Globally, populations of many raptor species are declining for reasons including exposure to chemical contaminants. Second Generation Anticoagulant Rodenticide (SGAR) residues are commonly found in the livers of raptors, indicating dietary exposure and potentially secondary poisoning. There is a gap in our understanding of SGAR exposure for raptors at different life stages and under different usage regimes. We develop a new modelling framework for non-target species to refine the commonly applied risk assessment using the common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) as a case study. Our scenarios simulate high and low rodent consumption by raptors with high and low SGAR usage, of four different rodenticides at different raptor life stages. The risk to raptors was evaluated in reference to sublethal and lethal effect thresholds used by regulators. Our model suggests exposure to Brodifacoum exceeds the threshold for lethal and sublethal effects. Breeding adults and nestlings are at risk of sublethal effects from Difethialone and the mixture of Bromadiolone and Difenacoum exposure. This is concerning because Brodifacoum and Difethialone usage seems to be rising globally due to increased resistance of rodents to other SGARs. Difethialone represents cumulative risk in scenarios previously not a risk, reaching the threshold in a week Avoiding SGAR usage during the raptor breeding season would reduce the likelihood and impact of secondary SGAR poisoning. Our framework can be used to assess different exposure scenarios for SGARs and raptors in ecological meaningful contexts to guide SGAR usage and regulation.

Migratory birds are inherently vagile, a strategy that may reduce the impacts of habitat loss and fragmentation on genetic diversity. However, specialist resource requirements and range-edge distribution can counteract these benefits. The European nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) is a long-distance migratory bird and resource specialist. Like other long-distance migrants, nightjar populations have declined across the British Isles and Northwestern Europe over the past century. With this decline well documented in the British Isles, there is a need to quantify its genetic impacts. We applied full genome resequencing to 60 historic (1841-1980) and 36 contemporary British nightjars. Nightjars exhibited a statistically significant 34.8% loss in heterozygosity and an increase in inbreeding over the last ~180 years, showing a departure from panmixia towards weak spatial structure in the modern population. Such fine-scale structuring in migratory birds is rare. Our results provide a case study of fragmentation's impact on a species with specialist resource requirements at its range limit. Similar demographic declines in nightjars and other long-distance migrants across Northern and Western Europe suggest that genetic patterns seen in the British population may reflect those in other nightjar populations and European avifauna. Whilst our results indicate no immediate conservation concern, they depict a trajectory of declining genetic diversity, increasing inbreeding and genetic structure, potentially shared with other migratory species. Our study highlights the value of applying spatiotemporal population genetics analysis to migratory birds, despite their inherent vagility.

Academic research provides a key source of evidence to inform chemical assessment and management. However, in practice, academic peer-reviewed ecotoxicity and toxicity studies face challenges and limitations to their use. This article presents the results of a survey that collected stakeholder perspectives from across the European regulatory toxicology system. Our data show respondents are deeply divided on the extent to which chemical assessment makes use of available and relevant evidence and academic research. Using the Socio Technical Systems (STS) model as a conceptual framework, we identify a series of system-level factors that act as barriers to the uptake and use of academic research. Whilst technical factors are well-understood in the literature our analysis moves beyond established findings and highlights that such factors are often reliant, interconnected or dependent on social factors, such as a misalignment in the goals and demands of academic and regulatory knowledge production. Overcoming the barriers to the use of academic evidence demands a coordinated, systems level approach that fully considers wider social and cultural factors. We offer some initial recommendations, suggested actions for implementation and opportunities for actors across the regulatory toxicology system to increase the uptake and use of academic research in European chemical assessment and management.

