Climate change is no longer about single hazards—it is about compound disasters that escalate through interlinked shocks and delays in recovery. These risks do not distribute randomly, but concentrate persistently in certain places and among vulnerable groups. This keynote argues that compound disasters must be understood not as isolated events, but as a structural process shaped by coupled long-term pressures and short-term pulses.To unpack this, I use the press–pulse disturbance framework: chronic pressures like urbanization, loss of ecological function, and impervious surface expansion gradually shift system states, while acute shocks like heatwaves or floods convert these vulnerabilities into real damage. Critically, these interactions are not linear—pressures amplify shock impacts, and shocks reshape the very systems that buffer or propagate the next disaster. However, explaining this mechanism is not enough for action. To move from diagnosis to implementation, we need a planning-oriented logic that translates drivers, system conditions, and intervention options into concrete spatial choices—this is where the PSR framework becomes essential.Through a Pressure–State–Response (PSR) lens, I propose a systems approach that connects risk drivers, system conditions, and intervention points. Here, Nature-based Solutions (NbS) are reframed not as surface-level greening, but as spatial tools that weaken amplification loops, change system trajectories, and accelerate recovery. PSR allows for actionable diagnosis: identifying where and how to intervene, and what type of NbS strategy will be most effective.The keynote presents empirical cases across multiple hazards: • Heatwaves show why thermal risk clusters spatially, and how specific NbS configurations reduce exposure. • Urban flooding reveals how land-cover shifts and disrupted hydrology amplify risk—and how spatially connected NbS networks restore regulation. • Wildfire cases highlight cross-boundary escalation and how spatial design can transform spread and recovery dynamics. • Biodiversity & ecosystem function are revealed not as side benefits, but as structural determinants of resilience.Together, these cases clarify both the mechanisms and the spatial leverage points; translating them into action requires a decision framework.Decision-support tools—such as scenario modeling, hotspot mapping, and land-use optimization—translate systems analysis into grounded policy options. Across these examples, resilience emerges not from single interventions, but from reconfiguring feedbacks: robustness via regulating functions, redundancy through distributed networks, resourcefulness via multifunctional design, and rapidity through faster recovery paths.In sum, this keynote presents a new logic for addressing compound disasters: not just what we should do, but why systems respond the way they do, and how spatial NbS strategies can intervene in those dynamics. Moving from reactive planning to anticipatory systems thinking is not only urgent—it is possible.

Global analyses of urban greenspace have traditionally highlighted a North-South disparity, yet a critical gap remains in understanding how climatic and socioeconomic factors differentially drive greenspace exposure inequality across these regions. To address this, we introduce a novel Greenspace Exposure Inequity Index (GEII) and apply it to 1,370 cities worldwide. Our analysis reveals a more complex picture than the conventional divide: while cities in the Global South generally exhibit slightly higher inequality, those in arid regions of the Global North display greater inequity. Through a machine learning approach, we identify distinct primary drivers-the Human Development Index (HDI) dominates inequality in Global Northern cities, whereas GDP, greenspace coverage ratio (GCR), and total annual precipitation (TAP) are pivotal in the Global South. Crucially, we detect statistically significant nonlinear thresholds that act as tipping points in these relationships. Specifically, thresholds for GDP (natural-logarithm scale: 23.851) and TAP (1017.158 mm) are identified in the Global South, and for GCR (0.55) in the Global North. The identification of these thresholds provides actionable insights for urban planning: prioritizing human-centered development and equitable greening in the Global North, and optimizing greenspace planning coupled with water resource management in the Global South, to mitigate greenspace exposure inequality effectively.

