Air pollution from fine dust (PM2.5) poses severe risks to urban environments and human health in many cities, particularly in roadside areas. Urban green spaces can help reduce this pollution, but there is still limited research on the best way to design plant layouts for maximum dust removal. This study evaluated the performance of a specially designed urban garden in Bangkok, Thailand, for PM2.5 removal. A three-layer planting design, featuring species with high PM2.5 removal capacity from a screening of 73 plant species, was implemented beside a major traffic road. Measurements conducted during high-pollution periods showed an average removal efficiency of 14.89%, increasing up to 35% under high PM2.5 conditions. The garden improved microclimatic conditions, reducing air temperature by 1-2°C and increasing relative humidity by approximately 9.9%. Environmental parameters such as wind speed and direction significantly affected removal efficiency. Wind speeds between 1-3 m/s optimized dust capture, reaching efficiency levels of 15-18%, while speeds above 3.6 m/s resulted in a drop in efficiency. The annual PM2.5 dry deposition rate was calculated at 1.33 g/m2 ·y. These results demonstrate that strategic planting design and species selection can enhance nature-based solutions for urban air quality improvement.Implications: This study demonstrated that a newly designed urban green space can significantly reduce roadside PM2.5, especially during high-pollution periods. Using a multi-layer planting structure and species with high PM2.5 removal capacity, the garden achieved up to 35% reduction and accumulated substantial annual particulate matter. Seasonal wind patterns were also key determinants of removal efficiency. These results provide practical guidance for municipalities and urban planners seeking cost-effective, nature-based solutions for air quality improvement. Integrating targeted green infrastructure into urban design can enhance public health protection and strengthen long-term air pollution management.

Currently, health awareness has an increasing trend towards a healthier lifestyle of people that enhance healthy diet from plant functional foods to prevent non-communicable diseases i.e. type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Hence, effect of buffalo manure on total phenolic content, antioxidant, anti-amylase and antiacetylcholinesterase activities, and functional groups of chemical components of Helianthus annuus microgreens were focused. The microgreens were planting in soil mixed with buffalo manure (HAM) and without buffalo manure (HA) for 10 days. Total phenolic content, antioxidant, anti-amylase and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities were measured by a spectrophotometer, and functional groups of components were identified by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The result showed that seeding rate (32.41 f 28.62%) of microgreens of HAM was greater than the HA microgreens (14.84 f 2.58%), significantly (P-value 60.05). Additionally, the microgreen extract of HAM was higher total phenolic content (86.50 f 17.32 mg gallic acid/ g extract) and ferrous iron chelating activity (1/EC50 = 0.2734 f 0.1018) than that of the microgreen extract of HA (68.74 f 16.13 mg gallic acid/ g extract and 1/EC50 = 0.1430 f 0.0418, respectively), significantly (P-value 60.005), while anti-amylase and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of HAM and HA was not different. Moreover, HAM and HA provides functional groups involving phenolic compounds and nutrients. Therefore, buffalo manure had the efficiency for improving seeding rate, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the microgreens that can be used as healthy foods to enhance food security.

Honey is a functional food that is made by a natural process from bees collecting nectar from flowers, which its medicinal properties depend on geographical and botanical origins. Hence, this study was focused on chemical characterization of various honey types produced by Apis cerana, Apis florea and Apis mellifera using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with cluster and principle component analysis (PCA). The A. cerana samples revealed the highest amount of fructose, glucose and sucrose (38.43, 38.79 and 3.42 %, respectively) and the highest sum of glucose and fructose content with 77.22 %, significantly (P-value < 0.05). The percentages of Brix of all honey samples were in the range of 75.50-78.91 %. The ratios of fructose/glucose of honey samples from A. cerana (0.99), A. florea (1.06) and A. mellifera (0.98) were below 1.11 that indicated rapidly crystallization. The percentages of moisture (19.36-22.50 %) and the HMF level (4.58-91.94 mg/kg) of honey samples were detected, which some of the honey samples showed excessive HMF and moisture. Furthermore, sugar content correlated with the moisture, Brix and HMF level, significantly. The FTIR result showed different patterns among honey samples at a wavenumber range of 502.89-1344.46 cm(-1). All honey samples showed FTIR spectra involved functional groups of phenolic compounds, protein, amino acid, lipid, carbohydrates and sugars. The combination of cluster and PCA analysis based on FTIR data and physicochemical parameters can be used to discriminate honey samples from different botanical origins. The excessive HMF and moisture in honey samples should be concerned and improved its values to responsible for consumer requirements.

Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa WO7 was isolated from an untreated water sample from a hospital wastewater treatment plant in Thailand. This report presents the draft genome sequence data of P. aeruginosa WO7. Genomic DNA was obtained from a pure culture of P. aeruginosa WO7, and paired-end reads were generated using an Illumina MiSeq sequencer. The draft genome consisted of 111 contigs with a total size of 6,784,206 base pairs, an N50 of 209,424 base pairs, and a GC content of 65.85%. The dDDH value between WO7 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50071T was determined to be 90.7%, indicating that the strain is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The data presented indicate the potential for bacterial classification, comparative genomics, comprehensive analysis of antimicrobial resistance, and assessment of bacterial virulence factors in P. aeruginosa. The draft genome sequence data have been deposited at the NCBI under Bioproject accession number PRJNA550309.

Food preservation has many benefits, such as increasing shelf life, retaining nutritional values and biological activities. In the current study, total phenolic content (TCP), antioxidant and anti-glucosidase activities, and kinetic of glucose inhibition of stingless bee honey, honey mixed with fruits, and extracts of Citrus japonica were evaluated by measuring color of a reaction using a spectrophotometer. The result showed that high TPC was found in ethanol extract of C. japonica leaves and fruits (26.79 ± 6.94 and 12.79 ± 0.87 mg of gallic acid per g extract), while stingless bee honey revealed the highest antioxidant activity (1/EC50= 0.2921) and honey mixed with fruits revealed the strongest anti-glucosidase activity (1/EC50= 1.8181), significantly (P-value < 0.05). Kinetic of glucosidase inhibition of honey were found as uncompetitive and mixed competitive inhibition, while the honey mixed with fruits showed mixed competitive inhibition. The FTIR and GC-MS analysis demonstrated the presence of several bioactive compounds. Very strong positive relationship between total phenolic content with GC-MS data was found (r=0.926, P-value < 0.05). This knowledge confirmed that stingless bee honey and honey mixed with fruits had greater anti-diabatic potential in comparison with the extracts of C. japonica leaves and fruits.

This study examined the soil elements and properties of an area becoming an artificial wetland and compared them with those of an agricultural area. The study site is an artificial wetland in Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand. Its soil properties and element content were compared with a nearby agricultural area using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the study found this artificial wetland to be within the soil acidity zone of central Thailand, with an average soil pH above 3.99 ± 0.49 and a topsoil organic matter average of 17090 ± 2685 mg kg-1, with aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) as the major soil minerals. Compared to the agricultural area, the soil properties of the artificial wetland had slightly lower topsoil pH but significantly lower pH in the soil layer 100 cm deep in the agricultural area, and the EC in the artificial wetland was higher than in the agricultural area. However, there are three distinct patterns in the elemental composition of the artificial wetland: (1) A lower-quantity soil surface that improves with depth, (2) a high-quantity of topsoil that worsens with depth, and (3) highly variable soil quality below 50-100 cm. In the soil, the organic carbon in artificial wetlands has a ratio of 1:0.17:0.51 to reference area 1 and reference area 2, indicating that wetlands can store carbon in the soil. The element content of the topsoil and 50 cm soil layer is potentially influenced by land use and beneficial microbial activity, and the soil 100-150 cm layer has an element quantity shared with its parent soil. In this study, we sought to understand the physics and chemical composition of soil in an area transitioning to an artificial wetland over approximately 30 years.

