The current reseach work describes the design and synthesis of a novel chemodinace (2-(benzo[d]thycol-2-31)-5-(((4-bromophenyliminomethyl)phanol) (HBPA) for the detection of metal sops Formation of the probe (HBPA) swas confirmed by using various spectroscopic techniques. The senting ability of HBPA with vario metal int were examined mined by colorimetric and flustimetric techniques and the obtained results confirmed the selective detection of Cu ions by the probe with the limit of detection of 2.0300x10 M. The probe exhibi bited good binding constant with the Cu ion as 3.6957+0.3310 M Spectral rem revealed 1:2 stoiionary in the complex HBPA-Cu during interaction between metal and probe. Expe mental observatidis on binding of the probe with copper ions was corroborated with density functional theory (DFT). Further, the cytotoxic nanure of the probe and probe-Cu have been examined with Hala Juman cer vical cancer cells and HepG2 Chuman liver cancer cell) and the obtained results revealed that the compounds possessed good cxtotoxic activity compared with the positive control doxorubicin HBPA acts as a good che mosensor for the section of Cu ion as well as exhibits good eytonxic activity towards the HepG2 and Hea cell lines

New Cu(II) and Co(III) complexes were synthesized from reaction of 3-((E)-1-(((E)-4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazono)ethyl)-8-methoxy-2H-chromen-2-one (HL) with Cu(NO3)(2)3H(2)O and Co(NO3)(2)6H(2)O in methanol. The synthesized compounds were characterized by various analytical and spectral (IR, UV-Vis, NMR, EPR, ESI-MS and HR-MS) techniques. From the spectral studies, we concluded that the formation of the ligand and complexes. In the copper complex with formula of [Cu-2(L)(NO3)(3)(H2O)], HL coordinated to copper ion via azomethine nitrogen, lactone oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and oxalate oxygen atoms. In cobalt complex, the ligand coordinated to cobalt ion via ring carbonyl oxygen, azomethine nitrogen, oxalate oxygen and azomethine nitrogen, and the complex is of ML2 type with the general formula [CoL2]2NO(3). The cytotoxic nature of the compounds was analyzed with human liver cancer cells (HepG2) and human breast cancer cells (MM2), in which the complexes exhibited a comparable activity than the positive control cisplatin. The IC50 values of the compounds were greater than 200 mu M for non-cancerous human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) cells, indicating selectivity of the compounds towards cancer cells rather than normal cells. The apoptogenic natures of the complexes with HepG2 and MM2 cancer cells were confirmed using AO-EB and DAPI staining assays. These results revealed the possibility of developing highly active cobalt and copper complexes as anticancer agents.

Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are known to possess unique characteristics, which allow them to overcome a number of issues that plague traditional fluorescence probes. UCNPs have been employed in a variety of applications, but it is arguably in the realm of optical sensors where they have shown the most promise. Biomolecule conjugated UCNPs-based fluorescence probes have been developed to detect and quantify a wide range of analytes, from metal ions to biomolecules, with great specificity and sensitivity. In this review, we have given much emphasis on the recent trends and progress in the preparation strategies of bioconjugated UCNPs and their potential application as fluorescence sensors in the trace level detection of food industry-based toxicants and adulterants. The paper discusses the preparation and functionalisation strategies of commonly used biomolecules over the surface of UCNPs. The use of different sensing strategies namely heterogenous and homogenous assays, underlying fluorescence mechanisms in the detection process of food adulterants are summarized in detail. This review might set a precedent for future multidisciplinary research including the development of novel biomolecules conjugated UCNPs for potential applications in food science and technology.