In high-density cities with hot-humid climates, Urban Riverside Greenways (URGs) serve as critical cooling corridors, vital for mitigating urban heat island (UHI) effects and improving pedestrian thermal comfort. However, the synergistic cooling mechanisms between water bodies and vegetation, and how they interact with airflow within URGs, remain insufficiently quantified. This study presents a parametric analysis integrating validated ENVI-met simulations and field measurements, based on a case study in Shanghai. Through 75 factorial scenarios, it investigates the synergistic effects of prevailing wind direction, walkway position, and tree canopy characteristics —specifically Leaf Area Density (LAD) and foliage albedo—on pedestrian thermal comfort within URGs. Critically, this study dissects the trade-offs between water-based cooling (driven by high specific heat capacity and evaporative latent heat exchange) and vegetative cooling (driven by radiative shading and transpiration), and reveals how airflow redistributes these effects across the URG profile. The results show that: (1) Convective heat transfer (governed by prevailing wind direction) is the dominant factor regulating air temperature (Ta), whereas radiative shading (determined by tree canopy characteristics) is the primary driver for Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET). (2) The spatial distribution pattern of thermal comfort exhibits a tipping point governed by the equivalence in cooling capability between vegetation and waterbody. In the context of this study, this threshold occurred at LAD = 1.0 and foliage albedo = 0.2 under full canopy cover. (3) Optimal walkway position is determined by the airflow-driven redistribution of water-based and vegetative cooling: upwind waterbodies favor water-adjacent locations. Conversely, downwind scenarios trigger a trade-off: street-side placement is superior under dense canopies (shading-dominant), whereas water-side remains optimal under sparse canopies. By synthesizing these micro-physical interactions, this study proposes a climate-adaptive decision framework, including decision trees and a parametric tree species selection matrix, providing actionable design strategies for thermally resilient URGs in hot-humid high-density cities.

AbstractThe expansion of impervious surfaces resulting from urbanization induces alterations in the natural water cycle system, culminating in urban flooding. Persistent flood damage arises from issues such as the failure to designate flood-prone areas despite receiving flood reports or the exclusion from flood-prone zones due to complaints. Both the central government and local authorities are taking measures to designate and manage flood-prone areas, recognizing the necessity to address this issue not only from an ecological standpoint but also considering social aspects, including the real estate value of the region and the effort and cost of flood damage recovery. Furthermore, flood resilience should be a central consideration, aiming to identify existing problems through the virtuous cycle process of flood damage, both upstream and downstream, and working towards recovery or improvement to a state superior to pre-flood conditions.This study's objective is to redefine the criteria for green infrastructure planning in flood-prone zones, exploring interrelated factors influencing urban water systems and identifying synergistic solutions to enhance resilience. The application of systems thinking involves four integral stages: dynamic thinking, causal thinking, closed-loop thinking, and strategic discovery. These stages collectively establish a systematic dynamic loop. To construct this loop within the complexity of a water circulation system, initial attention must be given to discharge management. Ensuring a robust water cycle necessitates the equitable distribution of runoff across processes such as evaporation, filtration, infiltration, and groundwater recharge. Secondly, green infrastructure design should leverage technologies that harness natural mechanisms, enhancing the cyclical movement of materials within the ecosystem. This involves strategic infrastructure planning that minimizes alterations to topography, preserving the natural functions of the water cycle while allowing for flexible application tailored to ecosystem requirements. These green infrastructure characteristics, effects, and plans are summarized as variables. Thirdly, the dynamic loop is constructed with consideration of the summarized variables. The final stage of the process integrates flood risk management within a community flood resilience framework. By cycling through the stages of learning, prevention, resistance, response, and recovery, the objective is to minimize damage caused by floods and effectively respond to unexpected floods due to climate change.As a result, seven derived criteria include land use type identification, target site characteristics analysis, detailed survey, water circulation goal selection, design criteria and layout strategy, spatial suitability evaluation, and water cycle change verification. Using these criteria, the ultimate goal of this study is to identify suitable green infrastructure locations and create a monitoring map for a healthy water cycle. The study aims to contribute to flood prevention measures in flood-prone areas by analyzing the impact of green infrastructure on emissions.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by Korea Environment Industry &Technology Institute (KEITI) through "Climate Change R&D Project for New Climate Regime.", funded by Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) (2022003570003).ReferencesEPA, U. (2007). Reducing stormwater costs through low impact development (LID) strategies and practices. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Nonpoint Source Control Branch (4503T).

