LIPAc is the Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator developed within the framework of the IFMIF project under the Broader Approach (BA) agreement signed between EURATOM and the Japanese Government in 2007. The IFMIF accelerator aims to provide an accelerator-based D-Li neutron source to produce high intensity neutron fluxes with appropriate energy spectrum in order to characterize materials envisioned for future fusion reactors. Because the IFMIF accelerator has to reach unprecedented performances, the feasibility is being tested through the design, manufacturing, installation, commissioning and testing activities of a 1:1-scale prototype accelerator, namely LIPAc, from the injector to the first cryomodule together with the High Energy Beam Transport line and the High Power Beam Dump. After outstanding results obtained in 2019, the LIPAc project has entered 2020 in the preparation of the third commissioning stage, i.e., validation in continuous-wave mode of the complete accelerator up to 5 MeV with its final beam dump. The validation until the nominal energy of 9 MeV will be made after the completion of cryomodule assembly. After a brief overview of the goals already achieved in the framework of the IFMIF/EVEDA program, this paper will present a synthesis of the results that have been obtained so far with the LIPAc accelerator as well as the future developments planned beyond 2020.

Background. The plasmid-mediated bacterial colistin-resistant (mcr) gene is a global concern in clinical health care. This study aimed to clarify the prevalence of colistin resistance through nine mcr genes in ESBL-producing and CRE isolated Enterobacteriaceae in Japan. Methods. We collected strains from August 2016 to March 2017 from five tertiary hospitals. MICs were measured using the microdilution method. PCR was performed to detect mcr-1 to mcr-9 genes in all strains. Additionally, we performed whole-genome sequencing of the mcr gene-positive strain. Results. The rate of colistin resistance was 7.7%. The mcr-5 and mcr-9 gene were detected in one ESBL-producing E. coli strain (0.37%) and three CRE strains (1.1%), respectively. Since the ESBL-producing E. coli strain was the first clinical strain with mcr-5 in Japan, whole-genome sequencing analysis was performed for the strain. The sequenece type of the mcr-5 positive strain was ST1642 and it carried two distinct plasmids, ESBL gene-carrying pN-ES-6-1 and mcr-5.1-carrying pN-ES-6-2. Conclusions. We showed that the frequency of colistin resistance and mcr-positive strains is not high in Japan. Since the MIC for colistin was low in the mcr-5.1 and mcr-9 gene-positive strain, continuous monitoring of mcr genes is necessary.

The current status and the progress of research and development (R&D) activities for a Fusion DEMO reactor in the National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) Rokkasho Fusion Institute is reported. In order to advance the Japanese DEMO activity, not only Japanese domestic activity but also international collaborations of Broader Approach activity and ITER-related activities are conducted in the QST Rokkasho Fusion Institute. Activities for DEMO design and relevant R&D; design of a fusion neutron source and development of an accelerator, ITER Test Blanket System; tritium handling technology; and information technology infrastructures, including a supercomputer system and a remote experimentation system, are carried out for a Fusion DEMO reactor.

The first ITER toroidal field coil (TFC) has been successfully manufactured by the Japanese Domestic Agency in January 2020. The ITER TFCs are the largest Niobium Tin (Nb3Sn) superconducting magnets in the world; each is enclosed in an austenitic stainless-steel case with a height of 16.5 m and total weight is 310 tons (Knaster et al 2008 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 18 495–498). A set of 18 TFCs will be installed around vacuum vessel to function as a plasma confinement magnet system. The responsibility to procure 18 TFCs and 1 spare coil is shared between European Domestic Agency and Japanese Domestic Agency (Bellesia et al 2020 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 30 4202205; Sborchia et al 2008 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 18 463–466). To hold a common magnetic and geometrical properties among all the TFCs, tight tolerances of sub-millimeter order are defined on each TFC. The fabrication of those massive magnets with such tight tolerances involved some major technical challenges. These technical challenges were solved by pre-assessment and process qualification through some qualification trials. As a result, techniques established to solve those challenges were implemented to the TFC manufacturing, leading to the successful completion of the first TFC. The details are described in the paper.

We report high-power microwave oscillation of a 94 GHz gyrotron, contributing to the study on air breakdown plasma in Microwave Rocket. The gyrotron is demountable, adopting a diode magnetron injection gun and a built-in quasi-optical mode converter, installed in a compact superconducting magnet with a bore diameter of 100 mm. In this study, microwave signal was detected using a pyroelectric detector and a liquid thermograph sheet at the beam voltage of 40 kV and beam current of about 20 A. Besides, air breakdown plasma, useful for the thrust generation of Microwave Rocket, was successfully ignited at atmospheric pressure. The observed plasma's filamentary structure at the propagation velocity of 720 m/s was different from 170 GHz, which indicates a frequency dependence of the plasma structure.

