Background: As Anatomical education advances very rapidly, and at the same time, there is huge demand and scarcity of true biological models, mainly brain tissue. In this scenario, in 1977, Guther Von Hagens worked on plastics and experimented voraciously on diffusing various plastics into large specimens and ultimately succeeded and coined the term “Plastination”. This technique is very popular in Western countries as the latter greatly minimizes the health hazards due to formalin exposure while dealing with biological tissue. In continuation with the advancement of expensive plastination to cost-effective resin casting, especially studies over the complex structures like the brain and spinal cord. In This study, we emphasize the cost-effective Resin cast-in-situ method to demonstrate the vasculature of the brain and spinal cord. Materials and Methods: After obtaining the prior permission, we collected the Five (5) Goat heads from the slaughterhouse. Following the standard dissection procedure over the neck region, identified and canulated the major neck vessels. Through the vessels normal saline water, formalin, and pigmented resin were administered and preserved the goat head using routine preservation technique. After 36 to 48 hours, the routine dissection was scheduled to expose the brain and upper spinal cord segments, and finding were captured and recorded. Results and Discussion: The specimens show good penetration of dye in the artery and veins, and it’s easy to appreciate and study the vasculature of the brain and upper spinal cord segments, including the Bastons plexus of veins. Conclusion: In comparison with regular silicon casting, resin casting is very cost-effective and long-lasting, with good penetration of the resin substance up to the capillary level. Furthermore, similar studies may be conducted using in combination with whole organ plastination using silicon and resin embedding. KEYWORDS: Resin cast in situ, Brain Vasculature, Plastination, Silicon Casting.

Background Esculetin is a natural coumarin derivative from various plants with multiple pharmacological effects. Hence, the present study was undertaken to explore the cardio protective potential of esculetin against isoproterenol induced myocardial toxicity in rats. Methods The treatment schedule was fixed for 28 days and the rats were divided into five groups of six each. Rats of group I received the normal saline and served as normal control, group II was received ISO (100mg/kg body weight) for last two consecutive days of the study and served as disease control. Groups III and IV received esculetin 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight respectively once a day per oral for 28 days along with ISO for last two consecutive days of the study. Cardiac biomarkers such as CK-MB and LDH, membrane bound Na+ /K+ ATPases activity, myocardial lysosomal enzymes activity and tissue antioxidants status were estimated in the heart tissue samples. The histopathological changes in the myocardium were also assessed. Further, DPPH assay was done to evaluate the free radicals scavenging potential of esculetin. Cytoxicity assay, intracellular ROS levels by DCFDA assay and m-RNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and NF-κB by quantitative RT-PCR in H9c2 cell lines. Results The increased levels of CK-MB, LDH, LPO, myocardial lysosomal enzymes and membrane bound Na+ /K+ ATPase levels by ISO administration was significantly increased with concomitant decrease in tissue antioxidant enzymes such as GSH, Catalase, and SOD. Pre-treatment with esculetin for 28 days has significantly decreased the levels of cardiac bio-markers, lysosomal enzymes, membrane bound Na+ /K+ ATPase levels as well as Lipid peroxides which is in contrary to the ISO group. Amelioration of the antioxidant levels were also found in esculetin treated groups. Histopathological examination of heart reveals that myocardial degeneration, mononuclear cell infiltration was noticed in ISO treated rats, whereas the same was restored with esculetin treatment. In H9C2 cell lines esculetin could effectively reduced intracellular ROS inhibition and m-RNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-6 and NF-κB to prevent apoptosis or cell necrosis. Conclusion The study provides the evidence of cardioprotective potentials of esculetin against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction by antioxidant and myocardial membrane stabilization along with in vitro protection from arsenic induced ROS cell necrosis or apoptosis in H9C2 cells.

Effect of calcium of lactose free millet milk on growth and development in albino weanling rats - Background:Calcium, the

The objectives of the present work are to design, syhthesize and introduce novel urea/thiourea derivatives of 2-(piperazine-1-yl)-pyrimidine and 1-(4-Fluoro/4-Chloro phenyl)-piperazine molecules as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) inhibitors. A series of urea/thiourea derivatives containing pyrimidine and piperazine moieties were synthesized, characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) mass spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis and evaluated their sustainability using biological experiments. The anti-viral bioassay of the title compounds showed an antiviral activity against TMV. The compounds synthesized, 9j, 6g and 3d, showed highly-potential curative, protective, and inhibitory activities against TMV at 500 mg/mL formulation. All these compounds were allowed to quantum-polarized-ligand (quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical (QM/MM)) docking experiments. The compounds 9j, 6g and 3d structurally exhibited identical higher affinity towards TMV-Helicase and TMV-Coat proteins. The docking interactions proposed had two stage inhibition of TMV virus by binding to coat protein and helicase for inhibition of RNA replication. The long-range molecular dynamics (150 ns) simulations has revealed more consistency by 9j, 6g and 3d. The present study outcomes good binding propensity for active-tunnel of TMV-Hel enzyme, by these thiourea, urea derivatives, 9j, 6g and 3d, to suggest that the designed and synthesized were ideal for proposing as selective novel inhibitors to target for TMV.

