A catalytic conjugate addition reaction of 2-arylacetates and 2-arylacetonitriles having an electron-withdrawing group to α,β-unsaturated ketones has been established using pyrrolidine as a catalyst. The reagents having NO2-, CO2Me-, and CN-functional groups on the aromatic ring can be used; the reaction with various α,β-unsaturated ketones provided the Michael addition products in good yields.

AbstractThe process forms the corresponding products with low diastereoselectivity.

This paper presents a H.264/AVC intra encoder design with mode decision based on rate-distortion (R-D) optimization. Reducing the computational complexity of the R-D optimized mode decision is critical to successful application of H.264/AVC to real-time full high definition (HD) video applications. For that purpose we proposed a fast rate estimation, developed to quickly estimate the rate cost. To reduce the time for estimation of 'rate', we proposed three simple, yet sufficiently accurate, models for three most time-consuming reference tables, i.e., coeff_token, total_zeros, and run_before tables, respectively. The rate estimation error obtained by the proposed simple model for the three tables were 'zero' with about 80% probability. With fast rate estimation employed, we achieved R-D performance with only 0.001 dB increase of PSNR at 0.234% increase of the bit-rate. The total H.264 encoding with CAVLC using the proposed fast rate estimation scheme was reduced to 40% compared to that with actual CAVLC execution.

A latent fluorophore (1) was rationally designed to give rise to strong fluorescence through a selective gold ion-mediated hydroarylation reaction by a catalytic amount of the gold(III) ion. It is a highly selective and sensitive fluorescence turn-on probe for gold(III) ions and is operative even in protic solvents.

A coumarin-based dithiane (1) was synthesized for the selective detection of Hg2+ with respect to dual chromo- and fluorogenic changing events in an aqueous solution by the mercury-promoted transformation of a dithiane group into an aldehyde functional unit. The Hg2+-selective response of the chemodosimeter was clearly observed in aqueous buffer as well as in human blood plasma medium.

In this paper, we propose an early block type decision method to reduce the complexity of rate-distortion (R-D) cost computation in intra prediction. Our method decides the block size early among luma 4 times 4, 8 times 8 and 16 times 16 with simple decision scheme. R-D cost for mode decision is used for R-D cost of a subblock ( 8 times 16 block ) instead of that of macroblock (MB) with the proposed encoding order for the intra prediction of 4 times 4 and 8 times 8 block. The R-D cost of a subblock consists of luma components only. Chroma components have a smaller potion of the R-D cost because they use subsampling (4:2:0) and there is relatively small variance among chroma pixels. Our method provides the reduction of computational complexity with average 0.04 dB PSNR degradation and rate increase of less than 1% in comparison with the full search method.

In this paper, we propose an early block type decision method to reduce the complexity of rate-distortion (R-D) cost compu­ tation in intra prediction. Our method decides the block size early among luma 4 x 4,8 x 8 and 16 x 16 with simple decision scheme. R-D cost for mode decision is used for R-D cost of a subblock ( 8 x 16 block) instead of that of macroblock (MB) with the proposed encoding order for the intra prediction of 4 x 4 and 8 x 8 block. The R-D cost of a subblock con­ sists of luma components only. Chroma components have a smaller potion of the R-D cost because they use subsampling (4:2:0) and there is relatively small variance among chroma pixels. Our method provides the reduction of computational complexity with average 0.04dB PSNR degradation and rate increase of less than 1% in comparison with the full search method.