BACKGROUND:The emergence and spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is a global health problem due to its high mortality and limited treatment options. Combination antimicrobial therapy is reported to be effective against CRE in vitro; however, its efficacy in vivo has not been thoroughly evaluated. Thus, this study assessed the efficacy of combination therapy of meropenem (MEPM) and amikacin (AMK) in a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CR-Kp) mouse model of pneumonia.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Agar-based bacterial suspension of CR-Kp clinical isolates was inoculated into the trachea of BALB/c mice. Treatment was initiated 6 h post infection, with 100 mg/kg MEPM every 6 h, 100 mg/kg AMK every 12 h, or in combination; survival was evaluated for 7 days. The number of viable bacteria in the lungs, lung histopathology, and neutrophil counts in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were evaluated 42 h after infection.RESULTS:All mice in the untreated control group died in 48 h, while all the mice in treatment groups survived past 7 days following infection. The bacterial count in the lungs (log10 CFU/mL, mean ± SEM) in the combination group (2.00 ± 0.00) decreased significantly compared to that in control (10.19 ± 0.11, p < 0.0001), MEPM (6.38 ± 0.17, p < 0.0001), and AMK (6.17 ± 0.16, p < 0.0001) groups. BALF neutrophil count reduced only in the combination therapy group. Combination therapy prevented the progression of lung inflammation, including alveolar neutrophil infiltration and hemorrhage.CONCLUSIONS:This study demonstrates in vivo efficacy of MEPM and AMK combination therapy against CR-Kp pneumonia.

The Linear IFMIF (International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility) Prototype Accelerator (LIPAc) is aiming at demonstrating the low energy section of a 40 MeV/125 mA IFMIF deuteron accelerator up to 9 MeV with a full beam current in cw operation. For such a high-power beam, the LIPAc injector is required to produce a 100 keV D+ beam with 140 mA and match it for injection into the Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator. The injector is designed by CEA-Saclay based on the high intensity light ion source (SILHI). In 2019, the commissioning of the RFQ to demonstrate the D+ beam acceleration at a low duty cycle (0.1%) was conducted. A nominal beam current of 125 mA D+ beam was accelerated up to 5 MeV through the RFQ successfully. The LIPAc injector fully satisfied the requirements for RFQ beam commissioning at the pulse mode.

To realize the GW-class power source for Microwave Rocket, the cost reduction of gyrotrons is one of the solutions to lower the threshold to realize the beam station. In this study, a sub-MW-class gyrotron which adapted a smaller bore diameter of the superconducting magnet was designed and developed. The output power, pulse duration, and frequency are respectively 600 kW, 100 μs, and 94 GHz. The electron current is driven by a charged capacitor bank and in-house IGBT switches. The gyrotron tube was aligned with the superconducting magnet to achieve high electric efficiency.

The IFMIF/EVEDA RFQ is the longest and powerful operated. Therefore, it requires a careful characterization from several aspects: beam dynamics, RF, mechanics, installation and commissioning. Due to the very large power handling, the preliminary beam operation was decided to be performed with a low proton beam current at one half of the voltage needed for deuteron acceleration, i.e. from 8 mA to 30 mA at 2.5 MeV in pulsed mode, with respect to the nominal 130-mA deuteron beam at 5 MeV in CW. In this framework, it will be presented the characterization of the RFQ in terms of simulation and measurements.