As climate change -induced heatwaves become more common, phenotypic plasticity at multiple levels is a key mitigation strategy by which organisms can optimise selective outcomes. In ectotherms, changes to both metabolism and behaviour can help alleviate thermal stress. Nonetheless, no study in any ectotherm has yet empirically investigated how changing temperatures affect among -individual differences in the associations between these traits. Using the beadlet anemone (Actinia equina), an intertidal species from a thermally heterogeneous environment, we investigated how individual metabolic rates, linked to morphotypic differences in A. equina, and boldness were related across changing temperatures. A crossed -over design and a temporal control were used to test the same individuals at a non -stressful temperature, 13 degrees C, and under a simulated heatwave at 21 degrees C. At each temperature, short-term repeated measurements of routine metabolic rate (RMR) and a single measurement of a repeatable boldness -related behaviour, immersion response time (IRT), were made. Individual differences, but not morphotypic differences, were highly predictive of metabolic plasticity, and the plasticity of RMR was associated with IRT. At 13 degrees C, shy animals had the highest metabolic rates, while at 21 degrees C, this relationship was reversed. Individuals that were bold at 13 degrees C also exhibited the highest metabolic rates at 21 degrees C. Additional metabolic challenges during heatwaves could be detrimental to fitness in bold individuals. Equally, lower metabolic rates at non -stressful temperatures could be necessary for optimal survival as heatwaves become more common. These results provide novel insight into the relationship between metabolic and behavioural plasticity, and its adaptive implications in a changing climate.

ABSTRACT A species' demographic history gives important context to contemporary population genetics and a possible insight into past responses to climate change; with an individual's genome providing a window into the evolutionary history of contemporary populations. Pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent (PSMC) analysis uses information from a single genome to derive fluctuations in effective population size change over the last ~5 million years. Here, we apply PSMC analysis to two European nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) genomes, sampled in Northwest and Southern Europe, with the aim of revealing the demographic history of nightjar in Europe. We successfully reconstructed effective population size over the last 5 million years. Our analysis shows that in response to global climate change, the effective population size of nightjar broadly increased under stable warm periods and decreased during cooler spans and prolonged glacial periods. PSMC analysis on the pseudo‐diploid combination of the two genomes revealed fluctuations in gene flow between ancestral populations over time, with gene flow ceasing by the last‐glacial period. Our results are tentatively suggestive of divergence in the European nightjar population, with timings consistent with differentiation being driven by restriction to different refugia during periods of glaciation. Finally, our results suggest that migratory behaviour in nightjar likely evolved prior to the last‐glacial period, with long‐distance migration seemingly persisting throughout the Pleistocene. However, further genetic structure analysis of individuals from known breeding sites across the species' contemporary range is needed to understand the extent and origins of range‐wide differentiation in nightjar.

The pervasive contamination of ecosystems with active pharmaceutical ingredients poses a serious threat to biodiversity, ecosystem services and public health. Urgent action is needed to design greener drugs that maintain efficacy but also minimize environmental impact.

Flexibility in animal foraging strategies can increase overall feeding efficiency for individuals. For example, group foraging can increase the efficiency of resource exploitation; conversely solo foraging can reduce intraspecific competition, particularly at low resource densities. The cost–benefit trade-off of such flexibility is likely to differ within and among individuals. Reef manta rays (Mobula alfredi) are large filter-feeding elasmobranchs that often aggregate to feed on ephemeral upwellings of zooplankton. Over three years in the Maldives, we free-dived to film 3106 foraging events involving 343 individually identifiable M. alfredi. Individuals fed either solo or in groups with a clear leader plus between one and eight followers. M. alfredi were significantly more likely to forage in groups than solo at high just prior to high tide and when aggregations were larger. Within aggregations, individuals foraged in larger groups when more food was available, and when the overall aggregations were relatively large suggesting that foraging in large groups was more beneficial when food is abundant, and the costs of intraspecific competition were outweighed by the efficiency resulting from group foraging strategies. Females, the larger sex, were more likely to lead foraging groups than males. The high within-individual variance (over 70