Obesity is a severe metabolic disorder characterized by increased energy intake and decreased energy output with respect to body weight and metabolism of glucose. About 600 million people worldwide are clinically obese due to lifestyle changes and this is a growing problem in modern society. Over-consumption of a high-fat diet promotes lipid metabolism, especially mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, which also excites intracellular pathways, produces reactive oxygen species, and promotes oxidative stress. Many anti-obesity medications and synthetic antioxidants side effects have led scientists to search for safe and effective bioactive compounds that can tackle both anomalies. In fact, the dietary intake of single medicinal plants can provide a greater degree of safety and effectiveness than mixed medicinal plant preparations. In view of the above, the research conducted on the evaluation of Rhinacantus nasutus plant's antioxidant and antiobese activity, which is listed as having a high therapeutic value in indigenous ayurvedic medicine and is even now being used to treat various diseases, is presented here in this book.

Background: Thyroid gland a brownish red, highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus.It lies in front of the second, third and fourth tracheal rings.It is one of the commonest glands well known for its developmental anomalies, ranging from common to rare ones.The thyroid surgeon must have full knowledge of the anatomy of the thyroid gland, including all of its embryological, congenital, or acquired variations.Levator glandulae thyroideae (LGT), the persistent part of thyroglossal duct (fibromusculoglandular) stretches from the pyramidal lobe or upper border of isthmus of thyroid gland to the body of the hyoid bone, usually on the left side.Presence of the pyramidal lobe (thyroid tissue remnant of embryological origin located in the pretracheal region between the isthmus and the hyoid bone), may impact completeness of thyroidectomy.These variations will help the surgeons in planning thyroid surgeries in a better and safe way.Materials and Observations: Dissection was carried out routinely in 34 cadavers of both sexes in which 2 cadavers presented with LGT.In one cadaver LGT was extending from the left lobe of thyroid gland to hyoid bone.In the other cadaver in addition to the LGT, abnormal extent of the pyramidal lobe (PL).Thus accounting for an incidence of 5.80% variation, both the variations were noted in one male and one female cadavers. Conclusion:In the present study occurrence of thyroid anomalies (morphological variations) such as pyramidal lobes along with LGT is vital, while dealing with thyroid surgeries in the neck region to avoid iatrogenic injuries during complete removal of the gland tissue.Knowledge of embryology of thyroid gland is vital as complex underlying embryology produces substantial anatomic variations both in thyroid bed and elsewhere in the neck and mediastinum.

Introduction: The posterior cranial fossa is the largest and the deepest of the three fossae. Contents of posterior cranial fossa include occipital part of cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Variations in the volume of posterior cranial fossa may cause compression of these structures which may lead to various disorders. There is increasing evidence on the diagnostic potential of posterior cranial fossa measurements. The present study on morphometry of posterior cranial fossa based on CT images of patients without any clinical abnormality was undertaken for the first time in south Indian population. Subjects and Methods: To study and compare sex-wise and age-wise differences in the supratentorial and posterior cranial fossa (PF) measurements in the normal CT scan images of 62 males and 38 females who attended the Neurology department of SVIMS belonging to Rayalaseema region was undertaken. The measurements that were recorded are transverse diameter (TD) and anteroposterior diameter (APD) of supratentorial part and also posterior cranial fossa and height and volume of posterior cranial fossa. Results: The mean supratentorial TD and APD were found to be less in male but were not statistically significant sex-wise and age-wise. The mean posterior fossa APD was significant, PF height and volume were highly significantly in males. Discussion: There are no reports on supratentorial parameters in literature for comparing the results of present study. Except for one study on CT on height and volume of posterior cranial fossa there are no other studies for comparing the values of present study. Conclusion: Observations on supratentorial parameters of the present study are the first to be reported in literature.Age-wise and sex-wise observation of parameters of TD and APD of PF are the first to be reported in literature.