The risk of wildfires is increasing due to rising temperatures and worsening dry conditions resulting from climate change (Westerling et al., 2008; Vilà-Vilardell et al., 2020). Human activities, driven by urbanization and population growth, contribute to the occurrence of wildfires. As wildfires are a consequence of the complex interplay of various factors, an integrated understanding of the social and ecological systems influencing wildfires is crucial for protecting human communities and preserving the natural environment. Particularly, the Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI), an area where urban and natural landscapes and vegetation coexist or are adjacent, represents a space where the interaction between human activities and natural systems is pronounced (Stewart et al., 2007). A specific and clear analysis and management of the WUI’s social-ecological system is necessary due to the severe damage caused by urban wildfires. There is a growing awareness of the necessity to establish effective prevention and management strategies to protect urban systems. However, there is a lack of research on social-ecological systems over time, such as before and after wildfires in the WUI. Therefore, the objective of this study is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the socio-ecological system of urban WUI areas, with a focus on identifying and evaluating the factors influencing the resilience of these systems. By examining the interactions within the WUI’s socio-ecological framework, the research aims to propose strategies for enhancing the capacity of urban areas to adapt to and recover from environmental disturbances, thereby contributing to the development of robust and resilient urban social-ecological systems. To define and categorize socio-ecological systems, a spatial analysis of wildfire-prone areas was employed and to identify and evaluate the factors affecting the resilience of the system in response to wildfires, system analysis tools and models were utilized. Building upon this study, future research will employ the Urban Resilience Index classification to derive strategies for each type of green infrastructure planning based on the 4Rs of resilience (robustness, rapidity, redundancy, and resourcefulness) to improve urban socio-ecological resilience for wildfire response in urban Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI). The results can be utilized to develop a green infrastructure planning decision support system. References Westerling, A. L., & Bryant, B. P. (2008). Climate change and wildfire in California. Climatic Change, 87(Suppl 1), 231-249. Stewart, S. I., Radeloff, V. C., Hammer, R. B., & Hawbaker, T. J. (2007). Defining the Wildland-Urban Interface. Journal of Forestry, 105(4), 201-207. Sullivan, A., Baker, E., & Kurvits, T. (2022). Spreading like wildfire: The rising threat of extraordinary landscape fires. ※ This work was supported by the Core Research Institute Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2021R1A6A1A10045235).

Numerous studies have explored the cooling and energy-saving effects of vegetation and reflective materials under extreme heat conditions in urban residential areas. However, few have explored the synergistic effects of vegetation and albedo, particularly in low-rise, high-density residential areas. Therefore, this study selected six typical low-rise, high-density residential areas in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, based on the neighborhood characteristics. This study investigated the cooling effects and energy-saving potential of vegetation and cooling materials through the development of five simulation scenarios. These included original conditions, the application of highly reflective cooling materials, increased vegetation cover, the removal of vegetation cover, and a comprehensive strategy combining cooling materials with enhanced vegetation. These scenarios were analyzed using ENVI-met and DesignBuilder to evaluate their impact on the microclimate and building energy consumption. The results reveal the following: (1) Cooling materials can lower air temperatures by 1.9 °C, saving 10.37% in energy consumption during the summer, demonstrating a greater efficiency in reducing air temperature and energy use. (2) Vegetation slightly reduces daytime air temperatures but hampers nighttime cooling in dense low-rise areas, increasing energy demand. Shrubs or grass are preferable to tall trees. (3) Cooling materials had a stronger correlation with energy consumption reduction compared to vegetation. Hence, combining cooling materials with strategically placed vegetation and controlling vegetation size maximized cooling and energy-saving benefits. This study provides valuable insights for urban planners and designers, offering guidance for improving urban microclimates, reducing building energy use, and achieving carbon neutrality goals.

