Mass spectrometry was applied to identify metabolites and estimate the efficiency of phenanthrene biodegradation and transformation by rhizosphere bacteria Pseudomonas aureofaciens BS1393. Strains P. aureofaciens BS1393(pOV17) and P. aureofaciens BS1393(NPL-41) bearing various naphthalene biodegradation plasmids were used in the work. The strain BS1393(pOV17) contains the pOV17 wild type naphthalene biodegradation plasmid that determines the oxidation of naphthalene to Krebs cycle metabolites. The strain BS1393(NPL-41) contains the mutant plasmid NPL-41 governing the initial stages of naphthalene oxidation into salicylic acid. The limiting stages of phenanthrene biodegradation in bacteria with various plasmids have been identified according to the accumulation of intermediates. When bacteria were grown on phenanthrene, the main metabolites were as follows: (a) 2-hydroxy-2H-benzo[h]chromene-2-carboxylic acid/trans-4-(1-hydroxynaph-2-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoic acid, (b) 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, and (c) salicylic acid. In the strain BS1393(pOV17), metabolite (а) was observed during 1–14 days of cultivation. Unlike it, in the strain BS1393(NPL-41), an insignificant amount of this metabolite was found after only 14 days. The availability of metabolite (b) in the growth of both strains was an evidence of the limited rate of its further decarboxylation. Metabolite (c) as a final product was found in the growth of the strain BS1393(NPL-41). Contrastingly, in the strain BS1393(pOV17), this metabolite was not found, which indicates the complete oxidation of phenanthrene.

Major metabolites formed by Pseudomonas bacteria bearing various naphthalene degradation plasmids were identified using high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in combination with electrospray ionization. During the growth of P. aureofaciens BS1393(NPL-41) bacteria bearing the plasmid NPL-41, partial oxidation of naphthalene was shown to occur to form the major exometabolite (salicylate) and minor exometabolite (phenol). The growth of P. aureofaciens BS1393(pOV17) bacteria bearing the plasmid pOV17 was accompanied by complete oxidation of naphthalene and formation of trace amounts of salicylate and epoxybenzene. Based on the data of molecular mass spectrometry, we determined the dynamics of CO2 production and oxygen uptake in the process of bacterial growth. The specific quantity of CO2 per unit of cell amount for P. aureofaciens BS1393(NPL-41) bacteria was shown to exceed fivefold that for P. aureofaciens BS1393(pOV17). The respiratory quotient (RQ) representing the ratio of the molar concentrations of metabolic CO2 to consumed oxygen depends on the type of plasmids that determine naphthalene degradation. The value of RQ during the growth of P. aureofaciens BS1393(pOV17) bacteria was almost 1.5 times greater than in the case of P. aureofaciens BS1393(NPL-41). The ratio of O2 uptake to CO2 formed by the first culture was 4.5 mol O2/mol CO2; by the second culture, 6.5 mol O2/mol CO2.

By the example of glucose uptake by the soil bacteria Pseudomonas aureofaciens BS1393(pBS216) and Rhodococcus sp. 3–30 immobilized on a solid-phase surface (quartz sand), their growth parameters were determined: growth rate (doubling time), total CO2 production, CO2 production per cell, lag period with respect to substrate uptake, respiratory quotient. The growth of P. aureofaciens and Rhodococcus sp. on glucose revealed (1) differences of the lag period with respect to substrate (lag time of ∼4 h for P. aureofaciens and ∼26 h for Rhodococcus sp.); (2) differences between the maximal rates of CO2 production (∼50 μg C-CO2 g−1 sand h−1 for P. aureofaciens and ∼8.5 μg C-CO2 g−1 sand h−1 for Rhodococcus sp.); (3) differences in CO2 production per cell (∼1.94 × 10−9 μM CO2/CFU for P. aureofaciens and more than ∼3.4 × 10−9 μM CO2/CFU for Rhodococcus sp.). The kinetics of the metabolic CO2 isotopic composition was shown to be determined by the difference in the carbon isotopic characteristics of products in the cell. Upon introduction of glucose into the medium (the preparatory stage of the metabolism), the uptake of intracellular 13C-depleted products (lipids) is noted; at the stage of the maximal cell growth rate, introduced glucose is mainly metabolized; and at the final stage, upon exhaustion of substrate, the “stored” products—the lipid fraction—get involved in the metabolism. At the maximal rate of glucose uptake, the CO2 carbon isotopic fractionation coefficient relative to organic products of microbial biosynthesis was determined to be α = 1.009 ± 0.002.