Surface freshwater is a vital resource that is declining globally, predominantly due to climate and land use changes. Cambodia is no exception and the loss threatens many species, such as the giant ibis a Critically Endangered waterbird. We aimed to quantify the spatial and temporal (2000-2020) change of surface water availability across northern and eastern Cambodia and to assess the impact of this on the giant ibis. We used a Random Forest Classifier to determine the changes and we tested the impact of land use and geographical covariates using spatially explicit regression models. We found an overall reduction of surface water availability of 4.16%. This was predominantly driven by the presence of Economic Land Concessions and roads which increased the probability of extreme drying and flooding events. The presence of protected areas reduced these probabilities. We found changes in precipitation patterns over the wider landscape did not correlate with changes in surface water availability, supporting the overriding influence of land use change. 98% of giant ibis nests recorded during the time period were found within 25m of surface water during the dry season, highlighting their dependency on surface water. The overall surface water decline resulted in a 25% reduction in dry season suitable habitat for the giant ibis. Although absolute changes in surface water over the whole area were relatively small, the impact on the highest quality habitat for ibis is disproportionate and therefore threatens its populations. Defining the threats to such an endangered species is crucial for effective management.

Although the effects of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are most obvious at clinical treatment failure, AMR evolution, transmission, and dispersal happen largely in environmental settings, for example within farms, waterways, livestock, and wildlife. We argue that systems-thinking, One Health approaches are crucial for tackling AMR, by understanding and predicting how anthropogenic activities interact within environmental subsystems, to drive AMR emergence and transmission. Innovative computational methods integrating big data streams (eg, from clinical, agricultural, and environmental monitoring) will accelerate our understanding of AMR, supporting decision making. There are challenges to accessing, integrating, synthesising, and interpreting such complex, multidimensional, heterogeneous datasets, including the lack of specific metrics to quantify anthropogenic AMR. Moreover, data confidentiality, geopolitical and cultural variation, surveillance gaps, and science funding cause biases, uncertainty, and gaps in AMR data and metadata. Combining systems-thinking with modelling will allow exploration, scaling-up, and extrapolation of existing data. This combination will provide vital understanding of the dynamic movement and transmission of AMR within and among environmental subsystems, and its effects across the greater system. Consequently, strategies for slowing down AMR dissemination can be modelled and compared for efficacy and cost-effectiveness.

Many bird species are vulnerable to environmental change, so knowledge of their diet and its variation can help understand population status and flexibility to respond to change. Insectivorous species are predicted to have a flexible diet within and between individuals, which can respond to naturally fluctuating prey abundance, thus allowing opportunistic exploitation of available resources. We analysed the diet of a nocturnal, aerial insectivore, the European NightjarCaprimulgus europaeus, using high‐throughput metabarcoding. We quantified diet diversity and composition of 130 faecal samples from nests and roosts on a northern breeding site in the UK from 2015 to 2018, and compared differences among individuals and years. Although dominated by moths, diet varied significantly between individual faecal samples and between years and months. Prey species composition varied between years, and was more variable between samples in 2017 than in other years. Faecal samples were significantly more likely to contain moth species with a wingspan of > 60 mm and less likely to contain moth species of < 25 mm wingspan. This indicated size‐selective foraging, which also varied between months and years. Diet was driven by interindividual variation, indicating population‐level flexibility in prey choice. Metabarcoding provided a valuable tool in the exploration of insectivorous diets, but efforts are needed to build comprehensive reference libraries in order to compile full prey species lists.