In response to pollutant inflows caused by anthropogenic and meteorological influences within watersheds, effective hydrological management of stream ecosystems and water quality is crucial. This study employs a random forest regression model to explore the intricate, non-linear relationships between watershed characteristics and meteorological variability, and their impacts on stream water quality resilience. We used biological oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) data from 270 water quality measuring sites in the Han River watershed in Korea from 2017 to 2019 to derive stream water quality resilience. The analysis identifies critical watershed attributes-including urbanization, water temperature, slope gradient, elevation, vegetative cover, soil drainage, evapotranspiration rates, and precipitation patterns-that influence stream water quality resilience. Our findings revealed that variables determining the hydrological cycle and the type of pollutant flowing into the stream exert a significant effect on resilience. Urban expansion and rising water temperatures were found to decrease the rate of recovery in water quality by increasing the influx of pollutants into streams or inhibiting the decomposition of pollutants within the water body. Conversely, steep slopes, high elevation, forest, and well-drained area expansion, increased evapotranspiration, precipitation, and the 6-month standardized precipitation index increased the rate of recovery in water quality. Furthermore, we examined the impact of regional differences on resilience increase by comparing the spatial distribution of predicted resilience values and resilience at the local level. Our findings indicate the need for targeted management strategies that leverage specific watershed and climatic characteristics to optimize stream water quality resilience and emphasize a spatially nuanced approach to hydrological management.

Thermal comfort indices, such as the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), are crucial for assessing outdoor thermal conditions and their impacts on human health, especially during extreme heat events (Saud Ghani et al., 2021). While UTCI has been widely used in urban studies, its application in rural areas characterized by high proportions of elderly residents, outdoor workers, and limited infrastructure remains underexplored (Park, Jongchul, et al., 2020). As heatwaves become more frequent and severe due to climate change, identifying priority areas for thermal environment improvements in rural regions is essential to enhancing outdoor comfort and resilience (Korea Rural Economic Research Institute, 2023).The purpose of this study is to identify priority areas for improving heatwave resilience in rural areas. This study analyzed the relationship between thermal comfort indices and land cover to provide a basis for climate-adaptive spatial planning. It also assessed social vulnerability using statistical indicators that account for socio-demographic factors influencing heatwave resilience.Using Jeollanam-do, South Korea, as a case study, this research systematically analyzed vulnerability by employing approaches to assess both thermal comfort and social vulnerability. Jeollanam-do is highly vulnerable due to its predominantly agricultural economy and significant elderly population, making it a critical region for heatwave-related research. To evaluate thermal comfort, the UTCI was calculated using ERA5 Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT) data, combined with air temperature, humidity, and wind speed data from weather stations. Social vulnerability was assessed through indicators such as the percentage of elderly population and the availability of healthcare services, which were normalized and integrated to provide a comprehensive analysis of rural heatwave vulnerability.Research findings revealed that Gangjin-gun, a coastal region in Jeollanam-do, was identified as the most vulnerable area due to high UTCI levels and significant social vulnerabilities, including a high proportion of elderly residents and insufficient welfare infrastructure. To address these challenges, proposed strategies include expanding healthcare services, implementing welfare policies tailored to the elderly, and adopting climate adaptation measures such as cooling centers, heatwave warning systems, and smart farming. Additionally, climate-adaptive spatial planning is emphasized, focusing on green-blue infrastructure solutions such as rain gardens, wetlands, tree-lined streets, and shaded community spaces to improve outdoor comfort and strengthen long-term resilience.These findings highlight the importance of integrating thermal comfort indices, land-use analysis, and socio-demographic factors into rural spatial planning. Tailored strategies that address environmental and social vulnerabilities can improve rural resilience to heatwaves while contributing to effective climate-adaptive spatial plans, ensuring that vulnerable communities are better prepared for future climate challenges. This work was supported by Korea Environment Industry &Technology Institute (KEITI) through "Climate Change R&D Project for New Climate Regime.", funded by Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) (RS-2022-KE002123) This work was carried out with the support of "Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science and Technology Development (Project No. PJ0171102022)" Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea

In Korea, rural regions increasingly function as peri-urban zones integrated into urban systems. To assess vulnerabilities in these transitional areas characterized by mixed land use and uneven access to infrastructure, this study developed a three-tiered peri-urban livability vulnerability framework by integrating the analytic hierarchy process and the entropy weight method. The results indicated that medical facilities, childcare and education centers, and village communities consistently emerged as key indicators, linking peri-urban livability directly to the stability of settlement environments and the quality of life of residents. Contrastingly, expert evaluations and data-driven outcomes related to road networks and agricultural infrastructure displayed substantial discrepancies, revealing gaps between perceived importance and actual provision levels. Such differences highlight the risk of underestimating infrastructure-related vulnerabilities when subjective assessments are employed exclusively. By synthesizing subjective and objective weights, this study advances urban and environmental analysis and supports evidence-based decision-making for policy prioritization. The findings demonstrate that peri-urban vulnerability is shaped less by productive capacity than by social infrastructure and community stability. This conclusion offers crucial insights for enhancing livability and guiding urban planning strategies.

