Bovine papillomatosis causes cutaneous and teat lesions that can impair milking and reduce the economic value of affected cattle. This study aimed to standardise the preparation of autologous vaccines for field use against bovine papillomavirus (BPV) infection and to determine the viral titers of vaccine suspensions before chemical inactivation. Teat and body wart samples were collected from 50 cattle aged 1–10 years in the Burdur region. DNA extracted from the lesions was analysed by type-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for BPV types 1 and 2. Autologous vaccines were prepared from the collected tissues, and preparations derived from BPV-positive samples were assessed by microtitration in L-929 fibroblast cells. Viral titers were calculated using the Spearman–Kärber method. BPV type 2 was detected in 44% of the animals (n = 22), whereas BPV type 1 was detected in 12% (n = 6). The reported average titer range for vaccines prepared from teat warts was Log₁₀TCID₅₀ 10¹⁸–10¹⁹·⁵, while the range for vaccines prepared from body warts was Log₁₀TCID₅₀ 10²⁰·⁵–10²²·⁵. Thus, preparations derived from body warts had higher reported titers than those derived from teat warts. These findings provide preliminary data for viral-load assessment during autologous vaccine preparation. Further batch-level standardisation and evaluation of clinical efficacy, immune responses, and dose–response relationships are required before the reported titer ranges can be linked to treatment outcomes.

This study aimed to investigate the presence of major respiratory viral pathogens, including bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine parainfluenza virus type-3, in cattle with respiratory problems slaughtered in abattoirs located in Burdur and Afyonkarahisar provinces. A total of 55 cattle exhibiting respiratory symptoms and brought to the slaughterhouse were sampled postmortem for lung tissue collection. The collected samples were analyzed for the detection of viral pathogens responsible for bovine respiratory infections using an antigen-ELISA kit. According to the findings, antigen positivity was detected in 2 (3.63%) samples for BoHV-1, 3 (5.44%) samples for BVDV, 2 (3.63%) samples for BRSV, and 1 (1.81%) sample for BPIV-3. In conclusion, viruses were determined to play a significant role among the causative pathogens of respiratory infections in cattle. Therefore, conventional vaccination programs should be implemented to prevent infections caused by these viral agents.

ABSTRACT: Blood samples were taken from 94 dairy cows based on a past of abortions (4th-7th months) in four different farms in Burdur province. The presence of Chlamydophila abortus (Antibody = Ab), Coxiella burnetti (Ab), Sarcocystis spp. (Ab), Neospora caninum (Ab) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) (Antigen = Ag) were investigated in the collected blood samples. While seropositivity was determined for C. abortus, C. burnetti and N. caninum in the samples, BVDV was detected positive in the same samples. No samples were detected seropositive for Sarcocystis spp. (Ab). N. caninum showed the highest seropositivity in the samples tested, whereas C. burnetti had the lowest. When we looked at the mixed distribution of the factors in the positive animals, C. abortus + N. caninum was found to be the highest, and C. burnetti + N. caninum was the lowest. As a result of the study, it was determined that N. caninum was the most common abortion factor in cattle that had abortions between 4-7 months, and BVDV, C. abortus and C. burnetti, respectively, could also cause abortion. The high level of N. caninum indicates that canes and underground spring waters around the farms may be important reservoirs.

Background: Papillomatosis is a skin condition that is distinguished by benign proliferative tumors with a complicated etiology and epithelial proliferation. There is a need to perform a more thorough study on bovine papillomavirus and identify the virological properties of the agent in detail since a definitive treatment approach against this infection has not yet been completely identified and the suggested treatment outcomes differ. Methods: Samples were collected from warts developing on the teats of 500 cattle raised for milk production in Burdur Center and its districts. The samples were defrosted in order to extract DNA and the Dneasy Blood and Tissue Kit was used for the extraction procedure. By using a PCR assay, wart sample extracts were examined for 13 different BPV types (excluding BPV Type 7). For BPV type-specific primers, a protocol was utilized. Amplification products were demonstrated using agarose gel electrophoresis. Result: In the PCR test of 500 wart samples, BPV types (type 1-type 13) were detected in 378 (75.6%). In the general distribution of BPV types (single or mixed types) in teat warts, BPV-2 (n=85; 22.49%), BPV-8 (n=45; 11.90%), BPV-9 (n=48; 12.70%) and BPV-10 (n=52; 13.76%) were determined to be more common. In the study; it was determined that three different combined treatments provided 100% regression or complete recovery in warts developing on the teat of cattle. In conclusion; one of these three treatment combinations may be preferred for teat wart lesions in cattle.