Using molecular and isotopic mass spectrometry, we investigated the toxic effect of naphthalene as a representative of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on plants growing under sterile conditions and plants inoculated with microorganisms capable and incapable of naphthalene degradation. Tobacco plants of the Samsun variety were grown in a closed gas-nutrient system on a mineral medium with sucrose as a carbon source. Naphthalene used as a toxicant at a concentration of 5.2 × 10 −4 % contained 13 C isotope whose amount was characterized by the value δ 13 C = +281.4 ± 0.6‰ relative to the PDB standard and differed from that of sucrose, the main source of carbon (δ 13 C = −12.0 ± 0.1‰). Degradation of naphthalene was determined by the inclusion of its carbon in metabolic CO 2 and plant tissues (the root, stem, leaves). The effect of naphthalene on plants was indicated by the rates of O 2 production and CO 2 uptake during the light period as compared with the dark period of exposure. A decrease of the toxic effect of naphthalene on plants was observed only at the inoculation of plants with Pseudomonas aureofaciens BS1393 rhizosphere bacteria bearing plasmid pBS216, which controls the naphthalene biodegradation ability. The occurrence of other heterotrophic microorganisms incapable of naphthalene degradation had no similar protective effect.

На примере потребления глюкозы почвенными бактериями Pseudomonas aureofaciens BS1393(pBS216) и Rhodococcus sp. 3-30, иммобилизованными на твердофазной поверхности (кварцевый песок), определены их ростовые показатели: скорость роста бактерий (время удвоения клеток), суммарная продукция СО2 и продукция из расчета на бактериальную клетку, лаг-период относительно потребления субстрата, дыхательный коэффициент. При росте бактерий P. aureofaciens и Rhodococcus sp. на глюкозе выявлены различия штаммов по параметрам: (1) лаг-периодов относительно внесенного субстрата (лаг-период около 4 ч для P. aureofaciens и около 26 ч для Rhodococcus sp.); (2) максимальной скорости продукции СО2 (около 50 мкг СО2 г-1 песка ч-1 для P. aureofaciens и около 8.5 мкг СО2 г-1 песка ч-1 для Rhodococcus sp.); (3) продукции СО2 из расчета на одну клетку (около 1.94 ? 10-9 мкмоль СО2 для P. aureofaciens и около 3.4 ? 10-9 мкмоль СО2 для Rhodococcus sp.). Показано, что кинетика изотопного состава метаболической СО2 определяется различием в изотопных характеристиках углерода продуктов в клетке: после внесения глюкозы в среду (подготовительная стадия метаболизма) отмечено использование внутриклеточных обедненных 13 продуктов (липидов), на стадии максимальной скорости роста клеток метаболизируется, главным образом, внесенная глюкоза, и на завершающей стадии после исчерпания субстрата в обмен включаются “запасенные” продукты – липидная фракция. При максимальной скорости потребления глюкозы определен коэффициент фракционирования изотопов углерода СО2 относительно органических продуктов микробного биосинтеза, который составляет величину = 1.009 ± 0.002.

Исследован углеводородокисляющий потенциал почвенной микробиоты и интродуцированных в почву углеводородокисляющих микроорганизмов на основе количественных и изотопных характеристик углерода продуктов, образующихся при микробной деградации нефти. Из сравнения скоростей продукции СО2 в нативной почве и почве, загрязненной сырой нефтью, обнаружено, что интенсивность микробной минерализации почвенного органического вещества (ПОВ) в присутствии нефти выше по сравнению с незагрязненной почвой, т.е., обнаруживается затравочное влияние (прайминг-эффект) углеводородов нефти. Показано, что количество углерода вновь синтезированных органических продуктов за счет потребленной нефти (биомасса клеток и экзометаболиты) значительно превосходит количество ПОВ, израсходованное на продукцию СО2. Обнаружено, что в результате микробиологических процессов в почве, загрязненной нефтью, наблюдается мощный поток углекислоты, поступающей в атмосферу.

A novel halotolerant psychrotrophic gram-negative bacterium, strain 2pS, was isolated from lenses of water brine in Arctic permafrost (cryopeg). The optimal growth of the new strain was observed at 16–18°C; the maximal and minimal growth temperatures were 37°C and −2°C, respectively. The pH growth range was 5.8 to 8.5 (optimum 6.5–7.5) and the range of medium salinity was 0 to 100 g/l (optimum 3–8 g/l NaCl). The strain 2pS did not produce acid from carbohydrates and utilized acetate, yeast extract, pyruvate, glutarate, fumarate, caproate, heptanoate, butyrate, malate, DL-lactate, citrate, L-proline, L-tyrosine, butanol, and dulcitol as the sole carbon and energy sources. The major fatty acids of the cell wall at optimal growth temperature were C18:1ω7 and C18:1ω9. The G+C DNA base content was 46.0 mol.%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the studied strain was the closest (97% similarity) to Psychrobacter nivimaris DSM 16093T, a halotolerant psychrotrophic bacterium isolated from the Arctic sea’s ice. Genotypic and phenotypic differences of the new bacterium from closely related species lead to the conclusion that strain 2pS belongs to a novel species of the genus Psychrobacter: Psychrobacter muriicola sp. nov.