Due to climate change, abnormal weather conditions such as floods, droughts, heavy snow, and heatwaves are escalating globally. Recent climate observations and model predictions indicate a trend toward more frequent and intense extreme climate events in the near future, attributed to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. When floods occur, they simplify the habitats of ecosystems, leading to a reduction in diversity and water quality pollution. Basin ecosystems play a crucial role in carbon absorption, mitigation, and providing habitats for plants and animals. Therefore, it is imperative that plants, soil, and wetlands within the watershed ecosystem absorb and sequester carbon from the atmosphere to decrease greenhouse gas concentrations. Consequently, there is a necessity for research on decision support tools capable of identifying and analyzing the factors influencing carbon circulation during a flood. The primary objective of this study is to develop a decision support tool for green infrastructure (GI) planning in watershed ecosystems to enhance resilience against climate change. The tool will help identify and analyze factors affecting the carbon cycle during flood events and enable the creation of GIs that support the carbon cycle. The expected results from the study combine positive factors that can lead to various positive and combining factors, so future research can create scenarios through combinations of factors. The scenarios created can result in GIs that can perform ad hoc tasks by choosing more efficient configurations. ReferencesMichael W. Strohbach, Eric Arnold, Dagmar Haase. The carbon footprint of urban green space—A life cycle approach. Landscape and Urban Planning, Volume 105, Issue 4, 30 April 2012, Pages 445 ※ This work was supported by the Core Research Institute Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2021R1A6A1A10045235).※ This work was supported by Korea Environment Industry &Technology Institute (KEITI) through "Climate Change R&D Project for New Climate Regime.", funded by Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE) (2022003570003)

Since the pattern of fine dust pollution varies regionally, it is necessary to identify areas vulnerable to fine dust pollution based on local community and environmental infrastructure and then plan green infrastructure for these areas. The purpose of this study is to analyze the suitability area of green infrastructure systems to improve urban resilience with regards to fine dust pollution. Regarding the research methods, first, a search for previous studies is conducted to establish an evaluation index for the resilience to fine dust pollution. Second, data on the environmental and social factors of the case study site (Suwon, Republic of Korea) are collected and mapped based on the resilience evaluation indices established for fine dust pollution. Third, these indices are used to confirm that regional differences caused by landscape fragmentation exist with regards to resilience to fine dust pollution. This study yields two key outcomes. Firstly, the indicators associated with resilience against fine dust pollution are categorized into environmental and social factors. Environmental factors encompass the composition of pollutants (including concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, O3, CO, and SO2), proximity to roads, and environmental assets such as well-established roadside green spaces, parks, forests, and thriving vegetation. Meanwhile, social factors incorporate considerations of social welfare services and air pollutant emission facilities. These factors contribute to the comprehensive evaluation indices, encompassing exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity concerning fine dust pollution. Secondly, the spatial analysis of fine dust pollution within the case study area reveals that regions exhibiting robust social-ecological system adaptive capacities tend to demonstrate heightened resilience against fine dust pollution. Conversely, areas characterized by elevated exposure and sensitivity to this issue exhibit reduced resilience. Moreover, the investigation into landscape fragmentation highlights a strong correlation between resilience against fine dust pollution and the fragmentation of green spaces. This study deviates from previous research endeavors through its innovative approach of strategically planning green infrastructure in vulnerable zones, aligning with local characteristics. It further introduces distinct resilience evaluation indicators tailored to fine dust pollution and integrates considerations of the spatial distribution of social-ecological systems, thereby contributing to a nuanced understanding of this complex issue.