Unexplained behavioural inconsistency in individual animals, termed unpredictability, could account for more than 50% of variance in some behaviours. Unpredictability is likely to be selectively beneficial as a predator mitigation strategy and thus should be of adaptive value. Between-individual differences in behavioural unpredictability and how it changes across environmental contexts may thus have important consequences for selection, particularly in the face of extreme environmental changes. Associations between unpredictability and other risk-mitigating behavioural traits such as boldness could further influence individual fitness and population health. In this study, we investigated patterns of unpredictability in Actinia equina individuals at high and low temperature extremes. We investigated two boldness-related behaviours, immersion response (tentacle extension with submergence) and startle response (tentacle extension after a fright). We took bursts of six repeated measures of each behaviour, one at 6 degrees C and one at 21 degrees C in two crossed-over treatments, and two at 13 degrees C in a control treatment. Large sample sizes allowed us to use double-hierarchical linear mixed modelling to investigate between-individual variation in unpredictability and in the plasticity of unpredictability. Significant between-individual variation in unpredictability was present for both behaviours and was influenced by temperature. For the startle response, animals collected from less stochastic environments were more unpredictable at 21 degrees C than those from more stochastic environments. For the immersion response, animals were more unpredictable at 21 degrees C than at 6 degrees C; this difference was clearer in those individuals that started at the high, rather than the low, temperature. Unpredictability was further positively correlated with the mean level immersion response at both temperatures; intermediate and moderately shy individuals were more unpredictable than bold in both environments. Metabolic rate in A. equina increases as the temperature rises, so energetically taxing unpredictability, coupled with reductions in foraging associated with shyer behaviour, could prove selectively detrimental during heatwaves. (C) 2021 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Abstract An animal's choice of foraging habitat reflects its response to environmental cues and is likely to vary among individuals in a population. Analyzing the magnitude of individual habitat selection can indicate how resilient populations may be to anthropogenic habitat change, where individually varying, broadly generalist populations have the potential to adjust their behavior. We collected GPS point data from 39 European nightjars (Caprimulgus europaeus) at a UK breeding site where restoration measures have altered large areas of habitat between breeding seasons. We calculated individual habitat selection over four breeding seasons to observe changes that might align with change in habitat. We also analyzed change in home range size in line with change in habitat availability, to examine functional relationships that can represent trade‐offs made by the birds related to performance of the habitat. Individual explained more of the variation in population habitat selection than year for most habitat types. Individuals differed in the magnitude of their selection for different habitat types, which created a generalist population composed of both generalist and specialist individuals. Selection also changed over time but only significantly for scrub habitat (60% decrease in selection over 4 years). Across the population, individual home range size was 2% smaller where availability of cleared habitat within the home range was greater, but size increased by 2% where the amount of open water was higher, indicating the presence of trade‐offs related to habitat availability. These results highlight that using individual resource selection and specialization measures, in conjunction with functional responses to change, can lead to better understanding of the needs of a population. Pooling specialist and generalist individuals for analysis could hide divergent responses to change and consequently obscure information that could be important in developing effective conservation strategies.

Manta ray tourism is estimated to contribute US$ 140 million annually to the global economy. The multitudes of tourists potentially disturb the animals, yet the effect of human behaviour on feeding manta rays has not been quantified. Using videos collected at feeding sites in the Maldives, we found that only 44% of observed human-manta interactions complied with existing guidelines. Human behaviours; accidental obstruction, diving too near/in front, chasing, and approaching from the front, all had a statistically significant negative effect on behaviour, resulting in feeding cessation, while passive interactions resulted in significantly less disturbance and cessation reactions. Interactions within three metres caused significantly increased avoidance behaviours. These findings support the guidelines provided by the Manta Trusts' code of conduct, which aims to develop legislation to minimise disturbance by tourism. Our key recommendations aim to ensure that the manta ray tourism industry remains sustainable and non-detrimental to the animals' natural behaviour. Visit https://swimwithmantas.org/ for video abstract.

