX-3B的处理效果随着流速的增加而逐渐降低;新GAC/H2O2体系降解效果优于单独GAC吸附与单独H2O2氧化,GAC重复使用存在部分失活现象使其脱色率和COD去除率下降,且表面预先吸附污染物的GAC在重复使用过程中下降更为明显;固定H2O2投加量为5 mmol.L-1,按n(Fe2+):n(H2O2)为1:20投加Fe2+,GAC与Fe2+联合体系能持续有效使RRX-3B氧化脱色,重复使用4次后脱色率仍可达99.65％,GAC和Fe2+之间存在协同催化H2O2降解RRX-3B的作用.GAC表面附着的Fe2+能够加强催化作用,且有效延长其使用寿命.

Thermophilic microaerobic pretreatment has been proved to be efficient in improving methane production of corn straw in previous studies. In this study, the effect of mesophilic (37 °C) microaerobic pretreatment using Bacillus Subtilis on the anaerobic digestion of corn straw was explored. Microaerobic pretreatment with a pure bacteria system was beneficial for the anaerobic digestion of corn straw, which obviously improved the methane yield. The maximum methane yield of 270.8 mL/g VS was obtained at the oxygen load of 5 mL/g VS, which was 17.35% higher than that of untreated group. Groups with mesophilic microaerobic pretreatment obtained higher glucose and VFAs concentrations, as well as higher peroxidase activities after 24 h pretreatment. In addition, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis displayed the crystallinity indexes of pretreated groups were also decreased. Therefore, microaerobic pretreatment with a pure bacteria system (Bacillus Subtilis) is an efficient pretreatment method to enhance the anaerobic digestion efficiency of cellulosic biomass.

The coexistence of anionic dye, cationic dye and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in dyeing wastewater has highlighted a great necessity to develop new and effective approaches for their simultaneous removal. In this study, a novel amphoteric adsorbent was successfully synthesized using a two-step strategy, starting with the preparation of citric acid (CA) crosslinked beta-cyclodextrin (CD) polymer (CD/CA) through esterification reactions, followed by the grafting of 2-dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate monomer (PDMAEMA) through polymerization reaction. Adsorption performance of the synthesized material (CD/CA-g-PDMAEMA) toward EDCs (bisphenol A, BPA), cationic dye (methylene blue, MB) and anionic dye (methyl orange, MO) in the monocomponent and multicomponent systems were evaluated. The adsorbent showed a maximum adsorption capacity (q(max)) of 79.0 mg/g for BPA at pH 6.5, 165.8 mg/g for MO at pH 4.0 and 335.5 mg/g for MB at pH 11.0, respectively. By altering the solution pH, zeta-potential of the adsorbent could be changed, endowing the material with selective adsorption properties toward anionic or cationic dyes, while BPA adsorption efficiency was vastly insusceptible to the changes in solution pH from 2.0 to 10.0. These characteristics are beneficial for the application of CD/CA-g-PDMAEMA in real wastewaters treatment. In addition, the pseudo-second-order model fitted well with the experimental data in both monocomponent and multicomponent systems, and the adsorption mechanisms were proposed: BPA could form inclusion complex with beta-cyclodextrin cavities, while MB and MO molecules could interact with the carboxyl and tertiary amino groups on CD/CA-g-PDMAEMA through electrostatic attractions.

Petrochemical industry is one of most important volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sources in China.Based on different estimation methods,VOCs emission inventory of a new typical petrochemical plant was established in this study,as well as its local emission factors from kinds of typical sources.The results showed that the contribution of VOCs emission sources in the typical petrochemical plant were as follows:tank 50.4%,wastewater collection and treatment 29.0%,flare 8.3%,loading 5.2%,equipment leak 3.4%,circulating cooling water 2.4%,stationary combustion 0.8%,process vents 0.5%.Different estimation methods resulted in a large difference in results.Results based on emission factors were as 4.2 times (without recycling) and 16.4 times(with recycling) for loading,4.4 times(based on screening range method) and 55.4 times(based on correlation equation method) for equipment leak,2.1 times for wastewater collection and treatment,and 2.1 times for circulating cooling water as the results in this study.The emission factor recommended in national VOCs emission inventory guidelines was as 1.8 times as the local VOCs emission factor based on products.It suggested that every petrochemical plant should establish its own VOCs emission inventory and local emission factors which were based on in site investigation and monitoring.The results provide some technical support for the establishment of VOCs emission inventory in petrochemical industry in China.

The present study investigated the CO2 capture characteristics of Structured mesh packing BX500 and Pall ring packing 16 x 16 in the absorption tower by using monoethanolamine-methanol solutions. Moreover, it studied the effects of CO2 loading, reaction temperatures, liquid flow rate, and gas flow rate on CO2 capture characteristics. Experimental results concluded that the excellent order of the two fillers was: Structured mesh packing BX500 > Pall ring packing 16 x 16. The absorption temperature at 321 K and the gas flow rate in 1.76 m(3)/h would be the best choice for CO2 capture process.

The effects of clay type, microbial quantity, and inoculation time on the microbial degradation of 0# diesel oil and 180# heavy oil were studied. The results showed that the surfactant-modified clay had a significant promotion effect on the degradation of oil. The removal efficiencies of diesel oil and heavy oil after 7 days were up to 87% and 95%. The optimum conditions were determined and the oil biodegradation was in accordance with the first-order kinetics. All the results obtained can provide experimental basis for oil microbial degradation.

Ammonia still tower for residual ammonia wastewater pretreatment has gained considerable application due to its high efficiencies. However, the low cyanide removal in this process is a serious environmental problem. In this paper, experiments involving full-scale studies were conducted to evaluate the stripping process for ammonia and total cyanide (TCN) removal. The optimal operating conditions of ammonia still tower were studied. Flow of alkalic solution significantly influenced the removal efficiency of cyanide. With the increase of steam flow, ammonia removal could be enhanced, but TCN removal has negligible effect. Increasing the bottom pressure of the tower proved good for improving the stripping efficiency. After combined treatment by the stripping and biological processes, the TCN concentration in the final effluent can be stable at 0.1-0.2 mg/L, which satisfies the standard.