The relationship between heavy metal contamination in sediment and macrofauna in the upper Gulf of Thailand is presented as an indication of the environmental quality of coastal waters. This study aims to monitor five heavy metal elements (As, Cd, Mn, Ni, and Pb) between sediment and the sandworm (Perinereis quatrefagesi (P. quatrefagesi)). The geoaccumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), and contamination factor (CF), including the pollution load index (PLI), were used for statistical analyses by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and differences in the data were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test. The sediment heavy metal concentrations were found to decrease (Al > Mn > Pb > Ni > Cd > As), and the quantity of heavy metal contamination in the sediment was not over the emergency point defined by the Pollution Control Department in Thailand. The Mn at the SH and SP points has Igeo > 0 but <1 and is considered not polluted to moderately polluted. The EF overall is <2 and is deficient in mineral enrichment. The CF of the Samut Sakhon (SH) and Samut Prakan (SP) sites had high Al and Mn values, indicating a low pollution level, but the PLI had an all-site average of 0.0215 ± 0.0252, which is <1. This indicates that the present areas are close to ideal and not polluted. To measure heavy metals in macrofauna, P. quatrefagesi was assessed, and concentrations were found to decrease (Mn > Ni > Cd > Pb > As). The Mn between sediment and the sandworm was directly correlated (r = 0.976; p < 0.01). The sandworm performs as a bioindicator for the quality of coastal sediment, specifically with Mn; thus, the result present at a baseline level may grow in the future if there is no control measure for defensive measures.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the connections between heavy metal concentrations in the soil, pasture grass, and livestock manure on farms located in an acidic soil zone of central Thailand. Samples of the soil, grass, and livestock manure were collected from three farms, and were tested for Cd, Pb, As, and Hg. Multiple indicators were employed to assess the pollution levels of the farm soils. The results showed that the amounts of heavy metals in the soil were in the order Pb > Hg > Cd > As; in grass the order was Pb > As > Cd > Hg, and in livestock manure this was Pb > As > Hg > Cd. The soil pH level influenced the quantities of Hg and Ag in the soil. Concerning individual indicators, Igeo and CF indices showed that Hg was present at high levels in farm soils, but an integrated indicator PLI was less than 1, suggesting that soil in the farms was not significantly contaminated, in contrast to the individual indicators. Heavy metal accumulation depended on the species of grass, and the element content in manure was higher than in grass used for feeding the animals, including supplements given to animals by farmers. However, the levels of Cd in the livestock farms demonstrated a relationship among soil, grass, and manure. The heavy metals in manure from animal farms were below the thresholds at which they could be utilized as a soil amendments for organic farming or for safe food production. However, the heavy metals in the farm soil could possibly be dispersed to other locations.

Heavy metal contamination in protected areas can cause sensitive ecosystems to be at risk. Bioindicators for monitoring heavy metal contamination need to be investigated. The objectives of this study were to determine heavy metal residues in soil in an urban area, and also lichens diversity. Twenty-two sampling plots of 1 km x 1 km size were selected in Nong Saeng sub-district, Pak Phli district in Nakhonayok province, Thailand. Lichens diversity was investigated, and soil samples were collected to analyze the amount of heavy metal residues in the soil. Afterwards, the potential ecological risk indexes (RI) and index of atmospheric purity (IAP) were presented. The results indicated that trace element concentrations in forest (For), urban (Urb) and agriculture (Agr) soils were not significantly different, and that land use type did not affect heavy metal contamination. However, two areas with high RI values of 358.27 and 483.76 were designated as being at considerable ecological risk. These values related to the lowest air quality index in distribution mapping of IAP. The relationship between index of atmospheric purity and potential ecological risk indexes (RI) of heavy metal accumulation in urban area implied that long-range transboundary air pollution may be a source of heavy metals contamination in some areas. The highest RI value related to Hg concentration in low land implied that it was possible that concentrations of heavy metals could have been affected by the discharge of wastewater into the low land, and especially in the study area that had acidic soil.