Since neonicotinoid insecticides were introduced to the agricultural market, evidence of the negative impacts of these systemic compounds on non-target species has accumulated. Birds are one of the largest groups of species to inhabit farmland, but the extent of neonicotinoid exposure in avian communities is poorly understood and very little is known about how any exposure may affect wild birds. Here, free-living gamebirds were used as a model group to measure the extent of avian exposure to the neonicotinoid dothianidin via seed treatment. During a typical sowing period of winter cereals treated with clothianidin, blood and liver samples were collected simultaneously from individual hunted gamebird carcasses, both pre- (n = 18) and post-sowing (n = 57) and were analysed for dothianidin via LC/MS-MS. Body weight, fat score and faecal parasite load were also quantified in the birds to ascertain whether any of these health parameters were associated with clothianidin exposure under field conditions. Clothianidin was detected in 6% of individuals sampled pre-sowing and 89% of individuals sampled post-sowing. The frequency of dothianidin detection in plasma samples and the concentration of dothianidin in liver and plasma samples decreased significantly between the first week and 2-4 weeks post-sowing. Faecal parasite load was positively associated with concentrations of clothianidin in the liver (but not plasma) of partridge species, but there was no association between clothianidin concentration and fat score or body weight, for either sample type. This study provides clear evidence that treated seed is a source of pesticide exposure for gamebirds following autumn sowing. These findings have implications for gamebirds worldwide where seed treatments are in use, and will aid the design of any future avian biomonitoring studies for agrochemical compounds. (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Between-individual variation in behavioural phenotype, termed personality, is an important determinant of how populations cope with acute environmental fluctuation related to climate change. Personality in the beadlet sea anemone Actinia equina is linked to genetically distinct morphotypes, which are associated with different heights on the shore. In the intertidal zone, high-shore environments experience more environmental fluctuation due to longer periods of exposure, and animals adapted to live in these environments are predicted to deal more effectively with environmental perturbation than their low-shore counterparts. We collected beadlet anemones of two different morphotypes from three different shore heights. We investigated variation in two behaviours at three different temperatures and in a temporal control treatment where the temperature was not changed: startle response time, the time it took an anemone to re-extend its tentacles after a threatening stimulus, and immersion response time, the time to re-extend tentacles after simulated tidal immersion. These behaviours reflect risk-taking and allow individuals to be categorized as bold, shy or intermediate based upon response times. Both behaviours showed significant changes as the temperature increased. For immersion response, the morphotype associated with the low-shore-lengthened response times at high temperatures. For startle response, all animals lengthened their response times at high temperatures but animals collected from the low-shore lengthened theirs to the greatest degree. At the individual level, although control individuals exhibited temporal changes in their response times, a clear effect of temperature was present in both behaviours. Shy and bold individuals became more intermediate at higher temperatures in immersion response (this effect was present to a lesser degree in control individuals), while intermediate individuals raised their response times at higher temperatures for startle response. Given that prolonged tentacle retraction reduces foraging opportunities and can negatively impact respiratory efficiency, our data suggest that some individuals within a single population of A. equina, particularly those associated with the lower shore, may exhibit less effective behavioural responses to temperature shifts than others. These findings demonstrate that acute temperature changes influence risk-taking, and could have profound short and long-term implications for survival in the face of climate change.

Neonicotinoids are the largest group of systemic insecticides worldwide and are most commonly applied as agricultural seed treatments. However, little is known about the extent to which farmland birds are exposed to these compounds during standard agricultural practices. This study uses winter cereal, treated with the neonicotinoid clothianidin, as a test system to examine patterns of exposure in farmland birds during a typical sowing period. The availability of neonicotinoid-treated seed was recorded post-sowing at 39 fields (25 farms), and camera traps were used to monitor seed consumption by wild birds in situ. The concentration of clothianidin in treated seeds and crop seedlings was measured via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and avian blood samples were collected from 11 species of farmland bird from a further six capture sites to quantify the prevalence and level of clothianidin exposure associated with seed treatments. Neonicotinoid-treated seeds were found on the soil surface at all but one of the fields surveyed at an average density of 2.8 seeds/m2. The concentration of clothianidin in seeds varied around the target application rate, whilst crop seedlings contained on average 5.9% of the clothianidin measured in seeds. Exposure was confirmed in 32% of bird species observed in treated fields and 50% of individual birds post-sowing; the median concentration recorded in positive samples was 12 ng/mL. Results here provide clear evidence that a variety of farmland birds are subject to neonicotinoid exposure following normal agricultural sowing of neonicotinoid-treated cereal seed. Furthermore, the widespread availability of seeds at the soil surface was identified as a primary source of exposure. Overall, these data are likely to have global implications for bird species and current agricultural policies where neonicotinoids are in use, and may be pertinent to any future risk assessments for systemic insecticide seed treatments.