As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, the stress of city dwellers is increasing, and some adapt to the pandemic by pursuing physical and psychological well-being in neighborhood parks. To improve the resilience of the social-ecological system against COVID-19, it is important to understand the mechanism of adaptation by examining the perception and use of neighborhood parks. The purpose of this study is to investigate users' perceptions and use of urban neighborhood parks since the outbreak of COVID-19 in South Korea using systems thinking. To verify the hypotheses about the relationship between variables involved in COVID-19 adaptive feedback, two research objectives were set. First, this study determined the causal structure leading to park visits using systems thinking. Second, the relationship between stress, motivation, and the frequency of visits to neighborhood parks was empirically verified. To conduct the research, the system of use and perceptions of parks were analyzed through a causal loop diagram to determine the feedback between psychological variables. Then, a survey was conducted to verify the relationship between stress, motivation for visits, and visit frequency, which are the major variables derived from the causal structure. A total of three feedback loops were derived in the first step, including a loop in which COVID-19 stress was relieved by visits to parks and a loop in which COVID-19 stress worsened due to crowding in parks. Finally, the relationship of stress leading to park visits was confirmed, and the empirical analysis showed that anger about contagion and social disconnection were linked as motives for park visits, and that park visits were mainly motivated by the desire to go out. The neighborhood park functions as an adaptive space for the stress of COVID-19 and will maintain its role as social distancing becomes more important to various socio-ecological changes. The strategies driven by the pandemic can be adapted in park planning to recover from stress and improve resilience.

The hydrologic connectivity of non-floodplain wetlands (NFWs) with downstream water (DW) has gained increased importance, but connectivity via groundwater (GW) is largely unknown owing to the high complexity of hydrological processes and climatic seasonality. In this study, a causal inference method, convergent cross mapping (CCM), was applied to detect the hydrologic causality between upland NFW and DW through GW. CCM is a nonlinear inference method for detecting causal relationships among environmental variables with weak or moderate coupling in nonlinear dynamical systems. We assumed that causation would exist when the following conditions were observed: (1) the presence of two direct causal (NFW → GW and GW → DW) and one indirect causal (NFW → DW) relationship; (2) a nonexistent opposite causal relationship (DW → NFW); (3) the two direct causations with shorter lag times relative to indirect causation; and (4) similar patterns not observed with pseudo DW. The water levels monitored by a well and piezometer represented NFW and GW measurements, respectively, and the DW was indicated by the baseflow at the outlet of the drainage area, including NFW. To elucidate causality, the DW taken at the adjacent drainage area with similar climatic seasonality was also tested as pseudo DW. The CCM results showed that the water flow from NFW to GW and then DW was only present, and any opposite flows did not exist. In addition, direct causations had shorter lag time than indirect causation, and 3-day lag time was shown between NFW and DW. Interestingly, the results with pseudo DW did not show any lagged interactions, indicating non-causation. These results provide the signals for the hydrologic connectivity of NFW and DW with GW. Therefore, this study would support the importance of NFW protection and management.

