Sphingobium yanoikuyae is a metabolically versatile, Gram-negative bacterium within the family Sphingobiaceae, recognized for its exceptional capacity to degrade a broad spectrum of xenobiotic compounds. Its ecological adaptability and enzymatic diversity enable the transformation of structurally complex pollutants into less toxic intermediates across diverse environmental settings. Although members of the genus Sphingobium have been widely studied, a focused and integrative synthesis specifically addressing the metabolic, genomic, and biotechnological attributes of S. yanoikuyae remains limited. This review presents a critical and up-to-date analysis of the taxonomy, genomic architecture, and xenobiotic degradation mechanisms of S. yanoikuyae, with particular emphasis on its functional role in microbial biotechnology. The organism exhibits broad substrate specificity toward hydrocarbons, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and related compounds, mediated by coordinated enzymatic systems, including ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases, monooxygenases, and cytochrome P450-dependent pathways. Genomic analyses further reveal the presence of multiple catabolic operons, mobile genetic elements, and plasmid-associated gene clusters that collectively underpin its metabolic versatility, regulatory complexity, and adaptive potential. Beyond summarizing current knowledge, this review delineates key mechanistic features of degradation pathways, compares substrate-specific transformation efficiencies, and critically evaluates existing limitations, including incomplete pathway resolution, constraints in genetic manipulation, and variability in environmental performance. Furthermore, it highlights emerging opportunities in systems biology, enzyme engineering, and integrative omics approaches to enhance degradation efficiency and expand application scope. By consolidating current insights and identifying strategic research gaps, this work provides a coherent framework for advancing S. yanoikuyae as a robust platform for targeted applications in environmental remediation and sustainable biotechnology.

Ethylene Co-Vinyl Acetate (EVA) films are widely used in medical applications owing to their excellent flexibility and biocompatibility. But, their inherent poor surface characteristics such as low wettability, chemical inertness and lack of antibacterial properties, hinder their utility in bio-medical environments. To address these limitations, this study explores a combined approach involving plasma surface modification and incorporation of metal oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 and Fe3O4) synthesized through a transferred plasma arc discharge system, to enhance the surface functionality and antibacterial performance of EVA films. Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma using argon gas was employed for surface modification of films for various exposure durations, followed by dip-coating of films in nanoparticle solutions. Plasma treatment and nanoparticle incorporation on EVA films revealed the increased hydrophilicity, introduction of polar functional groups and enhanced surface roughness as confirmed by surface characterization analysis. Antibacterial testing showed that plasma-treated films incorporated with nanoparticles demonstrated significantly enhanced antibacterial efficacy, with Fe3O4/PT5 EVA films showing the highest inhibition zones of 13.5 +/- 0.2 mm against E.coli and 16.0 +/- 0.3 mm against S.aureus. These findings conclude that plasma-assisted surface engineering offers a promising approach to enhance the antibacterial properties of EVA films incorporated with nanoparticles, thereby opening up new possibilities for their use in medical applications.

The escalating environmental impact of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste, particularly from synthetic fabrics, necessitates sustainable degradation strategies. This study focused on the screening of potent fungal isolates capable of degrading PET, with a specific emphasis on optimizing lipase production, a key enzyme involved in ester bond hydrolysis. The isolates were primarily screened for the production of PET degradation enzymes qualitatively and quantitatively. Among the screened isolates, PPS3 showed the highest PET fabric waste degradation efficiency of 13.6 ± 1.31

A predicament issue in underdeveloped nations is protein malnutrition. Single Cell Protein known as SCP is viewed as a feasible solution for high protein requirements in order to address this grave problem. Therefore, the goal of this investigation was to employ custard apple leaf, (Annona squamosa L.) an unexplored and affordable substrate for the fermentative SCP production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Fermentation variables were systematically tuned using a one-factor-at-a-time approach to maximize SCP yield. The amino acid composition of the obtained SCP was analyzed using High-Performance Thin Layer Liquid Chromatography (HPTLC), while its functional groups were identified through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The produced SCP was examined for various biological assessments such as antioxidant, antidiabetic and bio-accessibility studies followed by brine shrimp lethality assay. The maximum amount of SCP with 12.28 g/L and 42.53

