Prelithiation is a crucial step in the manufacturing of lithium-ion capacitors (LICs). However, traditional anode side prelithiation methods using metallic lithium raises safety concerns and poses considerable technical challenges. To address these issues, this paper investigates dilithium malonate salt (Li2C3H2O4) as an economical and eco-friendly benign prelithiation agent, with the aim of developing a simple and high-safety cathode side in situ prelithiation technology. The results show that, when paired with the commercial activated carbon (AC) cathode, Li2C3H2O4 undergoes a beta-decarboxylation/Kolbe-type decarboxylation reaction from 3.8 and 4.3 V (vs. Li+/Li), delivering a cumulative irreversible delithiation capacity of 451.73 mAh g- 1 over 5 cycles (97.78% of its theoretical capacity of 462 mAh g- 1). The LICs assembled with a Li2C3H2O4/AC composite cathode and a commercial soft carbon anode delivered energy and power densities of 82.9 Wh kg- 1 and 9.7 kW kg- 1, respectively. The experimental data obtained in this work provide valuable insight for the future development of superior prelithiation agent and the technological translation of LICs.

Co-precipitation is a scalable route to LiFe0.4Mn0.6PO4 (LMFP) cathodes, but pH is typically optimized by trial and error, obscuring its mechanistic impact on nucleation, precursor microstructure, and electrochemical kinetics. Here we develop a thermodynamics-guided co-precipitation strategy by constructing an aqueous Fe-Mn-NH4+-H2O equilibrium model to predict the pH-dependent co-precipitation window and validating it experimentally across a broad pH range. The model identifies an optimal pH window of 4.5-7.5 in which Fe2+ and Mn2+ are quantitatively co-captured into a single NH4Fe0.4Mn0.6PO4 center dot H2O solid-solution precursor. Outside this window, acidic conditions lead to incomplete precipitation and phase-separated Fe/Mn phosphates, while alkaline conditions promote Mn(OH)(2) side precipitation and composition drift. Beyond phase purity, pH governs nucleation density and platelet aggregation, which directly affect lithiation homogeneity and interfacial transport after calcination. After lithiation, spray drying, and carbon coating, the pH 4.5-derived LMFP@C achieves a compaction density of 2.30 g cm(-3) (200 MPa), delivers 138.94 mAh g(-1) at 1C with 96.42% initial Coulombic efficiency, retaining 93.64% capacity over 100 cycles, and maintains 70.06% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 2C. It also exhibits strong rate performance (148.7 to 115.4 mAh g(-1) from 0.1 to 5C) with 98.65% recovery upon returning to 0.1C and the lowest charge-transfer resistance (Rct = 68.41 Omega). These results establish a clear pH-solution chemistry nucleation kinetics relationship for scalable multication phosphate cathodes.

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are highly promising energy storage devices that combine the high-power density of supercapacitors with the high energy density of lithium-ion batteries. However, the irreversible lithium consumption during initial cycles degrades their key performance metrics, notably energy capacity and cycle life. This issue creates an urgent need for safe and efficient lithium replenishment techniques. In this work, we report a simple, efficient cathode-side pre-lithiation technology using dilithium dimethylmalonate (Li2DMMA) as the pre-lithiation agent. This rationally designed organic lithium salt features a high theoretical capacity (372 mAh g-1), low cost, and remarkable stability under ambient conditions. Its de-lithiation process occurs within a voltage range from 3.9 to 4.3V (vs. Li+/Li), and the cumulative irreversible capacity reaches 365.2 mAh g-1 over the first 5 cycles. Coupling with the activated carbon (AC) cathode lowers the de-lithiation potential of Li2DMMA, whose decomposition successfully pre-lithiated the soft carbon (SC) anode to safe and ideal potential of 0.086V (vs. Li+/Li), while leaving the AC cathode stability unaffected. The Li2DMMA//AC/SC LICs deliver an energy density of 87.2Whkg-1, a power density of 2.86kWkg-1, and a capacity retention of 84.45% after 10,000 cycles. This study provides practical guidelines for rational design of advanced cathode pre-lithiation agents with integrated performance.

Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are considered commercially promising for lithium metal batteries (LMBs) due to their high lithium-salt solubility, flexibility, electrochemical stability, and interfacial compatibility. Nevertheless, their practical application is hindered by the high crystallinity of PEO, which leads to low ionic conductivity of PEO at room temperature. In this work, a dicationic ionic liquid, Butyl-3dimethylpyrrolidine bis[(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide] (C4PyTFSI), is incorporated as a functional filler into PEO-LiTFSI matrix to form a composite SPE. The C4Py2+ boosts ion conductivity by both disrupting PEO crystallinity via spatial hindrance and promoting Li+ ion dissociation through charge shielding. The optimized electrolyte with 5wt%C4PyTFSI exhibit a high lithium-ion transference number (t(Li)(+)) of 0.61, a wide electrochemical stability window of up to 4.5 V, and superior lithium plating/stripping stability exceeding 550 h at 0.1 mA cm(-2). Consequently, the LFP|SPE-5|Li cell delivered excellent rate performance at 30 degrees C, specific discharge capacities of 162, 154.6, 152.1, 147.6, and 130.2 mAh g(-1) were achieved at 0.1C, 0.2C, 0.3C, 0.5C, and 1.0C, respectively. At 40 degrees C, the cell maintained robust performance with capacities of 159.1, 158.4, 157.1, 154.6, and 147 mAh g(-1) at the same rates. Moreover, the cell exhibited remarkable cycling stability, retaining 95% of its capacity after 100 cycles at 0.5C and 30 degrees C, and maintaining 80% even after 120 cycles under the more demanding conditions of 1C and 40 degrees C. This work provides new insights into the application of PEO-based SPEs in LMBs.

The operating voltage window of Electric Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) significantly narrows at high temperatures, which severely restricts their energy density and practical application. These problems mainly come from the accelerated electrolyte volatilization and intensified interfacial side reactions under thermal stress. To address these challenges, this study introduces a novel di-pyrrolidinium salt, 1,4-bis(N-methylpyrrolidinium) butane di[bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide] (C4Py.TFSI) with acetonitrile to form an electrolyte. The electrolyte exhibits excellent electrochemical stability from 25 to 65 degrees C, and maintains a capacitance retention rate of 84% after 5000 cycles at 65 degrees C and a current density of 2 A g-1 within the voltage window of 3.0 V. Notably, under the identical testing conditions, the contrast electrolyte based on N,N-dimethylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide/acetonitrile (DMP.TFSI/AN) shows a significantly lower retention of only 45%. The enhanced interfacial stability may be due to the high charge density of C4Py2+and the weak solvation of anions, which form SEI-like protection on electrodes to inhibit the polymerization of acetonitrile. These results can provide a solution for the practical application of EDLCs in high-temperature environments in the future.

The performance of lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) is critically dependent on the properties of their anode materials. In this work, we developed a 3D mesoporous nanocomposite consisting of appropriate oxygen vacancies (OVs) O-Nb2O5/T-NbO2 encapsulated in heteroatom (N, P, S, O)-doped carbon (denoted as m-Nb-O@C) via a soft-template approach. The mixed-valence states (Nb5+/Nb4+) generate abundant OVs while the synergistic combination of heteroatom-doped carbon coating and 3D mesoporous architecture enables exceptional pseudocapacitive behavior and ultrafast charge/discharge kinetics. The m-Nb-O@C nanocomposite demonstrates remarkable electrochemical performance, delivering a high specific capacity of 606 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 and maintaining 155 mAh g-1 at 10 A g-1, along with excellent cycling stability. By pairing this optimized m-Nb-O@C anode with a three-dimensional porous carbon (3DAC) cathode, a novel LIC system was assembled. This LIC had the advantages of wide voltage of 0-4 V and high coulomb efficiency, and can achieve high energy density of 163 Wh kg-1 and high power density of 70 kW/kg. Notably, it exhibited excellent long-term cycle stability. This study provides practical guidance for promoting the development of high-performance LICs technology.

Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) are regarded as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage technologies due to their high energy density and low cost yet remain challenging owing to dendritic sodium deposition, unstable electrode-electrolyte interfaces, and sluggish ion transport, particularly under fast-charging conditions or at low operating temperatures. To address these challenges, in this study, we introduce Sn-Zn atomic configured porous, nitrogen-rich carbon-based meta-material (SA-NCS), derived from a guanine-based hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF), serving as sodium host material for SMBs, which provides a high density of atomic sodiophilic sites to promote the transition from one-dimensional dendritic deposition to two-dimensional planar-oriented dense plating, and features programmable nano-to-macro functional structures capable of effectively accommodating the anodic volume fluctuation induced by sodium plating and stripping. SA-NCS@Cu current collector exhibits an ultralow nucleation overpotential of 22 mV even at a high current density of 20 mA cm-2 and delivers exceptional cycling stability, enabling stable operation for 2000 h at 10 mA cm-2 with Coulombic efficiencies exceeding 99.9%. Moreover, the SA-NCS @Cu current collector based anode-less sodium metal batteries demonstrate a superior fast-charging capability and long-term cycling stability at -20 degrees C. This study presents a practical design for sodium hosts, enabling high-performance SMBs.

As the primary battery with the highest theoretical energy density, Li/CFx face the core challenges of intensified polarization and kinetic retardation at high current density. Herein, a quaternary amine salt with a large volume cation, spiromorpholine-pyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (MPy.BF4) is reported. As an electrolyte additive for Li/ CFx batteries, it can play the roles such as a solvation regulator and the LiF growth guider. The Li/CFx battery with MPy.BF4 exhibits a high discharge specific capacity of 966 mAh g-1 (0.01C), excellent rate capability (with a capacity of 764 mAh g-1 at 15C), and an outstanding energy density of 1513 Wh kg-1. The excellent performance of the Li/CFx batteries is mainly due to the rigid spiro skeleton of MPy+ which inhibits DME bidentate coordination (reducing the desolvation energy barrier) and weakens the Li-F bond through steric hindrance. In addition, the adsorption of MPy+ on the nascent carbon surface induces the formation of LiC6 with high conductivity. Accordingly, the results of accelerated the desolvation and diffusion kinetics of Li+, the reduced the charge transfer resistance, and the smaller particle size of LiF all contribute to the high-rate performance of Li/ CFx batteries.

Aqueous Zn-based energy storage devices have garnered significant attention and research interest owing to their numerous advantages, including low cost, inherent safety, and eco-friendliness. Nevertheless, detrimental Zn dendrites and side reactions triggered by the water-rich electric double layer (EDL) and unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) are still the critical factors that limit the service life of Zn-ion energy storage systems. In this paper, we constructed a dynamic EDL structure under varying interface charges by using a N-butyl-N-methylpyrrolidine tetrafluoroborate (Py14BF4) ionic liquid (IL) as an electrolyte additive. On one hand, the strong interaction between the Py14BF4 and H2O disrupted the H-bonds between the H2O molecules in both the diffusion layer and the outer Helmholtz layer (OHL) of the EDL, thereby suppressing the activity of H2O. On the other hand, the stronger adsorption energy for Zn of Py14BF4, along with its lower energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), is utilized to modulate the ion/molecule composition of the HL of the EDL, and promote the in-situ formation of a self-healing organic-inorganic hybrid SEI protective layer. Based on this, the introduction of Py14BF4 effectively alleviates the dendrites and side reactions issues of Zn anode during the long-term cycling process, and the Zn//Zn battery shows a highly stable life of 3300 h at 0.5 mA cm-2. Impressively, the Zn//AC capacitor exhibits ultra-long cycle stability at 5 A g-1 with a capacity retention rate of 93 % after 60,000 cycles.

The active hydroxyl group of cellulose plays a crucial role in regulating the microstructure of cellulose-derived hard carbon, which ultimately affects its sodium storage capacity. Through small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and X-ray atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis, we proved that modification of cellulose by esterification crosslinking can introduce more closed pores into the carbonized hard carbon, which is beneficial for promoting sodium ion storage. Our results demonstrate that by optimizing the conditions used for esterification cross-linking modification, the sodium storage capacity of cellulose-derived hard carbon could be increased from 254 to 348 mAh g−1, with an increase in plateau capacity from 140 to 230 mAh g−1. This study makes a significant contribution towards establishing industrial applications for cellulose-derived hard carbon.