Eldridge S. Adams, Stephen C. Adolph, Bart Adriaenssens, Ça glar Akçay, Erol Akçay, C. J. Amlaner, Jr, J. R. Anderson, Rindy C. Anderson, M. Apollonio, Christopher Warren Appelt, K. E. Arnold, Gareth Arnott, Lucy Asher, Mark Asplen, Thierry Aubin, Jesús Miguel Avilés, Gwendolyn C. Bachman, Patricia R. Y. Backwell, B. Baer, V. Baglione, Nathan W. Bailey, Myron C. Baker, Karen Bales, Barbara Ballentine, Thorsten Balsby, Colleen A. Barber, Kim A. Bard, Paul Bardunias, Zoltan Barta, Ludek Bartos, P. W. Bateman, Lucy Bates, Melissa Bateson, Raymond T. Bauer, Alexander Taylor Baugh, William M. Baum, Luis M. Bautista, Christopher David Beatty, Guy Beauchamp, Christa Beckmann, James Bednarz, Peter A. Bednekoff, Mark A. Bee, Brianne A. Beisner, Alison Bell, Lauryn Benedict, Fred B. Bercovitch, Patrick Bergeron, SusanM. Bertram,Werner Bessei, Robert Biegler, EmmaM. Birdsey, D. Biro, A. Bisazza, Pierre Bize, Sean Blamires, Bronwyn Heather Bleakley, Daniel T. Blumstein, KirstenM. Bohn, Sue Boinski, Eddie Bokkers, Veronika Bokony, Elisabeth Bolund, Giuseppe Boncoraglio, Neeltje Boogert, Seth Bordenstein, Renee M. Borges, Nick Bos, Carlos Andrés Botero, Sandra Bouwhuis, Ryan Boyko, Alice Boyle, Sarah T. Boysen, Victoria A. Braithwaite, Juliane Bräuer, Michael D. Breed, Thomas Breithaupt, Lauren Brent, Casper Johannes Breuker, M. Briffa, A. Brodin, Alison K. Brody, John Brookfield, Culum Brown, Grant E. Brown, J. S. Brown, Mark J. F. Brown, Henrik Brumm, Katherine L. Buchanan, Sergey Budaev, Christina D. Buesching, Thomas Bugnyar, C. M. Bull, Melissa Burns-Cusato, Theresa M Burt de Perera, John A. Byers, Richard Byrne, Nancy G. Caine, François Calatayud, Michael Caldwell, Stuart Campbell, Daniela Canestrari, Michael A. Cant, Gonçalo Cardoso, C. Carere, Patricia Carrera, Toby Carter, Paulyn Cartwright, J. Casas, Sergio Castellano, C. K. Catchpole, Andrea Cavagna, Sonia Cavigelli, Francisco Ceacero, Ben Chapman, Colin A. Chapman, J. W. Chapman, Nadine C. Chapman, Mark Chappell, Gloriana Chaverri, K. Cheng, M. I. Cherry, Andre Chiaradia, Chen Chiu, Douglas Patrick Chivers, Janne Winther Christensen, Parry Clarke, Reginald Cocroft, Edward A. Codling, Blaine J. Cole, Kristine Coleman, Ross Antony Coleman, T. S. Collett, Lisa Collins, Steven Cooke, Timothy Coppack, Rickey Cothran, Sheena Cotter, P. A. Cotton, Jeremy Chase Crawford, Scott Creel, Sylvia Cremer, Daniel A. Cristol, Davide Csermely, Elena Cunningham, E. Curio, Robert L. Curry, Marco Dadda, James Dale, Sarah Dalesman, Safi K. Darden, Morgan David, Marian S. Dawkins, Amy Elizabeth Deacon, Richard B. D’Eath, Dominic Demma, Julie K. Desjardins, Patrizia D’Ettorre, Cédric Devigne, Shannon M. Digweed, Lobke Dillen, Niels Jeroen Dingemanse, John Dittami, Tobias Dittmann, Ned A. Dochtermann, Robert J. Dooling, Reuven Dukas, Robin I. M. Dunbar, Alan John Duncan, Aimee S. Dunlap, Fabienne Dupuy, Kristina Durante, Audrey Dussutour, Emily Halsey DuVal, M. L. Dyson, Teresa L. Dzieweczynski, Ryan Earley, Perri Eason, Luis Ebensperger, Martin Edvardsson, Sandra Edwards, Marcel Eens, Bernd Egger, Damian Octavio Elias, R. W. Elwood, Patrick Emery, MelissaEmeryThompson, LeifEngqvist,ClaudeEveraerts, BonnieFairbanks,Xavier Fauvergue,TimFawcett,KenFedorka,DavidRussell Feinberg, Michael H. Ferkin, Florencia Fernandez Campon, Esteban