In the present study, an exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing bacterial strain was isolated and identified as Sphingobium yanoikuyae SS02 using 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Optimization of the culture medium through a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach enhanced EPS yield to 6.5 ± 0.2 g/L under mesophilic conditions. The purified EPS was structurally and functionally characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Spectroscopic analyses confirmed a glucose-rich heteropolysaccharide backbone with diverse functional groups, exhibiting moderate crystallinity and thermal stability, with major decomposition occurring between 150 °C and 330 °C. Biological evaluation revealed that the EPS possessed concentration-dependent antioxidant activity, with an IC50 of 0.635 mg/mL in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and 92.5

Levan canopies a pivotal role in all the emerging sectors owing to its non-toxic and biodegradable nature. However, their expensive production impeded their commercialization and made them uneconomical. Hence the current work is focused on harnessing the pineapple peel as a viable substrate for bacterial fermentation to promote levan production. Bacterial strains isolated from different sites was assessed for levansucrase activity among which L10 strain an isolate from sugarcane soil had maximum levansucrase activity was further screened for levan production and identified as Bacillus tequilensis through molecular characterization. The identified bacterium was screened for levan production from various minimal medium of which MM4 yielded maximum and the same has been reconstituted with different proportion of pineapple peel hydrolysate. Medium with 30 % peel hydrolysate exhibited maximum levan and biomass production of 1.8 g/L and 3.23 g/L respectively. The harvested EPS was characterized by FTIR, NMR, HPLC, and GPC to elucidate the functional groups and monomeric composition which similar with the previous researches. Anticancerous activity of levan towards MDA-MB-231 cell line was apparent with the down regulation of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2 and upregulation the apoptosis genes comparable to cisplatin. Flow cytometry analysis reveals that the cell cycle arrests crop up at G2/M biopolymers whereas cisplatin arrest at G0/G1 biopolymers.

Nanocomposite films are rapidly evolving into the material choice for food packaging owing to their exceptional mechanical, thermal, and barrier qualities. This research investigates the development of novel poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) nanocomposite film blended with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and biogenic zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for active food packaging. The solvent-cast films including neat PHB, PHB/PEG, and PHB/PEG/ZnO NPs, were characterized for its structural, mechanical, thermal, and antimicrobial properties. The incorporation of PEG into the PHB matrix resulted in notable enhancement of mechanical strength and barrier performance, primarily due to the increased hydrophilicity and the plasticizing effect of PEG, which facilitated greater polymer chain mobility and flexibility. PEG also accelerated biodegradation by enhancing moisture uptake and enzymatic accessibility, thereby improving the composite's environmental sustainability. Notably, the ZnO NPs incorporated PHB/PEG film exhibited effective antimicrobial activity against various food-borne pathogens. Moreover, shelf life of bread and Indian gooseberry was extended devoid of microbial spoilage by 10 and 21 days, respectively. In the case of Indian gooseberry, important quality parameters such as pH, weight, texture, and nutritional content were effectively maintained throughout the storage period. These findings underscore the potential of PHB/PEG/ZnO NPs nanocomposite films as sustainable, biodegradable, and functional materials for active food packaging solutions, addressing both food safety and environmental concerns.

Fish processing waste accounts for one of the major classes of food waste generated worldwide in terms of the high volume of waste generated. The presence of high amounts of organic compounds (proteins: 15–30 %, lipids: 5–20 %) in fish waste makes them highly susceptible to autolysis which when not managed properly pose adverse effects on the environment like production of offensive odor, generation of hydrogen sulfide, higher biological oxygen demand (1000 mg/L to 12,000 mg/L or even higher) (BOD), and multiplication of pathogenic bacteria. Fish waste is rich in lipids and polysaccharides that can be channelized for biodiesel and biopolymer production respectively. Biodiesel refers to the biofuel produced from transesterification of plant and animal fats. Extraction of oils from fish waste followed by transesterification reactions can yield biodiesel through a biorefinery approach. Biorefinery concept emphasizes the conversion of biomass into commercially important byproducts. Biopolymers refers to the natural polymers that can be extracted from the natural sources or produced through microbial fermentation process. Furthermore, commercially important biopolymers like chitosan and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) can be used as biorefineries. This review work presents the sequential strategies for conversion of fish waste to biodiesel, PHA and chitosan through various physicochemical and biological methods. The review also presents the existing challenges and the future in the fish waste biorefinery concept. The scope of this review is to present a broader concept of integrating fish waste biorefinery for production of multiple value added products like biodiesel and biopolymers.