A gram-positive, motile, strict anaerobic spore-forming bacterium was isolated from the over-cooled brine in the permafrost. The optimal temperature for isolate growth was 5-6 degrees C at pH 6.8-7.2. The bacterium was growing on the medium rich in saccharides and disaccharides. Out of polysaccharides tested, only xylan sustained the growth. Fermentation of the hexoses led to the formation of acetate, butyrate, lactate, H2,CO2 and some formate and ethanol. Cell wall peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. The major fatty acids of the cell wall were C(14:0) and C(16:1c9). The content of G-C pairs in DNA was 31.4 mol%. As phylogenetic analysis has shown, it is closely linked to the members of cluster 1 of Clostridium. It differs from the other species of the genus by the substrates necessary for the growth, products forming as a result of the fermentation and content of the fatty acids in the cell wall. Thus, it was suggested to describe this strain as a new species named Clostridium algoriphilum. Type strain 14D1 was deposited into the Russian Collection of the Microorganisms VKM B-2271T and German Collection of the Microorganisms DSM 16153T .

Biodegradation of the chemically resistant but bacterially degradable CP bond of alkylphosphonates is a pressing problem of environmental protection biotechnology. However, the environmental factors and physiological conditions for degradation of these compounds by bacteria are still obscure. The current work shows that adaptation of Escherichia coli cells to methylphosphonate (Pn) is more intensive under cell growth at 30°C and does not depend on substrate concentration. Its degradation is optimal under low partial pressure of oxygen, pH of the medium 8.0, and logarithmic phase of culture growth. The increased synthesis of proteins of CP lyase complex degrading Pn and encoded by the genes cloned in plasmids does not increase the efficiency of Pn degradation, which indicates the presence of limiting factors of unknown nature.

Various strains of Escherichia coli were shown to be capable of utilizing methyl phosphonic acid (Pn) as a sole phosphorus source with resulting methane formation. The efficiency of this process depends on the age and concentration of culture cells. Aeration was an important factor regulating Pn degradation: anaerobic conditions were more favourable for the process. For effective Pn degradation, cells need a long (72 h) period of adaptation to Pn. Adapted cells are able to utilize Pn with an order of efficiency higher than the initial cell culture. Adapted cells contain additional proteins, probably associated with Pn degradation, in different cell compartments and maintain this ability when placed onto fresh media even containing orthophosphate. Adapted cells are probably the best source of CP lyase for its isolation and study.

It was found that methyl phosphonic acid (Pn) was degraded by different Escherichia coli strains, which utilized it as the sole phosphorus source with resulting methane formation. This ability was influenced by mutations in the regulatory genes of the pho regulon. Thus, Pn was not degraded by an E. coli mutant defective in the regulatory phoB gene, responsible for the induction of pho-regulon proteins during phosphorus starvation. The intensity of Pn degradation depended on the age and concentration of the inoculum. Preincubation of bacteria in the presence of Pn accelerated subsequent degradation of both methyl phosphonic acid and its esters. Cultures developing from a small amount of inoculum degraded Pn more efficiently than heavily inoculated cultures that underwent only one cell division. However, cultures heavily inoculated with adapted cells degraded Pn as efficiently as cultures developing from a small amount of inoculum. Aeration was an important factor regulating Pn degradation: Pn was degraded more efficiently under anaerobic conditions regardless of the amount of inoculum.

MICROBIOLOGICALLY-INFLUENCED corrosion (MIC) of aluminium alloy 6061 and an Al2O3 particle-reinforced 6061 matrix composite was performed under continuous fermentation conditions of several thermophilic, anaerobic, bacteria. The effect of various types of metabolic reactions, several different reduction/oxidation potentials, pH, and temperatures, were also studied. This information was correlated to the rate of corrosion, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and strain-to-failure of the unreinforced alloy and composite samples. Exposure to thermophilic bacterial species led to a significant decrease in the strain-to-failure of the unreinforced alloy and composite samples. Decrease in the UTS df the alloy and composite samples was bacterial-species specific. Although the temperature and pH of the media did not correlate with specimen corrosion and decreased mechanical properties, reduction in the mechanical properties occurred concurrently with aluminium extraction surface pitting, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduction/oxidation during the corrosion process.

Mesophilic and thermophilic groups of methanogenic bacteria were found in untreated fowl manure. The thermophilic anaerobic fermentation of fowl manure leads to the development of both individual methanogens utilizing only some of the methane precursors, and syntrophic associations that are also able to utilize complex substrates. The selection of methanogenic bacteria during fowl manure anaerobic fermentation results in accumulation of thermophilic forms utilizing acetate and propionate.

Pathways of the degradation of the main compounds of (meth)acrylate-producing factories wastewater (methyl methacrylate, methyl and butyl acrylate, acrylate and methacrylate, acetone, isopropanol, butanol and methanol) by the anaerobic microbial consortium of mesophilic unadapted granulated sludge from the "UASB" reactor and of adapted activated sludge from the contact reactor were comparatively studied. It was shown that the degradation of fatty acids and alcohols took place in both types of sludge. Methacrylate, acrylate and acetone degradation occurred only in adapted sludge. Both types of sludge were characterized by the reversible conversion of acetone and isopropanol and by the presence of the isomeric transition of butyrate and isobutyrate too. The present results allow to suggest that the adaptation of activated sludge to substrate includes the accumulation of biomass of microorganisms capable of hydrolyze specific substrates into such general intermediates as low-molecular-weight fatty acid and alcohols further metabolized to methane and carbon dioxide.