Fernández-Juricic, Marco Festa-Bianchet, Julia Fischer, Patrick Fitze, Lauren Patricia Fitzsimmons, Leo J. Fleishman, Gaunet Florence, Tom Flower, Jim Fogleman, Elisabet Forsgren, Anders Forsman, W. Forstmeier, Rebecca Fox, Dorothy Fragaszy, Daniel W. Franks, Nigel R. Franks, Orlaith N. Fraser, Megan E. Frederickson, Todd M. Freeberg, Leonard Freed, Rafael Freire, Alejandro Frid, Cecile Fruteau, Jean-Michel Gaillard, Brian Gall, Ismael Galván, G. Gamberale-Stille, Robert J. Gegear, F. Gherardi, Megan Elizabeth Gibbons, Robert M. Gibson, Phillip Gienapp, Lynne B. Gilbert-Norton, Ian Christopher Gilby, Jason Scott Gilchrist, Andrew Gill, Luc-Alain Giraldeau, Jean-Guy Godin, Brendan Godley, Eben Bowditch Goodale, Sarah Goodwin, Marlene Goubault, Wolfgang Goymann, Jacqualine Grant, J. A. Graves, David A. Gray, Michael J. Greene, Emma Greig, Gerhard Gries, Andrea Sigride Griffin, S. C. Griffith,MatteoGriggio, Uri Grodzinski, T. G. G. Groothuis, Rick Grosberg, C. Groves,Michael DavidGumert, Noëlle Gunst, Darryl T. Gwynne, Marcel Philipp Haesler, Adrian Hailey, Tim Hain, Wouter Halfwerk, Ally Rachel Harari, Ian C. W. Hardy, Brian Hare, James F. Hare, LaurenAlixHarrington, RichardHarrison, Christopher Harshaw,Mark E. Hauber,M. Hausberger, DanaM.Hawley, LorenHayes, Brian A. Hazlett, Susan Healy, Eileen A. Hebets, Michael Heithaus, Heikki Helanterä, S. Held, Fabrice Helfenstein, E. Elizabeth Henderson, Justin Henningsen, Ian Henshaw, S. P. Henzi, Frank H. Heppner, M. E. Herberstein, James Herbert-Read, Denise L. Herzing, James P. Higham, Heather M. M. Hill, Peggy S. M. Hill, R. A. Hill, Edna Hillmann, Ben T. Hirsch, Katharina Hirschenhauser, S. Hochscheid, Dieter Hochuli, J. K. Hodges, Walter Hödl, GerlindeHoebel,DavidHof,ChristyHoffman,A.Hoikkala, J.Höjesjö,ThomasHolmes, JohnL.Hoogland, LydiaHopper,WilliamJohnEdwardHoppitt, Andrew G. Horn, Richard D. Howard, Yuying Hsu, Robert Hubrecht, Raymond Huey, M. A. Huffman, Melissa Hughes, William Hughes, Sarah C. Humfeld, James H. Hunt, Anya E. Illes, Robert R. Jackson, Alain Jacot, Rodolfo Jaffé Ribbi, Elizabeth M. Jakob, Patrick A. Jansen, Arne Janssen, Jodie Jawor, Stephen H. Jenkins, Dómhnall John Jennings, Chris Jiggins, Christine M. Johnson, Magnus L. Johnson, Katherine Ann Jones, Veijo T. Jormalainen, Christian Jost, Timothy M. Judd, Kevin Andrew Judge, Peter G. Judge, A. Kaitala, Allan Kalueff, Nicholas Andreas Kamenos, Claudia Kasper, Martin Kavaliers, Christine Keefe, A. Kelber, Jennifer Kelley, Katrin Kellner, Clint D. Kelly, R. E. Kenward, Kiyoshi Kikuchi, R. M. Kilner, Andrew J. King, Silke Kipper, Sonia M. Kleindorfer, Markus Knaden, Mirjam Knörnschild, Hiroki Koda, H. Kokko, Gyula Koppany Gajdon, Lee Koren, Vladimir Kovalzon, Alan Krakauer, Indrikis Krams, Nina Kraus, Sarah Elizabeth Ksiazek, Rolf Kümmerli, Hansjoerg Paul Kunc, Shannon Kundey, Nobuyuki Kutsukake, Charlotta Kvarnemo, Toni Laaksonen, Eileen A. Lacey, Kirk E. LaGory, Mark Erik Laidre, Simon Lailvaux, Paola Laiolo, Joanna Lambert, Jeffrey Lane, Jan Langbein, John Emerson Layne, Stephen E. G. Lea, David Leavens, P. C. Lee, Esa Lehikoinen, A. Lenoir, Anne Leonard, Janet L. Leonard, Erin Hoerl Leone, Katherine LeVan, F. Liechti, Hangkyo Lim, Steven L. Lima, Bente Limmer, Carita Lindstedt, Susan Lingle, Heather Elizabeth Mostman Liwanag, Anne Lizé,