In recent years, the multitude of advantages that natural pigments offer over synthetic pigments has opened up intriguing avenues for diverse applications across numerous sectors. Bacteria are a preferable source of biocolorants, as they can produce large amounts in a short time and without seasonal constraints, making them appear safe and biodegradable. Among them, endosymbiotic bacteria that coexist with plants might serve as an alternative source for the synthesis of several unique bioactives with distinctive medicinal properties. In view of this, the primary objective of the current research was directed towards the isolation and identification of seagrass-associated pigmented bacteria, the extraction and characterization of the pigment using Ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, followed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, as well as studying the biological characteristics of the pigment. Among 13 distinct bacterial colonies, an orange-red pigment-producing endophyte was identified as Mesobacillus subterraneus SGL, employing morphological features and phylogenetic characterization by 16S rRNA sequencing. After screening appropriate media for pigment production, the physiochemical parameters (temperature, pH, incubation period, inoculum percentage, agitation, nitrogen, and carbon sources) affecting the pigmentation bioprocess were refined through a stepwise optimization approach. The pigment synthesized by the isolate was extracted using methanol, and different spectroscopic analysis revealed that the extracted pigment might be a carotenoid. In vitro bioactivity studies demonstrated that the extracted pigment exhibited 79.36 ± 0.89

The rising concerns over synthetic colorants have driven demand for natural alternatives, aligning with the global shift toward eco-friendly products. However, the limited availability of natural pigments has spurred research into sustainable sources, particularly microorganisms. Bacteria, in particular, offer great potential for producing bioactive pigments due to their short life cycles, environmental resilience, scalability, and diverse metabolite production. Exploring bacterial pigments presents substantial potential for various industrial applications. This research focuses on the production of bioactive pigments from bacteria isolated from rhizosphere soil, detailing a simplified extraction process and comprehensive characterization, toxicity analysis, and biological applications. Among the isolates, PB01 an orange pigment producer, emerged as the most promising due to its confirmed safety, showing non-pathogenic behavior, antibiotic sensitivity, weak biofilm formation, and no hemolytic activity. A taxonomic analysis based on phenotypic and genotypic investigations revealed the identity of isolate PB01 as Stenotrophomonas rhizophila, exhibiting intracellular pigment production with methanol being the most effective solvent for extraction. UV–Visible and FTIR spectral analysis indicated that the extracted pigment is likely a carotenoid derivative. The pigment demonstrated significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. In addition, the extracted crude pigment did not induce any blood lysis, as confirmed by the hemocompatibility assay, and therefore it was utilized as a coloring agent in agar jelly. The present finding implies that bioactives from S. rhizophila could be employed as natural pigments in the food and pharmaceutical sectors.

The present study delineates the biotechnological potential of marine-derived actinomycetes for the biosynthesis of pheomelanin, a sulfur-containing pigment with its prospective application in typhoid vaccine development. The marine isolate Streptomyces spinoverrucosus was cultured under optimized conditions, and pheomelanin was harvested from the post-eumelanin purification supernatant, a typically discarded by-product. In an innovative approach, the cell-free supernatant was repurposed to fabricate melanin-typhoid polysaccharide microparticles, envisioned as a next-generation vaccine platform. These microparticulate constructs were meticulously characterized via Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Hestrin's assay, confirming their structural integrity and biochemical composition. Immunogenicity assessment in murine models demonstrated that the microparticles elicited a robust T-cell mediated immune response against the typhoid polysaccharide antigen. Notably, the antibody titers achieved were equivalent to or surpassing those elicited by conventional glycoconjugate vaccines, despite using identical antigen dosages. This underscores the capacity of melanin-based carriers to convert poorly immunogenic polysaccharides into highly immunostimulatory agents. Collectively, these findings advocate the melanin-polysaccharide microparticles as a novel, facile, and immunologically superior alternative to existing typhoid conjugate vaccines, simultaneously advancing the valorization of microbial melanin as a versatile biomedical material.