Background: Inhibition of starch-hydrolysing enzymes is one of the major methods to reduce the risk of type-2 diabetes mellitus. Nowadays, there are no reports involving oil-rich and oil-low seeds of different botanical origins. The current study intended to extract Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Arachis hypogaea L. including Plukenetia volubilis L. using ethanol and water solvents, and to analyse Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) fingerprint, total phenolic content, antioxidant and anti-glucosidase activities of the extracts by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. Results: The result showed that the ethanol extracts of P. vulgaris L., A. hypogaea L., and P. volubilis L. showed total phenolic content higher than those of the aqueous extracts. The result also demonstrated that the aqueous and ethanol extracts from P. volubilis L. seed showed the highest antioxidant and anti-glucosidase activities, respectively. In comparison with the efficacy of the aqueous extracts of beans, A. hypogaea L. showed the highest antioxidant activity and anti-glucosidase activity. For the ethanol extract of beans, P. vulgaris L. (red kidney bean) showed the highest antioxidant activity, while P. vulgaris L. (white kidney beans) showed the highest anti-glucosidase activity. Moreover, significantly positive correlations between total phenolic content and anti-glucosidase activity (r = 0.41, P-value = 0.018), and between total phenolic content and FTIR data (r = 0.66, P-value = 0.000) were found. Conclusions: FTIR of the extracts showed functional groups corresponding with phenolic compounds. Moreover, the PCA and cluster analysis from FTIR data, phenolic content and biological activity could separate solvent types used for extraction. (c) 2022 Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

The article aims to investigate the state of soil elements in upland agriculture and the state of pesticide contamination in the environment of differing highland agricultural areas in Thailand.The number of heavy metals present was Fe > Mn > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > Cd, dominant pesticide contamination in the carbamate group is methomyl (0.11 mg/kg), and the organochlorine group is triazophos (0.02 mg/kg).Pesticide contamination was found to positively and significantly correlate with the soil's total N and Fe content (p < 0.01).In the soil microbes, the dominant genera of Aquabacterium were found at the highland agriculture site H1, Massilia at H2, and Sphingomonas at H3.

The number of elderly population is continually growing in Thailand. Major health problems mostly occurred in the elder are non-communicable diseases namely Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In current study, phytochemical composition, anti-amylase and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of leaf extracts and herbal tea from Dolichandrone serrulata (DC.) Seem were determined. The result showed that extracts and herbal tea samples of D. serrulata leaves had effective in inhibition of amylase (an effective concentration at half maximum (EC50) = 1.21 to 23.80 mg/ml) and acetylcholinesterase activities (EC50 = 2.63 to 49.55 mg/ml). The effect of infusion time on the inhibition of amylase indicated that the best infusion time for preparing herbal tea beverage was 3 min, while the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was 5 min. The fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatograph - mass spectrometer (GC-MS) data indicated the presence of phytochemicals in the extracts and herbal tea samples related to phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The principal component analysis (PCA) result from FTIR data could discriminate herbal tea samples from the ethanol and aqueous extracts better than the PCA biplot of anti-amylase activity and anti-acetylcholinesterase activity.