Background: Orf virus (ORFV) is a zoonotic pathogen that infects sheep and goats, causing significant economic losses. The infection results in proliferative and self-limiting crustal lesions, commonly seen on the skin of the lips and around the nostrils of sheep and goats and occasionally on their feet and teats. ORFV infection is prevalent worldwide and endemic in regions where sheep and goats are raised. Vaccines are widely used to protect against ORFV-induced ecthyma in these animals. However, the disease has become increasingly prevalent throughout the year in small ruminants, necessitating the development of new approaches to treat it. Methods: Crust samples were taken from ORFV lesions in the mouth (lips, gingiva) of 29 sheep and 29 goats aged two years or older from various barns in Burdur-Center and its districts. Conventional polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the presence of the ORFV genome in the samples, using seven different types of primers (GIF/IL-2, PPP1-PPP4, Orf1-Orf2, VIR1-VIR2, vIL-10-3, vIL-10-4, B2L and Alpha tubulin). Additionally, samples from oral mucosa lesions were examined using histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. As an alternative treatment approach, PAPILENDTM,®cream was applied and Ivermectin was administered subcutaneously twice every 15 days, along with 10 grams of AlquermoldTM premix powder daily for 10 days to all animals with a detected ORFV viral genome. Result: The presence of viral genomes was determined in 10 (34.48%) of 29 sheep and 14 (48.28%) of 29 goats using 7 different types of primers, which have been detected intensively in our region before. In sheep the GIF/IL-2, PPP1-PPP4 and B2L primers detected viral genome (10/29 positive) while in goats Orf1-Orf2 and B2L primers (14/29 positive). Histopathological examination showed epidermal hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis and crust formations at the epidermal layer. Both epithelial and dermal cells expressed orf virus antigen throughout the immunohistochemical investigation. The alternative treatment of PAPILENDTM,®cream + Ivermectin + AlquermoldTM premix powder triple combination applied to sheep and goats with ORFV genome determined was successful in treating oral lesions caused by ORFV. PCR tests provide rapid and reliable results in the diagnosis of ORFV. The use of triple combined alternative treatments, in addition to ORFV preventive vaccinations in sheep and goats, was found to be successful in treating ORFV infections. The animals showed recovery or regression within a range of 5 to 21 days.