Enormous aggregates of keratinous wastes are produced annually by the poultry and leather industries which cause environmental degradation globally. To combat this issue, microbially synthesized extracellular proteases known as keratinase are used widely which is effective in degrading keratin found in hair and feathers. In the present work, keratinolytic bacteria were isolated from poultry farm soil and feather waste, and various cultural conditions were optimized to provide the highest enzyme production for efficient keratin waste degradation. Based on the primary and secondary screening methods, the potent keratinolytic strain (HFS_F2T) with the highest enzyme activity 32.65 ± 0.16 U/mL was genotypically characterized by 16S rRNA sequencing and was confirmed as Bacillus velezensis HFS_F2T ON556508. Through one-variable-at-a-time approach (OVAT), the keratinase production medium was optimized with sucrose (carbon source), beef extract (nitrogen source) pH-7, inoculum size (5

In the current study, coal fly ash contaminated soil was collected in and around Mettur Thermal Power Station, Salem district, Tamil Nadu. The metal concentrations present in the coal fly ash soil samples were analyzed and also used for the isolation of bacteria. The isolates were screened for their multi-metal resistance against three heavy metals (Cu, Ag and Pb) and plant growth-promoting traits (siderophore, phosphate solubilization, IAA, cellulase, HCN, and ammonia production). Among the 12 isolates, the WA4 strain revealed promising results for both metal-resistant and plant growth-promoting activity. In the in vitro pot experiment, Spinacia oleracea (Palak), Red amaranth (Red spinach), Capsicum annum (Green chilly) and Solanum melongena (Brinjal) plants were grown in ash-contaminated soil treated with different concentrations of selected bacterial inoculum (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) along with a control pot. The results of the study indicated that the ash-contaminated soil treated with bacterial inoculum distinctly increased the growth of plants when compared to untreated soil (control). Thus, the best-performing strain WA4 could be utilized as a good bio-stimulant for promoting the growth of selected plants in the re-vegetation programs of ash-contaminated soil.

Due to their non-toxic and non-carcinogenic nature, biopigments have a phenomenal benefit over synthetic pigments, making them a desirable source for human utilization and a potential alternative to traditional synthetic pigments that are hazardous to the environment and public health. Endosymbiotic interactions between mangrove plants and bacteria could provide an alternate source for the synthesis of unique compounds with potent biomedical applications. Pigmented endophytic bacteria were screened from the explants of Avicennia marina, a mangrove plant, and identified as Micrococcus luteus by molecular characterization. The intracellular pigment was successfully extracted using the sonication-assisted solvent extraction method, and screening factors impacting the pigmentation bioprocess were determined using a one-factor-at-a-time approach. The endophyte produced yellow pigment in the liquid medium, with the maximum growth and pigment production recorded in nutrient broth at 37 ℃ and pH 7 after 96 h of incubation, while the maximum accumulation of pigment was observed in the media supplemented with glucose and tryptone as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The extracted crude pigment was further characterized by ultraviolet, followed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The obtained crude pigment has been evaluated for its antioxidant and anticancer activity by various assays, such as DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP assay, superoxide anion and nitric oxide radical scavenging, metal chelating activity, phosphomolybdenum assay, and MTT assay, respectively, at varying concentrations. The results of our study revealed that the yellow pigment produced by the endophyte showed significant dose-dependent antioxidant and anticancer activity.

The current research aspires to explore the novel utilization of Annona squamosa bark extract consisting of various phytochemical components as a capping agent with zinc acetate as a precursor to form zinc oxide particles. The origination of ZnO NPs is implied by the UV-Visible absorption band at 357 nm and the distinctive XRD peaks at the appropriate positions. The occurrence of highly crystalline, hexagonal phase, and impurity-free As-ZnO NPs was made apparent by the XRD pattern. Employing XRD, the average particle size from the crystallites has been identified to be 56.23 nm. The FTIR spectral analysis verified the existence of biomolecules on the ZnO NP surface. These ZnO NPs have hexagonal structures and flake-like morphology as revealed by FESEM analysis, respectively. EDS study proved the existence of Zn (51.77 weight%) and O (20.56 weight%). The fabricated As-ZnO NPs demonstrated outstanding efficacy in various biological applications, spanning in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihemolytic, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. On top of that, As-ZnO NPs had a high degree of photocatalytic activity against methylene blue dye, with a degradation efficiency of 93.37% within 150 min exposure to sunlight.