<p>Floods have devastated many urban socio-ecological systems, adding to urban planners' concerns. Floods caused by typhoons and heavy rain are common in South Korea during the summer, and especially Seoul has experienced urban flooding due to unusually localized heavy rains since 2010. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios (IPCC, 2014), flood damage in Korea is expected to increase due to summer-concentrated precipitation. As an example of what happened, record-breaking rainfall in the summer of 2022 caused severe damage in the Gangnam, a prime district in Seoul, Korea, that has been most vulnerable to flood damage due to drainage problems.</p> <p>Green infrastructure's socio-ecological system aspect has been recognized for its ability to improve the provision of urban ecosystem services and is increasingly being used for stormwater management. Flood resilience necessitates the ability of urban socio-ecological systems to maintain their structures and functions during and after flooding events. In terms of achieving sustainable outcomes for municipalities, green infrastructure has practical limitations, such as a limited capacity for storing and infiltrating stormwater. As an interdisciplinary approach, green infrastructure necessitates the involvement of multiple stakeholders with conflicting interests, and it is critical to identify the best measures to apply in each context for effective flood mitigation strategies. There is, however, a knowledge gap in investigating an urban water system as a social-ecological system that coevolves because of interactions between actors, institutions, and water systems.</p> <p>Gangnam district has quickly become the focal point for discourses on socio-economic inequality in Korea, consolidating both socio-economic segregation and political conservatism, making social-economic-ecological context critical for any urban planning to be sustainable. The aim of this research is to develop a system for selecting appropriate green infrastructure for resilient urban stormwater management in Seoul's Gangnam district using simulation-based modeling.</p> <p>The first step will be to identify suitable green infrastructure practices for Gangnam district’s socio-economic context based on a co-benefits analysis, which will include incorporating co-benefits and human well-being into flood management decision-making while taking stakeholders' perceptions into account using a multi-criteria decision support system. The second step involves using the "Green Values Stormwater Management" model (Jaffe et al., 2010) to assess the green infrastructure's ability to adhere to the "4R" principles of resilience: robustness, rapidity, redundancy, and resourcefulness based on simulation results.</p> <p>The volume of rain captured or retained by the area's green infrastructure, providing feedback on construction and maintenance costs, as well as an estimate of the percentage of the desired volume retention goal being met will be estimated by the simulation model. Additionally, co-benefits such as cost savings and increased real estate value will be calculated and presented. This research framework will assist city planners decide which green infrastructure practices to use for resilient urban flood management.</p> <p>References</p> <p>IPCC (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.</p> <p>Jaffe, M., Zellner, M., Gonzalez-Meler, M., Cotner, L. A., Massey, D., Ahmed, H., & Elberts, M. (2010). <em>USING GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE TO MANAGE URBAN STORMWATER QUALITY: A Review of Selected Practices and State Programs</em>.</p>

The soil vulnerability index (SVI) classifies vulnerability to cropland pollutant transport by surface runoff and leaching, helping to categorize areas with a high contribution of pollutant loads. This study aims to 1) adopt the SVI classification scheme in South Korea and 2) suggest a modified SVI classification scheme for surface runoff to anticipate climate change impacts. The precipitation amount was considered in an original scheme to make a modified scheme. The results with an original SVI classification scheme predicted that the SVI surface runoff vulnerability was relatively greater in areas with a steep slope than in those with a plain topography, and a high level of the SVI leaching vulnerability was frequently observed in plain areas. When a modified SVI classification scheme was applied, "High" vulnerability class increased from 44.0% to 57.4% and the greater increase rate was observed in the regions susceptible to heavy precipitation defined as a day with more than 80 mm precipitation. When compared with observational suspended solids, the results with a modified SVI classification scheme were more consistent with observations than those with an original SVI classification scheme. Relative to the baseline period, the SVI surface runoff vulnerability of "High" class increased by 47.1-88.7% during the climate change period. When the number of vulnerability classes was increased, the differences on "Very extremely high" class between the baseline and projection periods were clear with the increase rate of 16.4-343%. The results with an original SVI classification scheme matched well with the topographic characteristics, and a modified SVI clas-sification scheme captured the impacts of regional precipitation patterns and climate change impacts. As a first approach to adopting the SVI classification system to South Korea, increasing the number of classifications in regions with excessive rainfall amounts can improve identifying those most vulnerable areas.

In Republic of Korea, pronounced seasonal precipitation variability poses substantial challenges for stream water quality management and the effective utilization of water resources. Ecologically degraded streams are particularly vulnerable to these fluctuations, which can exacerbate their already fragile condition. We assessed the resilience of reference and impaired streams in response to rainfall through water quality system performance (WQSP). The WQSP is quantified as the concentration of BOD, T-N, and T-P, which represent streams’ eutrophication and anaerobic conditions and respond quickly to disturbances. Reference and impaired streams are classified according to the biological condition and habitat environment of the streams in the Han River watershed of Republic of Korea. The resilience of the stream ecosystem was estimated using WQSP, the linear multiple regression model, and the generalized additive model for rainfall and WQSP. The WQSP reference streams have a lower sensitivity to disturbance and recover more quickly from the influence of rainfall; therefore, they have higher resilience than impaired streams to rainfall events. This study facilitates understanding changes in stream ecosystems of varying conditions in response to rainfall for ensuring long-term stability and adaptability.