Background: Alpha-amylase is a digestive enzyme which hydrolyses the glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides into monosaccharides. Inhibition of a-amylase can help to retard carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine and decrease blood glucose level. The effect of solvent extraction and milk processing on total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant and anti-amylase activities, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of Glycine max L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. were estimated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). Results: The result showed that the aqueous extract of P. vulgaris L. had the greatest antioxidant activity and anti-amylase activity, while the ethanol extract of G. max L. showed the greatest TPC. Interestingly, the milk of P. vulgaris L. seed showed the greatest level of TPC, antioxidant activity and anti-amylase activity. Mixed milk of G. max L. and P. vulgaris L. (8:2 v/v) showed high anti-amylase activity, while the mixed milk (5:5 v/v) showed high TPC and antioxidant activity. The FTIR result showed five wavenumber ranges associated with functional groups of phenolic compounds. Moreover, the PLS-SEM result revealed a significant positive correlation between TCP and FTIR data (3 = 0.335, t = 2.112, p -value < 0.05), and between TCP and antioxidant activity (3 = 0.346, t = 2.150, p-value < 0.05). Conclusions: The result indicated that the solvent types and cooked beans could affect the biological activities and chemical content. The application of chemical content, biological activities, and FTIR technique combined with PLS-SEM and PCA analysis could discriminate bean types, solvent types, and between raw and cooked beans.How to cite: Thummajitsakul S, Paensanit P, Saeieo T, et al. FTIR and multivariate analysis of total phe-nolic content, antioxidant and anti-amylase activities of extracts and milk of Glycine max L. and Phaseolus vulgaris L. Electron J Biotechnol 2023;64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2023.04.001. & COPY; 2023 Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Thai ricefish (Oryzias minutillus) is the smallest species in the Oryzias genus, widely distributed throughout Thailand. They are important in the trophic level of food webs within freshwater ecosystems. However, knowledge about the molecular data of this fish is lacking. Therefore, in this study, we surveyed the genome data of Thai ricefish collected from Mae Hong Son Province, Northwestern Thailand. In the initial assembly, the total genome and mitochondrial genome of Thai ricefish were 824 Mb and 16,954 bp, respectively. The total sizes of contig and scaffold were 547.7 and 585.9 Mb, respectively. The total genome size per mitochondrial size was 0.049. Phylogenetic relationship of Thai ricefish and related species of Oryzias was constructed based on mitochondrial genome. The nucleotide similarity of all genes in the mitogenome of Thai ricefish was compared with the related species of Oryzias from nucleotide database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information. The results provide data that increase knowledge of molecular genetics and a basis for further work on fish in genus Oryzias.

Melanin is a natural substance responsible for human skin pigmentation. Tyrosinase is known as a key enzyme involved in melanin production; therefore, hyperactivity of this enzyme leads to hyperpigmentation in human. In current study, leaves and fruits of Averrhoa bilimbi L. were extracted with ethanol and water solvents, and its fruit vinegar was produced by fermenting fresh fruits with sugar at room temperature for 10 days. The leaf and aqueous extracts of A. bilimbi L. and its fruit vinegar were investigated for tyrosinase inhibitory activity using L-DOPA as substrates, antioxidant activity using 2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation decolorization assay and total flavonoid content (TFC) using aluminium chloride colorimetric method. Moreover, kinetic study of anti-tyrosinase activity of A. bilimbi extracts and its fruit vinegar, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and principal component analysis (PCA) were carried out. The result indicated ethanol extracts from A. bilimbi fruits and leaves showed the highest TFC and anti-tyrosinase activity, whereas aqueous extracts of its fruits and leaves showed the highest radical scavenging activity. Interestingly, the result revealed the existence of TFC, radical scavenging activity and anti-tyrosinase activity in the vinegar sample. The anti-tyrosinase potential of the fruit and leaf ethanol extracts of A. bilimbi was identified as an uncompetitive inhibitor (Km= 0.54 and 0.51 µM, Vmax= 0.0173 and 0.0146 O.D.450/min, respectively). Positive correlation was significantly found between radical scavenging activity and TFC, between anti-tyrosinase activity and TFC, between FTIR data and TFC, and between FTIR data and anti-tyrosinase activity, (r = 0.83, 0.56, 0.66, 0.75; p-value < 0.05, respectively). Therefore, the extracts and fruit vinegar of A. bilimbi L. could be considered as natural source of an anti-tyrosinase compounds for cosmetics and healthy foods. HIGHLIGHTS The ethanol extracts and fruit vinegar showed high flavonoid content, antioxidant activity and anti-tyrosinase activity The anti-tryrosinase potential was identified as an uncompetitive inhibitor Positive correlation was significantly found between chemical and biological data FTIR, PCA and cluster analysis showed differentiation between extracts and its fruit vinegar GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) chemometrics and determination of antioxidant and anti-glucosidase activities of flower extract and natural dye solution from Sesbania javanica were performed. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were the highest in ethanolic flower extract, while antioxidant activity (1/EC50 = 0.4935) and α-glucosidase inhibition (1/EC50 = 2.9671) were the highest in dye solution, obtained from mixing white clay filler with aqueous dye extract. The correlations of FTIR data, bioactive compound contents, and biological activities were assessed by partial least squares structural equation modelling. Results showed that a strongly positive relationship was significantly demonstrated between FTIR fingerprints and bioactive compound contents (β = 0.825, t = 17.037, p value < 0.05), and between bioactive compound contents and biological activities (β = 0.563, t = 3.000, p value < 0.05). However, a strongly negative relationship was significantly found between FTIR fingerprints and biological activities (β = -1.204, t = 6.065, p value < 0.05). Moreover, the PCA and cluster analysis from FTIR data led to well grouping in PC plots and phylogenetic trees. Interestingly, the PCA and cluster analysis from FTIR data of plant extracts in powdered form provided better separation in PC plots and phylogenetic trees than in liquid form.