The installation and commissioning of the LIPAc are ongoing under the Broader Approach agreement, which is the prototype accelerator of the IFMIF for proof of principle and design. The deuteron beam will be accelerated by the RFQ linac from 100 keV to 5 MeV during the commissioning phase-B and by the SRF linac up to 9 MeV during the phase-C. The commissioning phase-B+ will be implemented between phase-B and C to complete the engineering validation of the RFQ linac before installing the SRF linac. The lattice for the deuteron beam of 5 MeV and 125 mA at the commissioning phase-B+ was designed. INTRODUCTION The International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) aims to provide an accelerator-based, D-Li neutron source to produce high energy neutrons for DEMO reactor materials qualification. The Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator (LIPAc) is the prototype accelerator of the IFMIF for proof of principle and design. The installation and commissioning of the LIPAc are ongoing under the Broader Approach agreement, concluded between the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), whose implementing agency is F4E, and Japan [1, 2]. Figure 1: Accelerator components at (a) commissioning phase-B, (b) phase-B+, and (c) phase-C and D. At the LIPAc, the deuteron beam (D+) of 140 mA generated from the injector will be accelerated by the RFQ linac from 100 keV to 5 MeV. During the commissioning phase B, the D+ will be transported through the medium beam transport system (MEBT) and the beam diagnostic system (D-plate), and then it will be absorbed by the low power beam dump (LPBD) (see Fig.1(a)). It should be noted that, at the MEBT, there are 2 scrapers to remove the halo and 2 bunchers to match the longitudinal beam distribution to the SRF’s one (see Fig. 2). Figure 2: Schematic view of LIPAc at phase-B+. The commissioning phase-B+ will be implemented between phase-B and C. Its main goal is to validate the CW operation of the RFQ linac on the condition of the D+ with 125 mA and 5 MeV for 30 minutes before installing the SRF linac. The phase-B+ consists of substituting the SRF linac in the phase-C configuration for a new beam transport line, which is called the drift line (see Figs. 1(b) and (c)). After passing through the drift line and the high energy beam transport system (HEBT) merged with the D-plate, the D+ will be absorbed by a high power beam dump (HPBD). During the phase-C, the D+ will additionally be accelerated by the SRF linac up to 9 MeV. The CW operation is not foreseen in phase-C, and it is foreseen in the phase-D whose accelerator components is identical with those of the phase-C. In the new drift line at the Phase-B+, 4 quadrupole magnets, 2 steering magnets and 2 BPMs are assembled (Fig. 2). In order to meet the beam requirements for the phaseB+, the lattice design was performed. The beam requirements and results are presented in detail. REQUIREMENTS FOR PHASE-B+ The requirements for the phase-B+ are listed as follows: • The installation of the SRF linac is planned after the phase-B+, so that the installation and un-installation of the drift line must be simple. Therefore, it is planned that 4 quadrupole magnets are installed as the ____________________________________________ †shimosaki.yoshito@qst.go.jp 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf. IPAC2019, Melbourne, Australia JACoW Publishing ISBN: 978-3-95450-208-0 doi:10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-MOPTS051 MC4: Hadron Accelerators A08 Linear Accelerators MOPTS051 977 Co nt en tf ro m th is w or k m ay be us ed un de rt he te rm so ft he CC BY 3. 0 lic en ce (© 20 19 ). A ny di str ib ut io n of th is w or k m us tm ai nt ai n at tri bu tio n to th e au th or (s ), tit le of th e w or k, pu bl ish er ,a nd D O I

During the EVEDA (engineering validation and engineering design activities) phase of the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) project, a 125 mA/9 MeV linear prototype accelerator (LIPAc) has to be built, tested and operated in Rokkasho-mura (Japan). Involved in this project for several years, CEA-Saclay designed the injector of this accelerator which is composed of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source, delivering a 140 mA deuteron beam at 100 keV, and a low energy beam transport (LEBT) line to match the beam for the injection into the radio-frequency quadrupole. In this paper, the components of the LIPAc injector are described. The commissioning of the ion source and LEBT with beam started in November 2014. The different phases of the commissioning are explained and some noticeable experimental results obtained with a D+ beam at 100 keV are presented.

Stray millimeter-wave radiation from a 70-GHz electron cyclotron heating and current drive (ECH/ECCD) system has been measured in the Heliotron J helical device. Two rotatable diode detectors located at the outboard side ports are used to pick up the stray radiation: one is installed at the ECH launcher port and the other is installed at a toroidal angle of 135 deg far from the ECH launcher port. Both detectors are rotated to measure the polarization of the stray radiation. The results show that at the toroidal position far from the ECH launcher, the polarization is not fully randomized before plasma breakdown, whereas the polarization is uniform after a quasi-stationary plasma is generated. The polarization near the ECH launcher is not uniform even in a quasi-stationary plasma. Plasma experiments scanning the electron density indicate that the EC power absorption estimated from the stray radiation at the toroidal position far from the ECH launcher is correlated with the single-pass absorption rate calculated by the TRAVIS ray-tracing code. These results indicate that the diagnostic using a simple diode detector can be used as a real-time monitor of EC power absorption only when the plasma with finite density is produced and the detector is placed far from the ECH launcher port.

The International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) is an accelerator-based D-Li neutron source, in which two 40-MeV Deuteron beams with a total current of 250 mA impact on a liquid Li stream flowing at 15 m/s (Li target). In the IFMIF/EVEDA project under the Broader Approach (BA) agreement, the Li target was continuously operated with the cold trap and satisfied the stability requirement throughout the continuous operation. The linear IFMIF prototype accelerator (LIPAc) is currently under development in Rokkasho, Japan, to demonstrate the 9 MeV/125 mA D-beam acceleration. Recently, the first proton beam was injected into the RFQ with more than 90 % transmission, followed by the first Deuteron beam accelerated at 5 MeV. The superconducting RF linac necessary for the 9-MeV D+ beam is nearing completion of the manufacturing phase and will be assembled in Rokkasho. Based on the results from the IFMIF/EVEDA project, a conceptual design of the Advanced Fusion Neutron Source (AFNS) for its construction in Rokkasho is underway to obtain material irradiation data necessary for a fusion DEMO reactor. The A-FNS is composed of an accelerator with a 40-MeV and 125-mA deuteron beam, a test facility including a liquid Li target system and a post irradiation examination facility, which is designed to be able of multipurpose utilizations for neutron application as well.

Megawatt (MW) gyrotrons, with a wide frequency range from 14 to 300 GHz, are being developed as part of a collaborative electron cyclotron heating (ECIi) study for advanced fusion devices and a demonstration power plant (DEMO). (1) Detailed designs for a 14 GHz 1 MW gyrotron are being developed for fabrication. For a 14 GHz radio frequency (RF) beam with high divergence, a calculated transmission efficiency of 94% to the corrugated waveguide coupling position was obtained initially by introducing the design concept (direct RF beam coupling by built-in waveguide) to minimize the RF transmission path. Installing a double-disk sapphire window will make it possible to develop a 1 MW gyrotron with a continuous wave (CW) at 14 GHz. (2) In experimental tests of a new 28/35 GHz dual-frequency gyrotron, the cooling characteristics of an optimal-structure double-disk sapphire window were evaluated. We confirmed that operating at 0.4 MW with a CW at 28 GHz is feasible, reaching twice the output power reported in previous studies. In a 2ms short-pulse experimental test, maximum powers of 1.65 MW at 28.04 GI lz and 1.21 MW at 34.83 GHz were achieved. (3) A design study of a 77/51 GHz dual-frequency gyrotron was performed. Oscillations above 1.5 MW for 77 GHz and 1.3 MW for 51.88 GHz are expected for a beam voltage V-k = 80kV and beam current I-k = 60 A. (4) In an experiment with a 300 GHz gyrotron, the influence of the wave reflected from the window was reduced by tilting the output window, and mode competition in the cavity was suppressed. An output power of 0.62 MW with a pulse width of 1 ms, which is the new record for this frequency, was obtained. (5) We also performed a trial design study of a 240 GHz gyrotron for DEMO.

International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) is an accelerator-based D-Li neutron source, in which two 40 MeV Deuteron(D) beams with a total current 250 mA impact on a liquid Li stream flowing at 15 m/s. In the IFMIF/EVEDA project under the Broader Approach (BA) agreement, the Li target was continuously operated with the cold trap and satisfied the stability requirement throughout the continuous operation. The Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator (LIPAc) is currently under development in Rokkasho, Japan, to demonstrate the 9 MeV/125 mA D⁺ beam acceleration. Recently, the first proton beam was injected into the RFQ with more than 90 % of transmission, followed by the first D⁺ beam accelerated at 5 MeV. The SRF linac necessary for the 9-MeV D⁺ beam is nearing completion of the manufacturing phase and will be assembled in Rokkasho. Based on these results, a conceptual design of the Advanced Fusion Neutron Source (A-FNS) for its construction in Rokkasho is underway to obtain material irradiation data for a DEMO reactor. The A-FNS is designed to be composed of an accelerator facility with a 40 MeV/125 mA D⁺ beam, a test facility including a liquid Li target system and a post irradiation examination facility, and to enable multipurpose utilization for neutron application.

Performance tests for two ITER gyrotrons have being carried out in the QST. In the tests, the output power of 1.05 MW with efficiency of 50.5 % for 300 s, the output power of 0.9 MW for 60 s in the 5 kHz full-modulation, and operation reliability of more than 90 % were achieved. Design study of dual-frequency gyrotron has been carried out to apply plasma operations at 1.8 T, 2.65 T and 5.3 T in ITER. It succeeded in design values of power transmission efficiencies in 104 GHz and 170 GHz oscillations almost equivalent to the design value in the current ITER gyrotron.

The 1st proton beam acceleration of the Linear IFMIF Prototype Accelerator (LIPAc) through its novel RFQ was succeeded on 13th June 2018. Addition to plenty of beam diagnostics equipped in the beam line, we prepared some radiation detectors placed around the accelerator in order to acquire supplemental information of the beam, as an indirect measurement. In the first day of the beam injection to the RFQ, the gamma-rays corresponding to certain excited states of Al of the low power beam dump were successfully detected by a LaBr3(Ce) scintillation detector. Some neutrons, which would originate from the interaction of protons with Cu somewhere, were also observed. These results proved that the beam was certainly accelerated up to about 2.5 MeV, and provided us a definitive confidence that the RFQ was working appropriately from the very beginning of the commissioning. Also, the comparison of the radiation yields with the RFQ transmission provided additional information on the beam energy distribution.