New Ru(II) arene complexes containing 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone based Schiff bases have been synthesized and characterized with FTIR, UV-visible, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR and mass spectroscopies. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that the ligands coordinated to ruthenium(II) in a monobasic bidentate fashion via azomethine nitrogen and thiolate/oxalate. Antimicrobial activities of the compounds were evaluated with two bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two fungi (Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis). The complexes displayed better antimicrobial activity over their ligands. In addition, the ligands and the complexes were analyzed for their anticancer potential against A549 (human lung carcinoma) and HeLa (human cervical cancer) cells, in which the complexes exhibited comparable activities against A549 (IC50 value is 21 & PLUSMN; 1 & mu;M (1), 18 & PLUSMN; 1 & mu;M (2)) and HeLa (IC50 value is 22.1 & PLUSMN; 0.9 & mu;M (1), 20 & PLUSMN; 1 & mu;M (2)) with the standard drug cisplatin (IC50 value is 25 & PLUSMN; 1 & mu;M (A549) and 27 & PLUSMN; 1 & mu;M (HeLa)). The non-toxic nature of the compounds has been confirmed with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC cells). The obtained results highlighted the possibility of developing ruthenium arene complexes as anticancer agents.

The development of nanoclusters based on incorporating biomolecules like proteins, lipids, enzymes, DNA, surfactants, and chemical stabilizers creates a stable and high fluorescence bio-sensors promising future due to their high sensitivity, high level of detection and better selectivity. This review addresses a comprehensive and systematic overview of the recent development in synthesizing metal nanocluster by various strategized synthesis techniques. Significantly, the application of nanometal clusters for the detection of various food contaminants such as microorganisms, antibodies, drugs, pesticides, metal contaminants, amino acids, and other food flavors have been discussed briefly concerning the detection techniques, sensitivity, selectivity, and lower limit of detection. The review further gives a brief account on the future prospects in the synthesis of novel metal nanocluster-based biosensors, and their advantages, shortcomings, and potential perspectives toward their application in the field of food safety analysis.

Food contamination is a global concern. Therefore, it is necessary to identify, remove, and control persistent hazards and harmful constituents from products. Metal organic frameworks (MOF) are a class of compounds with unique chemical and physical properties offered in food safety standards. MOF-based sensors have emerged as promising complementary and alternative analysis methods to conventional detection methods, owing to their high absorbency, strong luminous features, and cost-effectiveness. In this review, we summarize various MOF-based sensors, describe their principles, and explore their applications in detecting pesticides, antibiotics, pathogens, and mycotoxins in terms of their sensitivity and multiplexing capability. The limitations and challenges of using MOF-based sensors for efficient and precise evaluation of food are also discussed. Finally, we discuss the purpose of developing and improving MOF material sensors, in the context of food security.

In this work, single-step reduction method for the synthesis of highly stable water-soluble copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) at ambient conditions in which Thunnus albacares fish protein (FP) played the dual role of a capping and reducing agent is reported. The physicochemical properties of the prepared CuNCs were characterized by using UV-Visible Spectroscopy, FTIR, TEM and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopic studies. The FP-CuNCs showed high photo stability under different ionic strength, pH, with good quantum yield. It showed maximum emission at 446 nm upon its excitation at 330 nm. The excellent fluorescent properties of FP-CuNCs were further utilized to detect Fe3+ ions in aqueous condition within the concentration range of 0-50 mu M and the sensing assay exhibited a limit of detection of 0.68 mu M. The mechanism involved in the fluorescence detection is ascribed to the synergistic static and IFE induced fluorescence quenching of FP-CuNCs. The practical applicability of the detection probe was further established by carrying out Fe3+ ion detection in environmental sample analysis. (C) 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Nano-hydroxyapatite (NHAp) with a novel rod shape was synthesized from an economical and easily accessible Labeo rohita fish scale bio-waste by facile and straightforward alkaline heat treatment method. The purity, functionality, morphology, and surface area of the green synthesized NHAp powder were well-characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). The TEM and BET results indicate that the apatite is prepared as a rod-like particle and highly porous with high surface area (112.36 m(2) g(-1)). The NHAp powder was used for the adsorptive removal of cationic dye-methylene blue (MB) from the aqueous samples. Batch experiments were performed to evaluate the mechanism of adsorption and kinetic models. The NHAp achieved an enhanced adsorption efficiency (666.67 mg g(-1)) for the adsorption process. The obtained results perfectly obeyed the pseudo-second-order model, and the Langmuir isotherm exhibited an excellent relationship with the experimental data. Furthermore, thermodynamic studies reveal that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous. Thus, the results proved that Labeo rohita fish scale bio-waste derived NHAp can be inventively utilized as a cost-effective and eco-friendly adsorbent for wastewater treatment.

