Soil contaminations by heavy metals near oilfields have been widely reported and are causing great concern. Thus, it is highly desirable to develop cost-effective materials and methods to avoid heavy metal residues contaminating soil and food. An effective, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive remediation material for heavy metal-polluted soil was designed and prepared using biochar (BC) combined with humic acid (HA) resulting from sodium humate (NaHA) simply reacting with wood vinegar (BHW). After adding BHW, the chemical fractions of copper and cadmium in the soil undergo larger changes. Meanwhile, the availability of heavy metals decreases. The maximum adsorption capacity of copper and cadmium in the soil using the BHW is larger than that only using biochar. The adsorption kinetics ensures that the adsorption process of Cd2+ and Cu2+ ions on BHW is chemical adsorption, which is best fitted using the pseudo-second-order rate equation. The thermodynamics guarantees that the metal ions adsorb on the heterogeneous surface of BHW in multilayer, which is credited to the enhancement of oxygen-containing groups in the biochar combined with the humic acid. The remediation material BHW holds promise for the immobilization of heavy metal in the soils and could be recommended based on its economic feasibility, high efficacy, and environmental safety.

化石燃料的采输和使用致使土壤中多环芳烃类污染物持续增加,影响了农作物的生长并威胁人类健康.腐植酸(HA)作为土壤中的有机质,含有多种官能团,在光催化降解有机污染物中具有敏化或抑制作用.将HA与TiO2以不同质量比进行复配制备了复合催化材料,考察了材料组成、pH、光源等因素对多环芳烃降解率的影响.采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对降解情况进行定量分析,结合傅里叶变换红外光谱仪和X射线光电子能谱仪分析了 HA影响TiO2降解作用的机理.结果表明:复合催化材料有利于提高萘和菲的降解率,萘和菲的降解率分别为72.1％和83.3％;HA与纳米TiO2之间产生了静电作用以及配合作用,提高了 TiO2表面的催化反应位点.

To increase the solid concentration and optimize the rheological properties and of low-rank coal water slurry (CWS), a series of multi-block polycarboxylic acid (PCRaf) dispersants wearing hybrid-length side chains by the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in aqueous solution. Meantime, the random polycarboxylic acid (PCRan) dispersants with same monomers were prepared by random polymerization. The PCRaf dispersant used in making low-rank CWS shows better viscosity reduction and stabilizing effect on CWS than that of the PCRan dispersants with the same mole ratio of monomers. The rational reason supported by the results of the zeta potential and adsorption test is that the multi-block conformation of PCRaf is beneficial to molecule expansion which is more effective in the dispersion of coal particles. The multi-block PCRaf with hybrid-length side chains is well worth being popularized as a new high-effective dispersant for low-rank coal to make a slurry.

用溶剂提取法处理SZ36-1模拟油砂,优选120#溶剂油为适宜提取溶剂,确定260 nm为测定原油含量的最佳紫外可见吸收波长.考察了提取温度、提取次数、剂砂质量比、抽提时间等条件对模拟油砂处理的影响.结果表明,在剂砂质量比10:1,75℃下提取40 min,重复提取3次的条件下,油砂油提取率达95％以上,尾砂含油量低于0.35％.原油提取效果好、清除彻底,为120#溶剂油提取油砂油、检验SZ36-1油砂污染程度提供了依据.

In this paper,in order to realize the allotment of the gas consumption of natural gas users rationally,the natural gas resources coordination and optimization model was established and solved by replacing the natural gas price with its utilization value,with the benefit maximization as the objective function and the gas consumption as the constraints.Without the deficiency of traditional methods which have bigger errors in gas allotment,this model has helped to realize coordinated and optimized allotment of natural gas resources,thereby increasing utilization value of natural gas.This model plays an instructive role for natural gas marketing departments to prepare gas consumption schemes,gas supply plans and emergency plans rationally for purpose of optimization,coordination and scheduling decision of natural gas resources.

本文在对水平井的排水采气工艺进行研究的技术上,对具体的施工运用技术进行专门的总结,以期促进水平井技术研究的成熟和实际应用水平的提升.

针对现代网状压裂裂缝间相互沟通时影响因素认识不清的问题,给出了天然裂缝与水力裂缝正交时,天然裂缝延伸长度与入口压力的简单计算模型.通过差分数值法进行求解,对注入流体与储层物性对天然裂缝的影响进行了详细分析.结果表明:天然裂缝的入口压力和延伸长度,与天然裂缝宽度、注入流体黏度及初始入口压力有关;注入流体流量越大、距离水力裂缝越近、储层弹性模量越大,则天然裂缝入口压力越大,天然裂缝延伸也越长.该简单模型可为天然裂缝沟通延伸的快速设计提供理论依据.

