State estimate serves a crucial purpose in the control centre of a modern power system. Voltage phasor of buses in such configurations is referred to as state variables that should be determined during operation. A precise estimation is needed to define the optimal operation of all components. So many mathematical and heuristic techniques can be used to achieve the aforementioned objective. An enhanced power system state estimator built on the cuck search algorithm is described in this work. Several scenarios, including the influence of load uncertainty and the likelihood of false data injection as significant challenges in electrical energy networks, are proposed to analyse the operation of estimators. The ability to identify and correct false data is also assessed in this regard. Additionally, the performance of the presented estimator is compared to that of the weighted least squares, Cuckoo Search algorithm and grey wolf Optimizer. The findings demonstrate that the grey wolf Optimizer overcomes the primary shortcomings of the conventional approaches, including accuracy and complexity, and is also better able to identify and rectify incorrect data. On IEEE 14-bus and 30-bus test systems, simulations are run to show how well the method works.

In current generation the concept of cyber twin technology has been emerging as an improved platform for different applications. This paper emphasize on examining the effect of cyber twin technology for manufacturing equipment in Industry 4.0 applications by solving three different elementary objectives. For the proposed conception a new system model is identified for integrating triobjective cases with artificial intelligence algorithm. In addition, high security measures are also incorporated using blockchain technology which is one basic requirement for industrial applications for creating real twins. Both system model and algorithm have been combined for providing effective performance in real time using a physical entity. The effectiveness of the proposed model is tested with sensor prototype and simulated with four scenarios where the projected model provides better performance for more than 72% when compared with existing methodologies.

Among Renewable Energy Sources wind and solar energy are the most prominent and favorable substitutes to meet mankind’s future electricity requirements. Typically, these resources are combined in a distribution network to provide local distribution users. The amalgamation of these upgrades into the distribution network may modify the malfunction and network topologies, which may fail due to their pre-set state. Therefore, an advanced and accurate tracking device must continuously monitor topology changes, which is the Phasor Measuring Unit (PMU). This work proposes a new technique based on the Sea Lion Optimization Algorithm to determine the Optimal PMU Placements and its employment positions, i.e. the power structure is completely perceptible. In addition, the cost of system losses can be calculated with or without wind energy to achieve energy reserves. The energy losses before and after the wind turbine connection is compared to realize energy reserves. This comparison of energy reserves is made using Realistic and Stochastic platforms. Comparison and proposed formulas offered in the IEEE 15, 33, 69, and 85 bus distribution networks were explored to prove their effectiveness. Moreover, the proposed methodology produces more trusted results than those of other methods in the literature.

The technological advancements and policy reformations make the electric power distribution system an active network. The modern power system operational regulations encourage coordinated network operations among various entities and customer participation. Unlike traditional operational environments, real-time monitoring has become a mandate for secure and reliable operations. Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) is the most reliable data acquisition tool, and their application for State Estimation (SE) has already been proven. This work extends the application of PMUs for the distribution system. A multi-objective optimization framework is proposed considering the optimal placement of PMU, network reconfiguration, and topology expansion. A novel optimization tool, the sea lion optimizer has been chosen to address the developed optimization problem. The proposed operational model is employed in IEEE RBTS-2 bus system, IEEE 33 node system and 69 node radial distribution network. Numerical results provide new insights into PMUs role in enhancing distribution network operations. The statistical indices confirm that the intended optimizer performs well in the chosen highly constrained optimization environment.

In recent days, the expansion of the distribution network followed by network complexity and contingencies are noted as major issues in electric power utilities. At this juncture, there is not even a distinct constituent for handling such disturbances that occurs due to natural hazards which in turn causes a difficult situation for decision making tracked by redundant state estimation. Therefore, effective monitoring in distributed networks with phasor measuring unit (PMU) involving accurate placements and identification of numerous line outages is presented. Here, a technique using ant lion optimisation (ALO) through elite methodology (EALO) for recognising accurate PMU locations considering cascaded line outages is projected. To evaluate the effectiveness of the projected method standard IEEE systems, practical Indian utility system and polish large scale bus networks are instigated. The numerical result cares about the exact state of distribution topology in a way for improving the performance of the smart grid.

In the present day, there is an enormous demand in the supply of energy to all users. Since the voltage stability for the distribution system is not steady under any circumstances, therefore, to solve the problem of voltage instability the entire distribution system must simplified properly. Thus, some active support is provided for balancing the demand for electrical energy supply. Hence, the problem of voltage instability has been solved by considering phasor measuring units (PMUs) using antlion optimisation proposed in this study. The cost of PMU has been analysed along with other factors such as observability for effectively placing the PMUs with the identification of the weakest node. The problem is solved by using a non-linear model and the effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested using IEEE-15, IEEE-33, IEEE-69 Radial Distribution Systems and Croatia distribution grid. The result shows that the suggested algorithm is more effective in getting the optimal PMU placements considering multi-objective. Hence, the maiden state estimation values for distribution topologies are used.

The voltage instability occurs in power system when the system is unable to maintain an acceptable voltage profile under an increasing load demand and / or configuration changes the operating conditions of the presents day distribution systems are closer to the voltage stability boundaries due to the ever increasing load demand. Capacitors have long been used in power system for providing reactive power support, which reduces power and energy losses, increase the available capacity of the feeders, and improves the feeder voltage profile. In this work, a method employing the Ant Colony Search Algorithm (ACSA) has been developed for the capacitor placement in a view to enhance voltage stability besides improving voltage profile and reducing losses. The proposed technique has been tested on 28 node distribution systems. It has been found that the proposed method provides highly satisfactory results.

Power Quality Improvement is a major focus in recent electricity quality improvement technologies. Power factor correction is applied to the circuits that include induction motors as a means of reducing the inductive component of the current and thereby reduce the losses in the supply. The proposed BL-CSC converter is operating in a discontinuous inductor current mode; The Brushless DC Motor speed is controlled by varying the dc bus voltage of the voltage source inverter (VSI). Via a PF converter. Therefore, the BLDC motor is electronically commutated such that the VSI operates in fundamental frequency switching for reduced switching losses. Moreover, the bridgeless configuration of the CSC converter offers low conduction losses due to partial elimination of diode bridge rectifier at the front end. The proposed method is simulated in MAT Lab tool and achieved the expected results.

The voltage instability occurs in power system when the system is unable to maintain an acceptable voltage profile under an increasing load demand and / or configuration changes the operating conditions of the presents day distribution systems are closer to the voltage stability boundaries due to the ever increasing load demand. Capacitors have long been used in power system for providing reactive power support, which reduces power and energy losses, increase the available capacity of the feeders, and improves the feeder voltage profile. In this work, a method employing the Ant Colony Search Algorithm (ACSA) has been developed for the capacitor placement in a view to enhance voltage stability besides improving voltage profile and reducing losses. The proposed technique has been tested on 28 node distribution systems. It has been found that the proposed method provides highly satisfactory results.