PHB is an important class of PHA-based biopolymers that parallel in material properties with that of many petrochemical polymers. The present work focuses on the fabrication of PHB-based active green composites with the reinforcement of natural fiber-sugar cane bagasse (SCB) and chloroform extract of Curcuma longa. L for the anti-microbial activity. With varying PHB/SCB content (100/0, 80/20 and 70/30 wt/wt %) the biocomposite’s mechanical, thermal, morphological, antimicrobial, and degradation potential were characterized. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC) analysis showed that the composite displayed significant improvisation than the neat polymer and the tensile modulus of the biocomposite increased with the addition of the fiber from 416 to 740 MPa. Fabricated material exhibited significant anti-microbial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Streptococcus pyogenes, making it an active composite against food-borne pathogens. Moreover, the biodegradation tests based on both soil and water indicated that the biocomposites degraded within a period of 07–18 weeks proving it to be a completely eco-friendly green composite.

Background: Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are multidimensional coordination polymeric materials formed by coordinating half-filled d-/f-block metal ions with mono-/multi-dentate organic ligands. Due to their structural flexibility, porosity, adsorption sites and controllable synthesis have gained significant attention in gas storage, chemical sensing, heterogeneous catalysis and biological applications. The individual metal ion-ligand interaction mechanisms observed in coordination complexes of d-/f -block metal ions like Metal Centered (MC), Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer (LMCT) and Metal-to-Ligand Charge Transfer (MLCT) are also applicable to these coordination polymers and, that makes them more interesting in their applications. Scope and approach: MOFs are very promising for fabricating fluorescent or luminescent sensors because the fluorescence can be generated from the metal and the ligand units and can also be tuned by the interplay/interactions among the building components. The energy is transferred through a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism that is important for applying MOFs for antibiotic detection. The excess dosage of antibiotics is transmitted to the environment and the human body resulting in a serious threat to mankind. The frequently used conventional methods for the analysis of antibiotics residue, especially detection in clinical, environment and food products, biological complex matrices are time-consuming, non-specific, poor sensitivity, complex and requires skilled personnel. Immunologic and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) based methods are expensive, lack specificity, and yield false results. Key findings and conclusions: As outlined in this review, MOFs based fluorescent sensors have now become effective alternative tools for rapid and routine detection for clinical and environmental analysis, as well as for food safety control. We provide an overview regarding the uses of MOFs based materials sensors in the development of fluorescence with special emphasis on underlying detection principles, sensitivity, specificity, and their capability of multiplexed analysis. The diverse MOFs based materials are used for antibiotics detection, which is critically analyzed concerning their advantages and limitations for future applications in the diagnosis of antibiotics in the environment.

The versatile photophysicalproperties, high surface-to-volume ratio, superior photostability, higher biocompatibility, and availability of active sites make graphene quantum dots (GQDs) an ideal candidate for applications in sensing, bioimaging, photocatalysis, energy storage, and flexible electronics. GQDs-based sensors involve luminescence sensors, electrochemical sensors, optical biosensors, electrochemical biosensors, and photoelectrochemical biosensors. Although plenty of sensing strategies have been developed using GQDs for biosensing and environmental applications, the use of GQDs-based fluorescence techniques remains unexplored or underutilized in the field of food science and technology. To the best of our knowledge, comprehensive review of the GQDs-based fluorescence sensing applications concerning food quality analysis has not yet been done. This review article focuses on the recent progress on the synthesis strategies, electronic properties, and fluorescence mechanisms of GQDs. The various GQDs-based fluorescence detection strategies involving Förster resonance energy transfer- or inner filter effect-driven fluorescence turn-on and turn-off response mechanisms toward trace-level detection of toxic metal ions, toxic adulterants, and banned chemical substances in foodstuffs are summarized. The challenges associated with the pretreatment steps of complex food matrices and prospects and challenges associated with the GQDs-based fluorescent probes are discussed. This review could serve as a precedent for further advancement in interdisciplinary research involving the development of versatile GQDs-based fluorescent probes toward food science and technology applications.