近年来,随着我国社会主义市场经济的飞速发展,人们的生活质量和水平的不断提高,对石油的需氧量也逐渐增加,科学技术的迅猛发展,促使了水平井钻井技术广泛应用于我国石油开发的过程中,不仅提高了石油开发的质量和水平,同时还提高了石油开发的工作效率,优势是显而易见的.本文针对水平井钻井技术在石油开发过程中应用的现状以及在实际应用过程中存在的问题和不足,提出几点有效的措施和建议,从而推动我国石油企业又好又快发展.

Rational prediction for natural gas production decides the benefits of gas field development, and the scientificity and rationality of oil field developing plan. Therefore,the forecasts for our natural gas pro-duction in the future was made based on the optimizing combination model of the natural gas production from 2001 to 2011 in our country. Then comparied with the predicted gas production result of the linear regression, BP neural network,and the gray theory,it was proved that optimization combination model can predict gas pro-duction scientifically,thus can provide theoretical basis and reference frame for the accurate prediction of gas production in our country.

Based on the corrosion status of water injection pipeline in A block of Changqing oilfield ,contact corrosion between injected water and pipeline is simulated in laboratory .The weight‐loss method is used to study on the corrosion rate of oilfield water injection pipeline under different experimental factors (current speed ,temperature and pressure) .Taking the corrosion rate of oilfield water injection pipeline as the reference sequence ,and the various influence factors as the comparison sequence , the Grey Relation Analysis method is adopted to get the correlation coefficient of various influence factors .Then , the correlation degree can be calculated .According to the size value of the calculation , the correlation degree can be sorted . Combined with the experimental results and the theoretical calculation ,the main influence factors of water injection pipeline corrosion rate in A block are determined .This provides a reference for the same kind of oilfield block on water injection pipeline corrosion control .

近几年来，在进行原有的采收时，大都使用二氧化碳作为驱油物质来进行驱油，经过多年的现场使用，二氧化碳却是是一种高效的驱油剂，投入使用后大大增加了原有采集效率，但是在对二氧化碳的贮藏上，仍需要不断的加大研究，本文介绍了二氧化碳的驱油方式以及影响二氧化碳驱油的主要因素，并对二氧化碳的贮藏做了有关论述。

As the estimating of natural gas consumption can provide a better guidance target to gas production and market development ,its accuracy is playing an extremely important role in both the reasonable programming of oil and gas field development management and the promotion of economic benefits. This article builds a mathematical model of combinatorial optimization based on the natural gas consumption data of China, and solves it then by means of MATLAB .Compared with the actual value, the deviation of the combinatorial optimization worked out less than that in the single calculating method. When applied to the real production, this model can provide theoretical evidence to the programming of oil and gas development management and the adjustment of development project as well.

科学技术的快速发展,带动了油田超低渗透油藏开发技术的快速发展。对于当前发展速度迅猛的超低渗透油藏开发技术,从本质上来讲还存在着许许多多的问题。本文主要从当前超低渗透油藏开发技术在国内以及国外发展现状的角度出发,对长庆超低渗透油藏开发技术进行阐述,进而提出关于"有效提高长庆油田超低渗透油藏开发技术"的一些措施。

The changes in flow channel area and convergence-expanding nozzle help to flow rate of natural gas to the sound speed, also increase diameter to accelerate flow velocity and finally reach transonic flow condition. At this point, the temperature drop makes saturated water in natural gas condenses into droplets, generates swirl around the delta-wing, realize gas-water separation. This paper concentrates on Flent6.1 software process gas flow around a delta wing simulation, explains expansion angle and attack angle of delta-wing, determines a reasonable delta-wing attack angle is 10°, pipeline expansion angle is 0.29°, and obtains velocity vector, mach number, total pressure, static temperature and other flow field details of the attack angle and expansion angle, which lay foundation for production and application of the technology.