Background: Neonatal calf diarrhea is one of the most important problems of calf breeding in the world. It causes serious economic losses by causing deaths in calves in the 1st 10 days of their lives. Although many factors cause calf diarrhea, Coronavirus (BCoV) and parasitic agents such as Cryptosporidium spp., Eimeria spp. and Toxocara spp. frequently plays a role in calf diarrhea. In addition to these infectious factors, the formation of diarrhea has been linked to a number of other factors, including unfavorable barn conditions, mass rearing, inadequate cleaning and disinfection of barn tools, delaying the feeding of colostrum to newborn calves, failing to do so, and failing to disinfect the umbilical cord after delivery. The identification of the microorganisms and virulence factors responsible for diarrhea in newborn calves will direct the development of preventative measures and control strategies. The present study aimed to determine various virulence factors (Stx1, Stx2, STa, eaeA, K99 and F41) of Escherichia coli isolated from fecal samples and to investigate the prevalence of BRV, BCoV and E. coli K99 agents which play a role in the etiology of neonatal calf diarrhea in Burdur province. Materials, Methods & Results: This study was carried out in 75 different cattle farms with diarrhea problem in Burdur province and its districts. Rectal swab samples were taken from 90 calves with diarrhea between 0-4 weeks of age, using 2 sterile swabs from each animal. The swabs are used for the detection of BRV, BCoV and E. coli K99 by direct ELISA, and the isolation of E. coli. The swabs were cultured on blood agar including 7% sheep blood and MacConkey agar. The isolated bacteria were identified by conventional bacteriological culture methods such as Gram staining, triple tube method, oxidase. The bacteria isolated and identified as E. coli were stored at -20 degrees C by using. Enzyme linked immunobinding assay (ELISA) was positive in 45 of the calf fecal samples. BRV was detected in 28 (31.11%) of samples, BCoV in 15 (16.67%) and E. coli K99 in 11 (12.22%) samples by ELISA. While BRV and BCoV were detected together in 5.56% of the samples, BRV and E. coli K99 were detected in 1.11% of samples, BCoV, E. coli K99 were detected in 1.11% of samples and all three infections were detected together in 1.11% of samples. The virulence factors of E. coli was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Stx1, K99, F41 and eaeA virulence genes were determined in 2, 5, 3, 4 of samples, respectively. K99 and F41 antigens were detected together only in 2 of the E. coli isolates. The according to ages, it was determined that the highest BRV was detected between 1-7 days of age and 8-15 days of age. While E. coli was detected in 5 of 1-day-old calves, BCoV was also detected in 1 of these calves. Discussion: In this study, it has been determined that neonatal calf diarrhea is mostly caused by BRV in Burdur province, followed by BCoV and E. coli. Even though E. coli was recovered from the samples, the inability to extract virulence factors suggests that additional virulence factors might potentially be involved in the infection. It was concluded that the determination of virulence factors of E. coli isolates can be a guide in the preparation of protection and control strategies in calf diarrhea.

In this study, we compared the effectiveness of various methods used in the treatment of cattle with cutaneous papillomatosis. Ivermectin, Tarantula cubensis extract, levamisole, autovaccine, and a combination of T. cubensis extract + levamisole were administered to the animals. The animals were divided into six equal groups. Animals in the control group (n = 10) did not receive any treatment. The animals in the experimental group were administered Ivermectin [three times a week, n = 10, subcutaneous, (SC)], Tarantula cubensis extract (twice a week, n = 10, SC), autologous vaccine (three times at 10-day intervals, n = 10, SC), levamisole [twice at one-week intervals, n = 10, intramuscular (IM)], and levamisole + Tarantula cubensis extract (concurrently). All animals used in the study were monitored for three months at an interval of 15 days. No regression was detected in the papillomas of the control group animals, but recovery was recorded in animals treated with ivermectin at a rate of 70% (7/10), while it was 60% (6/10) in those treated with T. cubensis extract, 100% (10/10) in those treated with autovaccine, 50% (5/10) in those treated with levamisole, and 90% (9/10) in those treated with the combination of T. cubensis extract + levamisole. Significant differences were found between the control group and all treatment groups. Recovery mostly occurred within 45-60 days (P < 0.05). The five treatment modalities applied for the treatment of bovine cutaneous papillomatosis were statistically evaluated and all methods of treatment were effective at different rates. The most precise and effective treatment method was the autovaccine one.

Abstract.Background:Infectious bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is one of the world's major livestock problems.Aims:The study aimed to determine the diagnostic importance of pentraxin-3, endothelin-1, clinical biochemistry, and hematological parameters in infectious BRDC.Methods:Animals in this study were Simmental breed, 1-7 years old, untreated, and healthy and BRDC cattle (40 cattle with BRDC in the disease group, and 10 healthy cattle in the control group). Clinical findings such as general posture, respiratory rate per minute, rectal temperature, heart rate per minute, and mental posture of the diseased cattle were recorded. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein only once from all cattle. Complete blood count from blood samples was measured in an automatic complete blood count device, biochemical parameters in an autoanalyzer, and pentraxin-3 and endothelin-1 were measured by ELISA method.Results:Rectal temperature, respiratory and pulse rates per minute, total leukocyte count, gamma-glutamyl transferase, urea, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, pentraxin-3 and endothelin-1 concentrations were found to be statistically higher in BRDC group than those in the control group (P<0.001).Conclusion:Pentraxin-3 and endothelin-1 levels were statistically significantly higher in the BRDC group compared to the control group. As a result, pentraxin-3 and endothelin-1 were found to be diagnostically important in cattle diagnosed with BRDC.