This work aims to evaluate the removal of pharmaceutical drug using discarded biodiesel waste–derived lignocellulosic-based activated carbon biomaterial. Lignocellulosic-based activated carbon (LAC) biomaterial was prepared from Jatropha shell (biodiesel processing waste) by a zinc chloride activation method. The LAC biomaterial was characterized using various techniques including powder XRD, FT-IR, SEM-EDAX, and BET analysis. LAC biomaterial was applied to examine the adsorption of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) drug in aqueous solution under ambient temperature. Various experimental parameters such as the effect of pH, treatment time, adsorbate concentration, and LAC dose of adsorption experiments were thoroughly examined and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, LAC biomaterial showed the maximum adsorption removal efficiency of SMZ drug. The kinetic models of Lagergren first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Bhangam’s equation for SMZ removal onto LAC were used to recognize the probable mechanism of adsorption manner. From the experimental results, the Freundlich isotherm model (Kf = 83.56 mg g−1 (L mg−1)1/n) shows similar fit than the Langmuir (Q0 = 206.2 mg g−1) and Dubinin-Radushkevich (Qm = 150.69 mg g−1) condition models of adsorption isotherms. The rate constants of adsorption were found to confirm the pseudo-first-order kinetic and Bhangam’s models with a significant correlation. The separation factor (RL) showed the favorable condition of the adsorption isotherm for the experimental system. The desorption results indicate that the ionic molecular exchange of SMZ from the hydroxyl group of LAC surface plays an important role in the recycling processes. Therefore, these results proved that the prepared low-cost LAC biomaterial could be used as an efficient adsorption material for the effective removal of pharmaceutical drugs in aqueous samples.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are inevitably a key biopolymer that has the potential to replace the conventional petrochemical based plastics that pose jeopardy to the environment globally. Even then the reach of PHA in the common market is so restricted. The economy of PHA is such that, even after several attempts the overall production cost seems to be high and this very factor surpasses PHAs usage when compared to the conventional polymers. The major focus of the review relies on the synthesis of PHA from Mixed Microbial Cultures (MMCs), through a 3-stage process most probably utilizing feedstocks from waste streams or models that mimic them. Emphasis was given to the works carried out in the past decade and their coherence with each and every individual criteria (Aeration, Substrate and bioprocess parameters) such that to understand their effect in enhancing the overall production of PHA.

The production of rhamnolipid (glycolipid) biosurfactant was achieved under optimized conditions from newly isolated bacteria (Pseudomonas plecoglossicida BP03) from rice mill effluent. The isolated biosurfactant was structurally characterized using FTIR and NMR spectroscopic studies. The obtained biosurfactant (1 center dot 39 g l(-1)) showed a variety of applications including larvicidal and pupicidal activity against malarial vector (Anopheles sunadicus). It also exhibited antimicrobial activity against human pathogens, and possessed potent anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Aeromonas hydrophila. The obtained biosurfactant showed a dose-dependent inhibition of exopolymeric substance (EPS) and growth curve in S. aureus. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity assays revealed that the biosurfactant exhibit a cytotoxic potency against the human fibroblastic sarcoma cells Ht-1080. An in silco analysis was also performed using Schrodinger maestro 9.3 against surface protein (SasG) of S. aureus, and the resultant analysis revealed an interactive docking score of -3 center dot 4 kcal mol(-1). The obtained result indicates that the synthesized economically viable biosurfactant ensures excellent applications towards various fields.