Hydraulic fracture to oil well, creating fracture in the bottom stratum, making the crude oil flow to the bottom along the fracture are common stimulation treatment used in oil field. Controlling fracture height fracturing is controlling the extension of fracture within oil layer area, which is the key to success or failure of hydraulic fracturing. Especially, controlling fracture height to avoid pressing to wear the near water layer, which causes a sudden increase of oil water production, is particularly important to oil production. Fracture extension theory and field practice indicate that in controlling fracture height fracturing process, the fracture height extension is related with reservoir stress difference of oil layer and adjacent barrier on a certain scale of construction also it is related with the 8 parameters such as the rock Young's modulus, fracture toughness, Poisson's ratio, permeability, reservoir thickness, fracturing fluid viscosity and fluid loss coefficient and so on. This study introduces uncertain multi-attribute decision making method to the well needing controlling fracture height fracturing, takes expected minimum fracture height as the target, concentrates the 8 attribute values of oil well with OWA operator, obtains comprehensive attribute value, and sorts the expected oil well fracturing effect according to the size of comprehensive attribute value, then selects construction well according to the sort results. In this way, it not only solves the difficulty to accurately resolve fracture height of analytical method and problem of large calculation of numerical method, also provides a simple and practical method for live well selection. According to fracturing selection of Changqing oil field 5 wells and on-site application comparison of 2 wells, it is consistent with the prediction result.

Drop-hammer load experiments were performed on different rock samples.By changing the drop hammer weight,drop height and piston rod spacer material,transient shock pressure pulses in the rock samples were recorded by the pressure gauges.Experimental results indicate that the properties of the rocks undergo the following changes induced by dilatancy:(1)the permeability of the rocks increases in varying degrees,and the denser the rock is,the greater the increase multiple of the permeability is;(2)the elastic modulus and elastic limit decrease with the increase of rock volume;(3)the propagation velocities of longitudinal and transverse waves decrease in the rocks;(4)the porosities in the rocks increase due to the extension of the new-produced or inherent micro-cracks in the rocks.

When natural gas is sped up from the subsonic state to the transonic state in the nozzle,the saturated water coagulates and drops out and swirl will be produced through the delta wing and the water enters the swirl segment.The gas-water separation efficiency is the technical key to the achievement of transonic separation.The force condition of the liquid droplet in the process of swirl was analyzed,and the droplet movement equation was established and simplified.Referring to the pressure drop in the process of swirl,the calculation method and scheme for gas-water separation efficiency were obtained.The relationship between the droplet diameter and the swirl segment length under different separation efficiencies was obtained through an analysis of the influencing factors in the swirl separation process.The example calculation showed that the separation efficiency increased with the increase of droplet diameter.In the given condition,the swirl segment length was determined as 180 mm.

在节流装置喷管段,借助收敛-扩张喷管,将流体速度提高到音速,随之增大管径,继续使流体加速,达到跨音速流动状态,来进一步降低下游温度,使天然气中的饱和水凝结析出;在旋流段,使流体流经跨音速翼,诱导产生高速旋转运动,将游离水滴甩出,附着在管内壁上;在回压段,使流体的压力,温度回升,减小压力损失;此时流体流速达到超音速状态,再绕三角翼产生旋流,液体在管壁流动,气体在管道中央旋流,实现了气水分离。

In hydraulic fracturing process,the fracture will extend along the direction of formation height.Controlling fracture height to extend in the formation is the key of successful hydraulic fracturing.The subsidence agent to control fracture technology is often used at present,it takes the subsidence agent into the fracture by carrier fluid,with subsidence agent sinking,forms the low permeability or impermeable artificial barrier in crack tip,increases the impedance value of the peripheral fracture,reduces the extension stress of the crack tip,thus effectively controls the crack vertical extension.As the crack extension is a dynamic process,if one-stage injection liquid production is excessive,it may press to wear bottom water when pumping subsidence agent,if one- stage injection liquid production is less,forming artificial stress barrier bed is not enough to limit the crack extension.Therefore,this paper improves the conventional single -stage injection process,proposes the high fracture technology of multi-stage injecting subsidence agent to control fracture,that is graded adding subsidence agent after reasonable distribution,assuring previous level subsidence agent not pressing to wear bottom water,while providing certain additional stress for the next level subsidence agent injection,avoiding one-stage excessive injection liquid production pressing to wear bottom water.Meanwhile,by the laboratory test,it optimally assesses 3 types and five kinds' combinations of subsidence agent sedimentation and filtration performance.And makes use of GOHFER fracture software to optimize a series of process parameters such as subsidence agent dosage,injection series, and pad fluid volume.The five wells field tests are carried out in Huaziping Chang 2 reservoir of Changqing oilfield,the result shows that this technology can effectively control the crack vertical extension,compared with the adjacent wells,the third month water content after commission decreases by 16.1%,daily oil content increases by 1.1 t,good effect is obtained.

Modernization of the rule of law requires the modern legal personality of contemporary college students.Ideological and political courses in its nature and content will help students develop their legal personality at colleges and universities.By strengthening the research of educational teaching on the intrinsical linking of ideological and political courses and the students' legal personality training,through open forms of teaching as active reform of classroom teaching and comprehensive practical teaching,full play should be given to the overall effect of ideological and political courses in training the students' leagal personality.