The transmission of West Nile Virus (WNV) to new locations is mostly facilitated by migratory birds. Türkiye's domestic ducks, geese, and chickens have already tested positive for WNV by serology. This study was conducted to identify the seroprevalence of WNV in wild bird species because wild birds in the Western Mediterranean Region are found along migration routes from Africa to Europe, they are home to a wide variety of bird species due to the abundance of lakes and wetlands, the mild Mediterranean climate, and some areas that are suitable habitat for mosquitoes due to their low altitude. Serum samples were taken from 141 wild birds in Isparta (66), Burdur (42), and Antalya (33) for this study on birds in the wild. During serological studies, there was no evidence of WNV-specific antibodies.

Background: The canine oral papillomavirus (CoPV) is the cause of oral papillomatosis in all dogs. The purpose of this study is to compare two treatment methods after virological and pathological diagnosis of oral papillomas. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 50 owned and stray dogs of various breeds. The presence of CoPV antigen (Ag) in the blood samples investigated. Tissue samples from the papilloma mass were collected for auto vaccination and histopathological examination. CoPV (Ag) was found in the blood of dogs with papilloma lesions who were randomly divided and treated into two groups. While group 1 receives autologous vaccines and immune-supportive ZylexisTM, Group 2 receives PAPILENDTM® cream, immune-boosting ZylexisTM and premix powder (vitamin E, zinc, selenium, copper). Result: The dogs have an average age of 31.9+7.4 months. CoPV (Ag) was detected in half of all dogs with papilloma lesions. The histopathological examination typically revealed an increased epidermal layer. In the treatment of group 1, the mean remission period was 21-30 days. This period was determined to be 15-30 days in 15 animals from the second treatment group. Lesions were successfully treated in all dogs with CoPV (Ag) in both groups. The combination of PAPILENDTM® cream, immune-supportive ZylexisTM and premix powder was found to shorten the disease remission period caused by CoPV oral lesions.

Canine distemper virus (CDV), which causes severe infections in all domestic and wild carnivores, is transmitted by all secretions and excretions of infected animals. Despite the regular vaccination against it, CDV still manages to circulate in nature and is a worldwide problem in dogs. For many years in the world, the virus managed to circulate in nature. The current investigation aims to identify and characterize CDV in dogs with neurological symptoms and to determine whether CNS symptoms and phylogenetic data might be used to differentiate between CDV strains. The medical records of 35 dogs with central nervous system (CNS) symptoms were examined. An ELISA kit was used to identify CDV-specific IgG antibodies in all of the dogs' serum samples. RT-PCR confirmed the presence of CDV nucleic acid in 30 of these dogs. Of the RT-PCR-positive samples, 6 were randomly chosen for further sequencing, sequence comparisons, and phylogenetic reconstructions. Genes encoding the Hemagglutinin (H) and Fusion (F) proteins were partly sequenced and compared to other CDVs from throughout the world, including vaccine strains. The maximum likelihood method was used to build a phylogenetic tree using CDV H and F gene nucleotide sequences. According to phylogenetic analysis of partial H and F gene nucleotide sequences, the field CDVs in this investigation were unique and different from the vaccine strain. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that all Turkish CDV strains that induced CNS symptoms belonged to the European CDV clade. While the intricacy of the CNS and the complexities of glycosylation pathways may provide significant challenges to infections, future research will bring significant benefits by identifying evolutionarily conserved activities of N-glycosylation in CDV-infected dogs.

A wart lesion was observed near the anus of a female Arabian horse housed in a private equine facility in Bucak District of Burdur Province. During the histopathological examination of the mass, revealed equine sarcoid was revealed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed the presence of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) type 10 and type 12 viral genomes in the tissue. It was observed that the combined treatment approach of PAPILEND™® cream + Zylexis™ + AlquermoldTM premix powder was beneficial in treating the sarcoid associated with BPV type 10 and type 12 on the anal region. No recurrence of the lesion was observed during the 6-month follow-up period. In conclusion, it is recommended to diagnose the presence of BPV in horses with warts and to investigate the efficacy of this combined treatment approach in larger populations.

Parapoxvirus ovis (ORFV) enfeksiyonu küçük ruminantların önemli bulaşıcı viral hastalıklarından birisidir. Bu araştırma ile attenüe orf virus aşı suşu uygulanan koyunların kan serumlarında nötralizan antikor varlığı ile sitokin miktarlarının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada ORFV’ye karşı antikora sahip olmayan 6-8 aylık 10 adet Akkaraman erkek toklu kullanıldı. Tüm hayvanlara attenüe ORFV’nin 0,5 ml’si ile skarifikasyon işlemi yapıldı. Aşılamadan önce 0. saat (kontrol) ve sonraki 6., 12., 24., 48., 72., 96., 120. saat, 7., 14., 21., 30., 60., 90., 120., 150. ve 180. günlerde vena jugularis’ten serum örnekleri alındı. Elde edilen serumlarda nötralizan antikor varlığı araştırıldı. Buna ilave olarak toplanan serum örneklerinde proinflamatuar özelliğe sahip (Th1) sitokinlerden IL-1β, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, anti inflamatuar özelliğe sahip (Th2) sitokinlerden IL-4, ve IL-10 düzeyleri ELISA yöntemi kullanılarak belirlendi. IL-1β, IL-12, IFN γ, TNF-α ve IL-10 seviyelerinde kontrol serumlarına göre istatistiki açıdan önemli bir fark meydana gelmediği (p>0,05) görülmekle beraber, IL-4 düzeyinde 30. günde istatistiki açıdan bir artış tespit edildi (p<0,05). Araştırma sonucunda attenüe canlı ORFV uygulamasının nötralizan antikor ve IL-4 hariç serum sitokin düzeylerinde bir değişime neden olmadığı belirlendi. İleride kullanılması düşünülen ORFV enfeksiyonuna karşı aşıların, bağışıklık sistemi üzerindeki etkileri net olarak gösterildikten sonra uygulanması gerektiği sonucuna varıldı.

Kedilerin solunum sisteminin en yaygın patojenlerinden biri olan Felid alphaherpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1) çoğunlukla ateş, mukopurulent nazal akıntı, konjunktivitis, iştahsızlık gibi semptomlarla seyretmekte ve özellikle yavru kedilerde alt solunum sistemi enfeksiyonları sonrasında ölümlere neden olabilmektedir. dir. Enfeksiyonun bulaşması akut ve subklinik enfekte kedilere ait üst solunum yolu sekret ve ekskretleri yoluyla olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada sağlıklı görünümlü ile solunum sistemi enfeksiyonu klinik bulguları gösteren, 6 ay-8 yaş arasında, sahipli veya sahipsiz, farklı ırklara ait 55 dişi, 57 erkek olmak üzere toplamda 112 kediden alınan EDTA’lı kan örneklerinde PCR tekniği ile FeHV-1 nükleik asit varlığı araştırılmış ve pozitif örneklerin dizin analizi gerçekleştirilerek filogenetik ağaç oluşturulmuştur. Test edilen örneklerin %33,93’ünde (38/112) FeHV-1 nükleik asidi tespit edildi. Sağlıklı görünümlü kedilerde pozitiflik oranı %20,83 (5/24) iken, klinik bulgulu kedilerde bu oran %37,50 (33/88) olarak belirlendi. Her iki grupta yer alan kedilerde pozitiflik oranlarının yakın oluşu etken saçılımında akut enfekte kedilerin yanı sıra, sağlıklı görünümlü kedilerin de önemli rol oynayabileceğini düşündürmüştür. Örneklenen kedilerde yaş ve cinsiyete göre pozitiflik oranları, enfeksiyonun her yaştaki ve cinsiyetteki kedilerde görüldüğü ancak özellikle 1 yaş altındaki kedilerde daha yaygın olabileceği ortaya konmuştur