In the present study, the multifunctional applications of food waste derived carbon quantum dots (CQD) have been demonstrated. The results obtained from the absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic analysis affirmed the superior photophysical property of the prepared CQD. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies further confirmed the crystallographic phase and surface functional groups present in the CQD. The ultrafine size of the CQD is established from the high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) micrographs with the grain size of 2 - 4 nm. The excellent fluorescence property of the CQD is utilised to detect trace levels of Au3+ ions by simply mixing aqueous dispersion of CQD with ascorbic acid (AA). The sensing mechanism is based on the reduction of Au3+ to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by AA and the subsequent AuNPs induced fluorescence quenching of CQD by synergistic static quenching and inner filter effect. The CQD/AA probe could selectively detect Au3+ ion as low as 0.95 mu M. The cytotoxicity of the CQD toward U-251 MG glioblastoma cell revealed that the CQD did not possess any significant cytotoxicity. The application of CQD in bioimaging of cells is ascertained by fluorescence microscopic analysis. Furthermore, fluorescent polymer films were prepared by incorporating CQD within the polymer matrix (poly-vinyl-alcohol).

The current research focuses on the production and characterization of glycolipid biosurfactant (GB) from Pseudomonas plecoglossicida and its anthelmintic activity against Caenorhabditis elegans. The GB was purified and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Anthelmintic activity of GB was studied at six different pharmacological doses from 10 to 320 µg/mL on C. elegans. Exposure of different developmental stages (L1, L2, L3, L4 and adult) of C. elegans to the GB reduced the survivability of worms in a dose and time-dependent manner. Adult and L4 worms were least susceptible, while L1, L2 and L3 were more susceptible to GB when compared to the untreated control. An increased exposure period drastically reduced the survival rate of worms and reduction in LC50 value. The GB significantly inhibited the development of C. elegans with an IC50 value of 53.14 µg/mL and even reduced the adult body length and egg hatching. Fecundity rate of the worms treated with GB at 20, 40 and 80 µg/mL decreased from 261.90 ± 3.21 to 239.70 ± 5.58, 164.20 ± 5.94 and 44.80 ± 6.22 eggs per worm, respectively. Besides the toxicological effects, prolonged exposure to GB significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.0001) the lifespan of wild type worms under standard laboratory conditions. Additionally, GB was found to be lethal towards ivermectin and albendazole resistant C. elegans strains. Overall, the data indicated that the GB extracted from P. plecoglossicida could be utilized for the control of non-susceptible and resistant gastrointestinal nematodes towards broad spectrum anthelmintic drugs, ivermectin and albendazole.

In this study, we report a green approach to prepare biocompatible nanostructured hydroxyapatite (NHAp) crystalline powders from Cirrhinus mrigala fish scale wastes by a simple alkaline heat treatment process. The crystallinity and functional groups of the as-prepared material were confirmed using X-ray diffraction and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface morphology was characterized using transmission electron microscopy. The formation of NHAp and Calcium/Phosphorus (Ca/P) molar ratio was confirmed using Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Ca/P molar ratio was 1.67. The thermal stability of NHAp was examined by thermogravimetric analysis. Further, the biocompatibility of as-synthesized NHAp was examined towards the cell viability of MG-63 cells (human osteosarcoma cells) with various dosages. NHAp boosts up the growth of MG-63 cells which showed superior cell viability and ALP activity when compared with commercial HAp (CHAp). This result illustrates that NHAp synthesized from Cirrhinus mrigala fish scale biowaste showed excellent biocompatibility, and it can be a potential alternative biomaterial for various biomedical applications.

The present study focuses on the optimization of the bioprocess for the fermentative production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) by Acinetobacter junii BP 25 using rice mill effluent as a cheap substrate, henceforth to develop an economically feasible biopolymer production process. Statistical tools like Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were used to evaluate the important variables that influence the yield of PHA. Initially from PBD three factors (glycerol, KH2PO4 and incubation time) were taken for further optimization using Box-Behnken design where, the interaction between each of the factors were studied in detail, providing a final optimized media for the high concentration of PHA. Before the optimization process the concentration of PHA was 0.52 ± 0.05 g/l for 1.07 ± 0.32 g/l cell dry mass (CDM) after which a 5.84 fold increase in PHA concentration was observed with 3.04 g/l of PHA. Biodegradation studies of the produced PHA sheets were investigated briefly in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, showing degradation within 8 weeks in soil and 4 weeks in water which was very promising, as the non-degrading property of the conventional plastic have made scientist to research on biopolymers mainly.