Organic rice production (ORP) has been promoted as a means of sustaining both farmers and the ecology of paddy fields, so this research aims to evaluate soil properties and soil elements in the ORP and general rice production (GRP) systems in the Thung Kula Ronghai (TKR) zone in Thailand. Soil samples were collected in Roi-et province from fields classified as ORP (5 fields) or GRP (4 fields), and interviews were also conducted with the field owner about rice yield and rice production. Data from the ORP and GRP groups were compared by t-test, and soil enhancement practices were measured by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for variances. Results indicate there were 14 indicators of soil element control in the TKR. All indicators in the ORP and GRP systems were lower than the rate in soil that is suitable for rice production. The macroelement content in the TKR zone was total nitrogen > total potassium > phosphorus available at a ratio of 338: 3: 1, and the soil organic matter (SOM)/soil organic carbon (SOC) ratio is about 3.45. The soil improvement techniques used in the ORP systems—manure only and manure combined with green manure—have a higher pH value (p < 0.05) than the fertilizer only input but a lower TK value (p < 0.05) than the fertilizer only input. As a result, the ORP yield was higher than that of the GRP systems (p < 0.05), greatly affecting farmers’ practices.

In this study, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study, total flavonoid content and anti-tyrosinase activity of leaf, seed and flesh extracts of Garcinia schomburgkiana and lotion formulation from the extracts were carried out. Additionally, a relationship among FTIR spectra, total flavonoid content and anti-tyrosinase activity was analysed by partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) and principal component analysis (PCA) analysis. The result indicated that the highest total flavonoid content was found in leaf ethanol extract (214.00 ± 7.32 mg rutin equivalent per mg extract). For lotion samples, lotion containing leaf ethanol extract revealed the strongest level of total flavonoid content (5.51 ± 0.04 mg rutin equivalent per mL lotion). Moreover, anti-tyrosinase activity was observed in lotion containing the extracts (1/EC50 ranged from 0.0063 to 7.2334) higher than that of aqueous, ethanol and propanediol extracts (1/EC50 ranged from 0.0099 to 0.5319). The FTIR result confirmed the presence of various function groups in different parts of G. schomburgkiana and lotion samples, which involved the structure of flavonoids namely O-H stretch, C=O bending vibrations, unsaturation bonds, phenol or tertiary alcohol (O-H bend), C-O-H deformation and C-O stretching vibrations of aromatic ethers. The PLS-SEM analysis indicated a moderate positive relationship between the total flavonoid content and FTIR data, significantly (β = 0.502, t = 2.239, p-value < 0.05). The FTIR and subsequent PCA analysis could differentiate of aqueous, ethanol and propanediol extracts and lotion samples. HIGHLIGHTS FTIR data positively correlated with total flavonoid content Extract and lotion samples revealed total flavonoid content and anti-tyrosinase activity The PLS-SEM analysis showed significantly positive relationship between the total flavonoid content and FTIR data FTIR and subsequent PCA analysis differentiated extracts and lotions GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT