Tumors of the urinary tract of cats are uncommon. Although a few surveys have been performed worldwide, investigation of these tumors in Croatia is lacking. The purpose of this research was to document epidemiological and tumor data from cats with urinary tumors. The study included cats histologically diagnosed with urinary tumors at the Department of Veterinary Pathology from 2009 to 2022. The following data were analyzed: the breed, sex, and age of the cats, tumor location, tumor type, and biological behavior. Tumors affected the urinary system in 34 cats, corresponding to tumor prevalence of 1.06% (general population), and 3.26% (tumor-bearing cats). Non-purebred cats (73.53%) and females (61.77%) were overrepresented. The average age of the affected animals was 9.42 years. The most frequent diagnoses were lymphoma (58.82%) and urothelial carcinoma (17.65%). The affected locations were the kidneys (73.53%) and urinary bladder (26.47%). Most tumors were malignant (97.06%). Where it could be determined, the cause of death was disseminated neoplastic disease with concurrent affection of the urinary system (75%), and primary urinary neoplasia (15%), while in 10% urinary tumors were not associated with the cause of death. This study gives an insight into the urinary tumors that affect Croatian felines. The tumor prevalence and types diagnosed correspond to the literature data, showing that the Croatian population suffers from the same tumors as populations elsewhere. The affected cats were usually of old age, female, and non-purebred, and often had a disseminated neoplastic disease, and grave prognosis. The low prevalence indicates that these tumors are rare, but nevertheless important diseases of the urinary tract in cats.

The Postmortem Interval (PMI) is the time from the death of an animal to its discovery. From a veterinary forensic standpoint, an accurate estimation of the PMI is of particular importance, especially with the observed increase in deaths of domestic and wild animals. A preliminary study was conducted using the eyes of domestic pigs. A biochemical analysis was conducted on the vitreous humor of the eye, whilst a histological analysis was conducted on the retina. The eyes were stored at +4 °C and changes were assessed at time intervals of 0, 12, 24, 48, and 120 h. The biochemical analysis during the PMI established a decrease in sodium, chlorine, and glucose concentrations, and a rise in potassium concentration. Accordingly, a simple linear regression showed a significant correlation between changes in concentrations of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl−), and glucose, in relation to the PMI. The histological analysis showed evident morphological changes in the retina, which included homogenization of the rod and cone cells, pyknosis of the outer nuclear layer, homogenization of the outer plexiform layer, pyknosis of the inner nuclear layer, homogenization of the inner plexiform layer, and pyknosis of the nuclei of the ganglion layer of the retina.

This study aimed to provide insights into potential work-related stressors, career satisfaction levels and their potential impact on mental health among veterinarians in Croatia. A total of 389 veterinary doctors participated in this research. The survey response rate was 21.1%, signifying the involvement and input of a specific number of veterinarians in the Republic of Croatia in this study. The questions were designed and divided into categories to assess demographic information about the participants and their mental health, including inquiries about their psychosocial environment and individual well-being. The study was designed as cross-sectional study, utilising an online survey as the main tool for data collection. The survey was available from 14 March to 30 April 2023. The findings highlight the potential increased risks for veterinary professionals who experience certain stressors related to their work. Since this is the first study of its kind, it could enable a better understanding of the specific needs and challenges related to mental health in the veterinary profession in the Republic of Croatia.

Antlers are bony structures that undergo regular annual growth, mineralisation and casting phases, representing only mammalian organs capable of full regeneration. Myiasis is infestation of live vertebrates with dipterous larvae. We sampled mineralised antlers from a red deer spiker stag 2 months after velvet shedding, divided it into three segments and fixed in 10

For many years, the conflict between humans and wolves has persisted due to the death of livestock attributed to the attack of these animals and dogs, causing high economic costs to owners and governments. To remedy this problem, differential compensation programs have been established for the affected owners, depending on the attacker. Obtaining these benefits requires evidence to demonstrate the veracity of the complaint. Reliable approaches are needed nowadays to detect the predator, beyond any reasonable doubt. Although the analysis of teeth marks on bones has been used to differentiate carnivores, especially for archaeological purposes, its interpretation for forensic purposes is still ambiguous, due to the high range of factors that can influence tooth mark patterns, and it has scarcely been considered in previous work. This study analyzed and compared the tooth marks caused by captive Iberian wolves and by a group of domestic hunting dogs (rehala) on fresh, and disarticulated (isolated) bovine scapulae, for taxonomic differentiation purposes. Wolves showed a higher rate of modification throughout the study and, although tooth marks caused by wolves tend to be larger and wider than those caused by dogs, in most cases it was possible to find overlap between the two subspecies. Bone modifications are conditioned by a number of factors intrinsic to the scavenger or predator species, and intrinsic to the aggressor and the environment, that must be considered during the interpretation of tooth marks found on bones at a crime scene. Along with the comprehensive analysis of all evidence, the analysis of new variables of tooth marks on bones, using novel image processing methodologies and statistical analysis, has shown high potential to identify the morphological and/or morphometric variables that allow taxonomic differentiation

The pronounced inflow of financial capital from index investors over the last 15 years and the accompanying substantial fluctuations in commodity futures markets have aroused public and academic interest. A common accusation made in this context is that commodity index traders (CITs) negatively influence the quality of commodity futures markets and keep them far from fundamentally justified price levels. In this paper, we focus on quantifying market efficiency, and investigate empirically the suggested effect of CITs over the period from 1999 to 2019 for 34 commodity futures markets. In contrast to recent studies, we find empirical evidence that the financialization positively affected the market efficiency of indexed commodity futures markets. Consistently, we observe that the degree of commodity index trader activity is associated with higher degrees of informational efficiency.

One of the current leading causes of death in pet cats is neoplasia. The scarcity of data on tumor prevalence in cats from south-eastern Europe led to this retrospective study which reports an abundant collection of tumors diagnosed in cats living in Croatia. Archived histopathology findings (diagnosis, cell origin, and biological behavior), and epidemiological data (breed, sex, age, and anatomical site of the tumor) of the cats diagnosed with at least one tumor were collected and statistically analyzed. For the research, 2338 archived feline samples, obtained from 2009-2019, have been reviewed. In 659 samples (28.1%) one or more tumors were diagnosed. Tumors have most often affected non-pedigree cats, cats between 7 and 15 years of age, and female cats. Most tumors showed malignant behavior (85.7%). The most frequent diagnoses were mammary adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Regarding origin, most samples were epithelial (46.9%), but mesenchymal (28.7%) and lymphoid tumors (17.0%) were also frequently found. Tumors most often occurred in the skin and subcutis, mammary gland (in females), digestive system, and hemolymphatic system (in males). Statistical analysis did not reveal breed, sex, and age predisposition, but female animals and non-pedigree cats were significantly more likely to develop malignant tumors. This detailed study gives insight into the most frequent tumors that occur in cats from Croatia, and the data reported here is likely applicable to other countries. This data will contribute to clinical veterinary oncology, as it presents the most extensive tumor index of cats in south-eastern Europe.

During the armed conflict in Colombia, homemade improvised antipersonnel landmines were used to neutralize the adversary. Many active artifacts remain buried, causing damage to biodiversity by exploding. The extensive literature describes the effects and injuries caused to humans by conventional landmines. However, there is considerably less information on the behavior and effects of homemade antipersonnel landmines on fauna and good field investigation practices. Our objectives were to describe the characteristics of a controlled explosion of a homemade antipersonnel landmine (using ammonium nitrate as an explosive substance), to compare the effectiveness of some evidence search patterns used in forensic investigation, and to determine the effects on a piece of an animal carcass. The explosion generated a shock wave and an exothermic reaction, generating physical effects on the ground and surrounding structures near the point of explosion. The amputation of the foot in direct contact with the device during the explosion and multiple fractures were the main effects on the animal carcass. Finally, it was determined that finding evidence was more effective in a smaller search area. Many factors can influence the results, which must be weighed when interpreting the results, as discussed in this manuscript.

Biogenic amines (BAs) are considered a potential microbiological toxicological hazard in aged cheese. Risk mitigation strategies include good hygiene practice measures, thermal treatment of milk and the use of competitive dairy cultures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of BAs—tryptamine, β-phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine and spermine—in the core and rind of cheeses ripened by bacteria (n = 61) and by mold cultures (n = 8). The microbial communities were counted, and the dominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were identified, corresponding to the BA concentrations. The total BA content was highest in the core of semi-hard cheeses (353.98 mg/kg), followed by mold cheeses (248.99 mg/kg) and lowest in hard cheeses (157.38 mg/kg). The highest amount of BAs was present in the rind of cheeses with mold (240.52 mg/kg), followed by semi-hard (174.99 mg/kg) and hard cheeses (107.21 mg/kg). Tyramine was the most abundant BA, represented by 75.4% in mold cheeses, 41.3% in hard cheese and 35% of total BAs in semi-hard cheeses. Histamine was present above the defined European maximum level (ML) of 100 mg/kg in only two semi-hard and three hard cheeses. High amount of BAs (above 600 mg/kg) in cheeses, mainly tyramine, were associated with the presence of Enterococcus durans, while negligible BA concentrations were found in cheeses ripened with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Lactococcus lactis or Lacticaseibacillus paracasei cultures. This study has shown that retailed cheese varieties produced with commercial bacterial or mold cultures have acceptable levels of biogenic amines with respect to consumers.

Circumanal gland (CG) tumors are common neoplasms of older dogs. Of these, only circumanal gland carcinomas show clear metastatic potential, and even so metastases seem to be uncommon. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that facilitates the initial steps of metastasis, and to date it has not been systematically investigated in CG tumors. Insight into the occurrence of this process would be a valuable asset in understanding the biology of these tumors. To test the occurrence of EMT we used three immunohistochemical markers that alter their expression in this process, namely – E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Additionally, we used the Ki-67 marker of proliferation. The samples used consisted of 15 adenomas, 11 epitheliomas, 21 well-differentiated carcinomas, seven poorly differentiated carcinomas, and ten samples of normal CG. The results of N-cadherin were negative for all samples. E-cadherin was highly expressed in all groups, but was slightly lower in semi-malignant and malignant tumors; MMP-9 marking was generally very low, but significantly higher in semi-malignant or malignant tumors when compared to benign or non-neoplastic CG. The index of proliferation (Ki-67) was significantly higher for semi-malignant or malignant CG tumors when compared to benign CG tumors or normal CG. These results show that with an increase in the histologic malignancy of these tumors there is a slight drop in E-cadherin, a slight rise in MMP-9, and a significant increase in Ki-67. Therefore, these results suggest the possibility that EMT occurs within the malignant or even semi-malignant forms of CG tumors, but probably as a rare and late event. Further studies are needed to prove or disprove these statements.

U radu je prikazan razvoj veterinarskog školstva s posebnim osvrtom na današnji Ve¬terinarski fakultet u Beču, jer je nekada većina naših veterinara najčešće završavala fakultete u Beču, Budimpešti, Pragu, Lavovu i Italiji. Studij raznih oblika veterinarstva u liječnika i kirurga odvijao se na 4 načina u obliku: kraćih tečajeva iz veterinarstva, redovitog studija „veterinar¬stvo,“ poslijediplomskog studija odabranih liječnika i kirurga te posebnog oblika poslijediplomskog studija za medicinare i kirurge. U Bečkom veterinarskom zavodu bile su sljedeće kategorije učenika: obični kovači, poljodjelci, pastiri, lovci i ovčari, časnici, budući okružni liječnici i okružni ranarnici, slušači za pregled mesa i stoke, kuršmidi i pravi veterinari. Burnu povijest razvitka i preobrazbi Veterinarskog fakulteta u Beču prikazana je kroz nekoliko faza do današnjeg dana i to od: 1766.-1777. g., 1777.- 1795. g., 1795.-1808. g., 1808.-1812. g., 1812.- 1850. g., 1850.-1896. g., 1897.-1905. g., 1905.- 1919. g. i od 1912.-1976. g. do danas.

U radu je prikazana pojava i kretanje zaraznih bolesti domaćih životinja u 18. i 19. stoljeću u banskoj Hrvatskoj među kojima dominira goveđa kuga. Navedeni su prvi liječnici koji su prepoznavali zarazne bolesti i radili razudbe domaćih životinja s ciljem utvrđivanja patoanatomskih promjena, odnosno postavljanja dijagnoze. Prikazani su djelatnici koji su suzbijali zarazne bolesti domaćih životinja kao i njihove obveze, odnosno mjere koje su trebali narediti i provesti kao i dužnosti te obveze vlasnika životinja kroz opisani period. U istraživanom razdoblju postavljane su dijagnoze na latinskom i njemačkom jeziku s različitim pojmovima koji su se vjerojatno odnosili na goveđu kugu.

Visceral hemangiosarcoma were analyzed at the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, over a 5-year period. From a total of 52 tumor masses in a total of 31 dogs, histological growth patterns (cavernous, capillary or solid) and the amount of tumor supporting stroma were evaluated. Additionally, sections were stained with toluidine blue for the purpose of mast cell detection and their number was determined in the tumor parenchyma, tumor stroma and edges. The average age of the affected animals was 10 years, males predominated, and the tumors occurred most frequently in cross breeds, German Shepherd dogs and Labrador Retrievers. The highest number of visceral hemangiosarcoma was found in the spleen (27/52). The most common growth pattern of visceral hemangiosarcoma was solely cavernous with a mixture of cavernous and solid patterns in different proportions. Mast cells were found in 44/52 (84.6%) of the visceral hemangiosarcomas. A smaller number of mast cells were found in the tumor parenchyma, and higher number were found in the stroma and tumor edges. The number of mast cells in tumors was not significantly associated with the tumor growth pattern, but there was a positive correlation between MCC - tumor parenchyma and stroma (r(s) = 0.28, P<0.05), MCC - tumor stroma + edges (r(s) = 0.74, P<0.05) and MCC - tumor parenchyma and MCC-tumor stroma+edges (r(s) = 0.30, P<0.05) in all the examined tumors. In splenic tumors, there was only a significant positive correlation between MCC - stroma+edges (r(s) P = 0.68 P<0.05). These results suggest a higher mast cell count in tumors with more developed stromal components in canine visceral hemangiosarcomas, and certainly indicate the need for further research on their role and the factors they release in the development and progression of hemangiosarcomas.

U radu je prikazano osnivanje veterinarskog školstva od samog početka u Lyonu 1762. g. do 1919. kada je osnovan Veterinarski fakultet u Zagrebu, a spomenuti su i osnivači, odnosno ravnatelji nekih tadašnjih veterinarskih škola. Prikazan je i pregled civilne i vojne organizacije veterinarstva po pojedinim tadašnjim državama. Budući da su veterinari u Hrvatskoj bili većinom školovani u Beču, to ćemo razvoj školstva i veterinarstva u Beču obraditi u posebnom radu. U Francuskoj je 1880. g. uz 419 vojnih veterinara djelovalo i 3 015 civilnih veterinara, ili ukupno 3 434 veterinara. U talijanskoj vojsci ukupno je bilo 142 veterinara, a u španjolskoj vojsci je 1881. g. bilo ukupno 252 veterinara. U belgijskoj vojsci 1868. g. bilo je 34 vojnih dok je bilo i 392 civilnih veterinara, a u Austriji u civilnoj službi bio je 297 veterinara. U Saskoj 1874. g. djeluje više od 200 civilnih veterinara i oko 40 vojnih veterinara, koji od 1864. g. imaju zajedničko veterinarsko društvo. U Prusiji se iz Naredbe od 21. 5. 1875. g. veterinarstvo potpuno odvaja od lječništva, a uz vojne veterinare bilo je ukupno 1 700 civilnih veterinara, i to 39 oblasnih, 422 kotarska, 16 graničnih i oko 1 000 privatnih veterinara. U Badenu su djelovala 54 kotarska veterinara, 65 u slobodnoj praksi i 20 vojnih veterinara i veterinarskih referenata, a u Würtenbergu je bilo 268 civilnih veterinara i 31 veterinar uposlen u vojsci. Nastava je u 19. stoljeću u Francuskoj u Lyonu od 1813. g. trajala 2, odnosno 3 godine, a od 1825. g. trajala je 4 godine. U Španjolskoj je nastava trajala 4, odnosno 5 godina. U Mađarskoj je u Budimpešti nastava 1851. g. godine trajala 2 semestra, a od 1875. g. trajala je 3 godine da bi od 1899. g. bila produžena na 4 godine, potom od 1922. g. studij traje 9, a od 1951. g. 10 semestara. U Njemačkoj je u Hannoveru nastava do 1845. g. trajala 2 godine, a od 1851. produžava se na 3 godine. U Berlinu nastava od 1836. g. traje 6 ili 7 semestara, a od 1878. g. sva je nastava produžena na 7 semestara. U Njemačkoj je u Münchenu studij od 1790. g. trajao 3 godine.