Lithium carbon fluoride (Li/CFx) batteries have attracted much attention among primary batteries because of their ultra-high energy density. However, the high C-F covalent bonds energy and low conductivity of the CFx materials, the slow formation and decomposition of intermediate phase, enhance the polarization of the electrode, and greatly reduce the reaction kinetic rate of the battery. Herein, 1,1-diethylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (DEP.BF4) is developed as an additive for lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4)/propylene carbonate (PC)/1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) electrolyte. It is found that the DEP.BF4 can promote the cleavage of covalent C-F bonds, induce the reaction between ionized LiF and graphite carbon to form LiC6, thereby increasing ionic conductivity and the reaction depth of the CFx cathode. As a result, when the optimal concentration of DEP.BF4 is 10 %, the specific discharge capacity of the battery at 0.01C increases from 865 mAh/g to 948 mAh/g. More strikingly, the Li/CFx battery with DEP.BF4 at a high rate of 15C has a high voltage platform of 1.94 V and output energy density of 1432 Wh/kg, compared to the battery without the additive (1228 Wh/kg, 1.79 V). This result provides a reliable experimental basis for the rational design of high performance ionic liquid additives and promoting the development of high-rate of Li/CFx battery.

The irreversible Li + loss during solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation significantly critically constrains the energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). To address this issue, we rationally design lithium N,N -dimethylglycinate (Li-DMG) as an organic sacrificial salt (OSS) via substituent effect engineering, achieving a low decomposition potential (3.58 V versus Li⁺/Li). Li-DMG delivers a near-theoretical capacity (238.2 mAh g −1 , 96% efficiency) during initial charging. Incorporated into LiFePO 4 (LFP) cathodes, Li-DMG/LFP||graphite full cells exhibit 17.3% higher initial discharge capacity (114.4 versus 97.5 mAh g −1 ) and 43.1% enhanced capacity retention after 200 cycles (67.1 versus 46.9 mAh g −1 ) compared to LFP||graphite full cells. Besides, Li-DMG promotes the formation of SEI layer rich in more inorganic component, e.g., LiF, suppressing the degradation of electrolyte solvents and electrode structures. Furthermore, pouch-type LIBs containing Li-DMG demonstrate a prominent enhancement in the specific capacity (114.4 versus 87.1 mAh g −1 ) and cycle stability (59.0 mAh g −1 after 5000 cycles versus 45.4 mAh g −1 after 500 cycles). This study provides a promising strategy for improving the energy density and cycle stability of LIBs through the use of OSSs with low decomposition potentials.

Hard carbon (HC), which is one of the anode materials widely used in commercial sodium-ion batteries at present, suffers from a thick and unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer formed by the self-reduction in traditional carbonate-based electrolytes on its surface. This phenomenon impacts the battery’s Coulomb efficiency, cycle stability, and rate performance. In this paper, a pyrrolidinium-type di-cation ionic liquid, butyl-1,4-di(methylpyrrolidinium) di[hexafluorophosphate] (C4di[mPy].di[PF6]), is studied as an electrolyte additive to improve the interphase stability of the HC anode. The PF6− in C4di[mPy].di[PF6] enhances the coordination number between Na+ and PF6−, and C4di[mPy]2+ is preferentially reduced, jointly participating in the construction of stable, thin, dense and NaF-rich SEI films, thus laying the foundation for improving battery performance. As a result, in the carbonate electrolyte containing 2 wt% C4di[mPy].di[PF6], the reversible capacity of the HC/Na half-cell is increased by 14.7%, and the capacity retention rate remains at 90.4% after 400 cycles. This work provides reference for future research and design of high-performance ion liquid additives.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) present considerable potential for the development of large-scale aqueous battery systems. However, the zinc anode encounters various issues, including pronounced dendrite formation and side reactions that adversely affect its operational lifespan. To address these issues, triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEMA.BF4) is incorporated as an additive in the ZnSO4 electrolyte to attain a highly reversible zinc anode. Firstly, TEMA+ preferentially adsorbs onto the zinc anode, creating an electrostatic shielding layer. This suppresses uncontrolled growth at the tip, effectively preventing the development of zinc dendrites. Secondly, TEMA.BF4 participates in establishing a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer through electrochemical reduction. This SEI layer increases the nucleation overpotential, resulting in denser zinc deposition, thereby preventing interfacial side reactions like hydrogen generation. As a result, TEMA.BF4 enables the Zn||Zn symmetric cell to be operated stably for more than 2500 h at 0.5 mA cm- 2 and 0.5 mAh cm- 2 . Furthermore, the Zn||Cu cell incorporating TEMA.BF4 demonstrates a reversible plating/stripping process for over 760 cycles, achieving an average CE of 98 %. Notably, the assembled full cells using V2O5 cathodes could endure 4000 cycles, sustaining a capacity of 120 mAh g- 1 at a rate of 10 A g- 1 . These findings suggest that the application of ionic liquid additives remains highly viable for enhancing the energy storage performance of AZIBs.