The main purpose of the research work relies on the bioconversion of water hyacinth (aquatic weed) leaves into a useful substrate for the production of single cell protein using Saccharomyces cerevisiae under fermentation process, which not only eliminate environmental degradation but also enhance the utilization rate of resource. The investigation further extends the possibility of manipulating antioxidant efficacy and aminoacid profiling of produced single cell protein whereby it can be used as a food or feed for its high protein content. The nutritive parameters of water hyacinth were examined to determine their suitability as a low cost carbon substrate for SCP synthesis. By using the one-factor-at-time (OFAT) technique, the optimization of bioprocess variables was carried out to maximize SCP yield. To achieve the highest possible amount of biomass with high protein content, SCP was mass produced using a liquid state fermentation technique. The DPPH and total antioxidant assay was analyzed to determine the obtained SCP’s antioxidant activity. Through the HPTLC aminoacid profiling technique, the essential amino acids present in the yeast biomass were evaluated. Maximum SCP yield (17.25 g/l) and protein content (38.43

Globally the production of leather products is increasing day by day leaving detrimental solid and liquid wastes from tannery industries. This poses problem to human health and harm the related biota. Processing of these wastes leads to significant environmental pollution. To overcome this issue, converting these wastes into useful end products would be an alternative strategy for the bioconversion of waste into wealth. The present study aims to utilize tannery raw trimming bovine hide solid waste for the bioconversion as biofertilizer through fermentation by plant growth promoting bacteria. Tannery raw trimming bovine hide was screened for its physico-chemical properties and utilized for the isolation of protease producing bacteria also checked for plant growth promoting activity. It showed positive for production of ammonia and siderophore, and exhibited negative result for the production of IAA, HCN and phosphate solubilization test. By using 16S rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic tree analysis, the isolated strain was identified as Bacillus safensis . Media optimization was carried out to enhance protease production using statistical tools like PB, RSM. The tannery raw trimming bovine hides were fermented with Bacillus safensis and analyzed for NPK values since utilized for plant growth studies. After fermentation the solid hides were liquefied and NPK values were found to be 35 mg/L. This liquid was used for plant growth promoting activity using various concentrations on different plants like (Brinjal, Chilly and Tomato). The highest yield was found at the 50 ml concentration in all plants. Hence, it was concluded that our fermented liquefied solution could be used as biofertilizer for enhancing the promotion of plant growth. It is also employed as a methodology for reducing environmental pollution by the transformation of tannery raw hide solid waste into a commercially valuable product.

This work describes the fabrication of a carbazole derivative 1 namely (E)-5-(diethylamino)-2-((9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)imino)methyl)phenol(1) based colorimetric probe for the selective detection of copper (II) ions. The as-prepared carbazole derivative was characterized using various spectral techniques including UV-visible absorption, Emission, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectra. The colorimetric chemosensing potential of the synthesized carbazole derivative 1 to detect Cu2+ ions in a solution of different cations at different emission wavelengths based on photo-induced electron transfer (PET) mechanism was undertaken. In addition, the probe 1 showed significant DPPH scavenging activity. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the carbazole derivative 1 were also assessed. The selectivity of probe 1 towards Cu2+ ions could be exploited to reduce copper induced toxicity.

The biogenic manufacture of nanoparticles utilising endophytic fungus is an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and secure alternative to constructing chemical methods. The prime focus of the study was to fabricate ZnONPs using the biomass filtrate of endophytic Xylaria arbuscula isolated from Blumea axillaris Linn. and to evaluate their biological properties. The characterisation of the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs was done utilising both spectroscopic and microscopic methods. The bioinspired NPs showed a surface plasmon peak at 370 nm; SEM and TEM micrographs illustrated the hexagonal organisation; XRD spectra proved the crystalline phase as hexagonal wurtzite; EDX analysis confirmed the presence of zinc and oxygen atoms; and the zeta potential analysis proved the stability of ZnONPs. In addition, they also demonstrated significant concentration-dependent inhibition of antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic potential in comparison with the reference drugs. In vitro cytotoxicity and wound healing potential of ZnONPs were examined in L929 cell lines, illustrating that they accelerated the wound healing process by roughly 95.37 & PLUSMN; 1.12% after a 24-h exposure to ZnONPs. The photocatalytic activity of the ZnONPs was examined by degrading the methylene blue dye under solar irradiation. In conclusion, our outcomes showed that mycosynthesized ZnONPs possessed potent bioactivity and could be an excellent choice for biomedical applications.