Interest in behavioural ecotoxicology is growing, partly due to technological and computational advances in recording behaviours but also because of improvements of detection capacity facilitating reporting effects at environmentally relevant concentrations. The peer-reviewed literature now contains studies investigating the effects of chemicals, including pesticides and pharmaceuticals, on migration, dispersal, aggression, sociability, reproduction, feeding and anti-predator behaviours in vertebrates and invertebrates. To understand how behavioural studies could be used in regulatory decision-making we: (1) assessed the legal obstacles to using behavioural endpoints in EU chemicals regulation; (2) analysed the known cases of use of behavioural endpoints in EU chemicals regulation; and (3) provided examples of behavioural endpoints of relevance for population level effects. We conclude that the only legal obstacle to the use of behavioural endpoints in EU chemicals regulation is whether an endpoint is considered to be relevant at the population level or not. We also conclude that ecotoxicity studies investigating behavioural endpoints are occasionally used in the EU chemicals regulation, and underscore that behavioural endpoints can be relevant at the population level. To improve the current use of behavioural studies in regulatory decision-making contribution from all relevant stakeholders is required. We have the following recommendations: (1) researchers should conduct robust, well-designed and transparent studies that emphasize the relevance of the study for regulation of chemicals; (2) editors and scientific journals should promote detailed, reliable and clearly reported studies; (3) regulatory agencies and the chemical industry need to embrace new behavioural endpoints of relevance at the population level.