Lithium/fluorinated carbon (Li/CFx) batteries have attracted wide attention due to their ultrahigh energy density and low self-discharge rate. However, robust C-F covalent bonds of CFx and insufficient ionic conductivity of the discharge product lithium fluoride (LiF) limit the discharge platform and energy density of Li/CFx batteries at high discharge current densities. Herein, 1,1-dimethylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate (DMP.BF4) is developed as an additive of the LiBF4/PC/DME electrolyte to substantially promote the energy density and the rate capability of Li/CFx batteries. The Li/CFx battery with DMP.BF4 exhibits high discharge capacity performance at 0.01C (933mAh g-1, 2442 Wh kg-1) and a remarkable high-rate capability at 10C (823mAh g-1, 1722 Wh kg-1), compared to the performance of battery using initial electrolyte (2142 Wh kg- 1 at 0.01C and 1288 Wh kg- 1 at 10C). It is found that the interaction between DMP+ and F weakens the C-F bond and Li-F bond, forms DMP-LiF coordination compound, accelerates the discharge rate and the reaction depth of the CFx cathode, and finally improves the capacity and kinetics performance of Li/CFx battery. This work provides an effective and facile strategy for ionic liquid as multifunctional additives to increase the performance of Li/CFx batteries.

The development of lithium-ion batteries have been obstacled by the frequent safety accidents caused by spontaneous combustion and car crash in recent years. Once lithium batteries are impacted by external mechanic forces, internal short circuit will be caused and heat will quickly accumulate inside, leading to the oxidation and decomposition of the electrolyte and thermal runaway. In this work, series of "non-combustible, impact-resistant" dual-safe electrolytes are fabricated by replacing the carbonate solvent of commercial electrolyte with nonflammable ionic liquids ([BMIM]BF4) and introducing SiO2 nanoparticles as fillers to improve shear thickening properties. The as-prepared shear-thickening electrolyte (STE) shows responsive thickening to high shear stress owing to the formation of SiO2 aggregates. Compared with the carbonate solvent in commercial electrolyte, the ionic liquid solvent provides BF4 - solvation layer formed by hydrogen bonds, which confines and stabilizes the SiO2 aggregates to achieve decreased critical shear rate and higher thickening ratio. Among the STEs with varied SiO2 fractions, the STE-20.0 shows the best overall performance of low critical shear rate (1.43 s- 1), high thickening ratio (89.0) and high ionic conductivity (3.63 x 10-3 S cm- 1) at room temperature. The assembled LiFePO4||Li cell delivers a stable capacity of 150 mAh/g for 100 cycles at 0.1C and 120 mAh/g at 0.5C. In the safety tests, the STE-20.0 shows nonflammability and superior impact resisitance of 1.4 J comparing to non-SiO2 electrolytes (0.4 J). Overall, our work demonstrates feasible and facile preparation of shear-thickening fluid as safe electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries.

The zinc anode mainly faces technical problems such as short circuits caused by the growth of dendrite, low coulomb efficiency, and a short cycle life caused by side reactions, which impedes the rapid development of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs). Herein, a common ionic liquid, 1,1-Spirobipyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate ([SBP]BF4), is selected as a new additive for pure ZnSO4 electrolyte. It is found that this additive could regulate the solvation sheath of hydrated Zn2+ ions, promote the ionic mobility of Zn2+, homogenize the flux of Zn2+, avoid side reactions between the electrolyte and electrode, and inhibit the production of zinc dendrites by facilitating the establishment of an inorganic solid electrolyte interphase layer. With the 1% [SBP]BF4-modified electrolyte, the Zn||Zn symmetric cell delivers an extended plating/stripping cycling life of 2000 h at 1 mA cm−2, which is much higher than that of the cell without additives (330 h). As a proof of concept, the Zn‖V2O5 battery using the [SBP]BF4 additive shows excellent cycling stability, maintaining its specific capacity at 97 mAh g−1 after 2000 cycles at 5 A g−1, which is much greater than the 46 mAh g−1 capacity of the non-additive battery. This study offers zinc anode stabilization through high-efficiency electrolyte engineering.

Aqueous proton batteries (APBs) offer a viable and attractive option in the field of affordable and sustainable energy solutions. Organic polymers are highly favored due to their environmentally friendly manufacturability and malleable molecular configurations, making them suitable materials for constructing APB electrodes. Nonetheless, their currently limited capacity for proton-associated redox reactions poses a challenge to the widespread usage. Herein, we have developed a highly redox-active organic polymer (PTA) tailored for APB applications. The inclusion of dual redox-active moieties in the extended itconjugated frameworks not only enhances the redox activity and refines the electronic properties, but also ensures the high structural integrity of the PTA polymer. When used as an electrode, the PTA polymer has a notable ability to store protons, with a large capacity of 213.99 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1 and exceptional long-term stability, as evidenced by retaining 94.6% of its initial capacity after 20,000 cycles. In situ techniques alongside theoretical calculations have unveiled efficient redox processes occurring at C=N and C=O redox-active sites within the PTA electrode upon proton uptake/removal. Furthermore, a softpackage APB device has been assembled with impressive electrochemical behaviors and excellent operational lifespan, accentuating its significant promise for real-world deployment. (c) 2024 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. and Science Press. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

Despite aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) holding promising prospects owing to their affordability, cornucopian resources and intrinsic security, the poor reversibility and low coulomb efficiency of Zinc (Zn) anodes significantly shorten the lifespan of AZIBs, thus promoting the continuous exploration of novel high performance electrolyte additives that can stabilize Zn anodes. Herein, a commonly used pyrrolidine-based ionic liquid, N, Ndimethylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate ([DMP]BF4), was introduced into a typical ZnSO4 aqueous electrolyte as an additive to strengthen the Zn anode stability. By a comprehensive series of electrochemical tests, structural characterizations, and theoretical calculations, the mechanism by which the [DMP]BF4 additive enhances the stability of Zn anode was elucidated: can modulate the solvation structure of Zn2+, facilitate its transfer, desolvation and deposition kinetics; can be preferentially adsorbed onto Zn anode surface, inducing Zn2+ epitaxial deposition along (002) crystal plane, regulating uniform nucleation, thereby mitigating Zn dendrite growth; can construct a self-healing zincophilic hydrophobic in-situ solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer onto the Zn electrode surface, effectively isolating the direct contact between H2O and Zn anode, thus inhibiting parasitic side reactions. Consequently, Zn-Zn symmetrical cells assembled using [DMP]BF4 showed a long and stable cycle life under diverse current densities and deposition areal capacities (approximately 2900 h under 1 mA cm- 2, 1 mAh cm-2 as well as over 1400 h under 5 mA cm- 2, 2.5 mAh cm- 2). Furthermore, the full battery, utilizing Na2V6O16 & sdot;1.63H2O (NVO-H) nanowires as the cathode material, exhibited an extended cycle life of 500 cycles under 1 A/g and 2800 cycles under 3 A/g. This study establishes a reliable experimental foundation for the advancement of other high-performance ionic liquid additives.