Molecular studies on viral diseases in wildlife are limited in Turkey. Pestiviruses infect domestic animals such as pig, cattle, sheep, goats and many other wild ungulates. Cross-species transmission of pestiviruses between wildlife and domestic livestock is a subject of recent concern where wild ungulates are in close contact with domestic ruminants. The International Committee on Virus Taxonomy (ICTV) has named the genus Pestivirus, which belongs to the Flaviviridae family, using the format Pestivirus A, Pestivirus B, Pestivirus C, and so on. Pestivirus A-D replaces Bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (BVDV-1), Bovine viral diarrhea virus-2 (BVDV-2), Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and Border disease virus (BDV) respectively. During the 2013-2014 hunting season, a total of 40 samples were collected from wild boars (Sus scrofa ferus) in the area of Western Mediterranean Turkey. In the samples, nucleic acids were investigated for pestivirus, Aujeszky's disease virus, Borna disease virus, coronavirus, mastadenovirus and rotavirus. RT-PCR was performed using primary sets to detect specific partial gene region specific to each virus. Sequence analysis was performed on a positive sample. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the positive sample, TR/Burdur/13/Boar3, belonged to BDV genotype 1 (Pestivirus D). The first molecular findings of BDV in wild boars in Turkey are reported in this study. This study highlights the importance of further research into diseases that might be transmitted from wild boars to ruminants in Turkey.

In this study, Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) infection was searched serologically and pathologically in cattle (178 Holstein), sheep (160 native), goats (66 ordinary goats, 98 Honamli goats, 16 Saanen goats) with an abortion history and in unborn cattle (8), sheep (24) and goat (5) fetus. Samples were collected between July 2009 and September 2010. As a result of studying specific antibodies to RVFV by using the c-ELISA method in blood serum samples collected from cattle, sheep and goats suffering abortion, seropositivity was identified in 7 cattle (7/178; 3.93%), 4 sheep (4/160;2.50%) and 18 goats (18/180;10.0%). 18 seropositive goats were distributed according to race as 13 ordinary goats (19.70%), 2 Honamli goats (2.04%) and 3 Saanen goats (18.75%). When liver, spleen and brain samples of the unborn fetus of cattle, sheep and goats were studied histopathologically, no pathological findings on RVFV disease were obtained. Consequently, in this study, where RVFV infection in cattle, sheep and goats raised in Western Mediterranean Region of Turkey was serologically revealed, it was concluded that RVFV did not take place in the aetiology of abortion cases in relevant species.

ÖzAtmosferdeki sera gazının artışı ile birlikte, sıcaklık, hava olayları, aşırı yağış gibi iklim değişikliği tüm dünyada bölgesel ve küresel değişimlere yol açmaktadır.Sıcaklık artışı görülen küresel iklimde, özellikle gelişmiş iklim modelleri ile yapılan incelemelerde dünya genelinde 1990-2100 yıllarında yaklaşık 2-4,5 oC arasında bir sıcaklık artışı tahmin edilmektedir.Bu sıcaklık artışına bağlı birçok doğa felaketleri, salgın hastalıkların ve zararlı vektörlerin artışı beklenmektedir.Buna ilave olarak küresel iklim değişikliğinin tüm dünyada farklı hissedilmesi ile birlikte insanların ve ülkelerin etkilenme durumları farklı olacaktır.Bu etkilenmelerin sonucu olarak yıllık ortalama 1,2 milyon insan kentsel hava kirliliği sebebiyle ve doğal afetler sonucu 60 bin kişi hayatını kaybetmektedir.İklim değişikliği ile beraber hava kirliliği sonucunda en çok kronik hastalığı olan kişiler

Coronaviruses have posed a global threat in three different periods over the past two decades. Severe Acute Respirato - ry Failure Syndrome (SARS-CoV) was first revealed in 2003. Then, in 2012, Middle East Severe Acute Respiratory Failure Syndrome (MERS-CoV) was detected. In late 2019, it was re - ported that Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) was isolated from Severe Acute Respiratory Failure Syndrome. SARS-Cov-2, which causes a much more severe and common infection compared to SARS-Cov and MERS-Cov, remains a global threat until the vaccine is developed. Owing to the ongoing outbreak of SARS-Cov-2, many facts regarding virus-host interactions and pathogenesis of disease, still needed to be addressed in more detail.