Introduction:The description given in various textbooks and literature on development of nephrons in human kidney doesn't include details of chronology of nephrogenic events at various fetal ages.Though several studies were reported the knowledge on development of kidney especially on the nephrogenesis are limited.The studies emphasize the relationship between prenatal development of kidney and adult onset of renal diseases.Hence, an attempt was made in this study to obtain information by observing the serial sections of kidney of embryos and foetuses of different gestational ages for better understanding of nephrogenic events.Material and methods: Thirty-five aborted embryos and dead fetuses of 5 weeks gestational age to full term were utilized for this study.The specimens were subjected to routine tissue processing and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining.5 embryos of less than 8 weeks gestational age were processed as a whole and were serially sectioned.The histological sections of 5 microns thickness were observed for the time of appearance of various nephrogenic components and photographed.Results: Differentiating pronephric, mesonephric and metanephric components in different weeks i.e. 05 -12, 13 -24, 25-36 were studied.In 06 -12 weeks group a delay in the appearance of Pro and mesonephric, Meso and metanephric ducts were observed that appeared during the 6th week.Differentiation of other components have not completed by 6th week when compared with literature.In 13 -24 weeks also there is delay in corticomedullary differentiation that was observed at 16 wks.at which time the morphologically recognizable Nephrons were also observed.Major part of development occurred between 16-28 weeks instead of 16-24weeks as stated in the literature.Ampulla division continued beyond 24 weeks.Increased number of mature nephrons were observed between 24-28 weeks instead of 16-20 wks., nephron arcades were observed during 24-28 weeks instead of 14-22weeks. Conclusion:Detailed findings of this study could aid the embryologists, neonatologists and nephrologists to understand the chronology of nephrogenic events and related consequences of developmental abnormalities.

Asparagus racemosus extract increases the life span in Drosophila melanogaster K. V. Kiran Kumar, K. S. Prasanna, J. S. Ashadevi

Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, and mucin molecules increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of absorption. Bioadhesion may be defined as the state in which two materials, at least one of which is of a biological nature, are held together for extend periods of time by interfacial forces Mucosal layer represents potential sites for the attachment of any bioadhesive systems because mucosal layer lines number of the body including the gastro intestinal tract, the urogenital tract, vaginal tract, the eye, ear, and nose. The mucoadhesive Bilayer tablets consisting of two various types of drug molecules and they show on set of actions at their particular sites. This review describes the structure of mucosal layer, mechanism of action of mucoadhesion, and preparation techniques of Bilayer tablets and evaluation parameters of tablets.

RNase A is one of the secretary enzymes of pancreas and secreted in to the digestive tract for digestion of RNA present in the food.In RNaseA super family RNase H2 was known to involve in protection against chromosomal instability in yeast strains where as in male wistar rats testes by RNaseA.Drug Metosartan was proven to cause chromosomal instability in testes.So, identification of RNase present in testes proven to be useful as it protects testes against chromosome instability.Column chromatography was one of the techniques used here to isolate RNase present in the testes and enzyme kinetics was performed with column isolated enzyme to know the inhibition pattern of the enzyme, and to find K0.5 and Vmax.

Daucus carota L. was first used for medical purposes and gradually used as a food worldwide and it has been endorsed in relic Ayurvedic scriptures in India and is being used in many Ayurvedic formulations as a chief ingredient. The present study was designed to evaluate the antiurolithiatic activity of D. carota L. extract against ethylene glycol (EG) and Vitamin D-3 induced urolithiasis rats. The protective effect of D. carota L. root extract was studied in a dose-dependent manner by using 200 and 400 mg/kg in rats for four weeks and the anti-urolithiatic potentiality was accessed by measuring the parameters like calcium, sodium, potassium, oxalate, inorganic phosphate, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and uric acid were estimated in both serum and urine by using commercial diagnostic kits. The in vivo antioxidant activity of D. carota L. was also evaluated and histopathological changes that occurred in the kidney observed. Serum and urinary levels of calcium, creatinine, oxalate, blood urea and blood urea nitrogen level were found to be decreased significantly in groups pre-treated with D. carota L. extract. The animals treated with test drug showed much improvement in physical parameters like body weight, urine volume and pH of urine. Histopathology of kidney showed almost normal kidney architecture in treated groups compared to disease control rats. The biochemical and histopathological parameters studied in rats have revealed the presences of antiurolithiatic property in the roots of Daucus carota L. This property was dose-dependent.

Mercapto benzothiazole linked 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives were designed (4a-u) as new antiinflammatory agents using bioisosteric approach and docking studies. The docking results clearly indicated that the compounds 4a-u shown good docking interaction towards COX-2 enzyme. In silico drug like properties were also calculated for compounds (4a-u) and exhibited significant H-bond acceptor ratio. All compounds were synthesized and biologically evaluated using in vitro COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX assays. Compound 4k and 4q (IC50 = 6.8 mu M and IC50 = 5.0 mu M) found to be potent, selective COX -2 inhibitors and display better anti-inflammatory activity than standard Ibuprofen. Compound 4l and 4e found to be potent inhibitors against 5-LOX (IC50 = 5.1 01 and IC50 = 5.5 mu M). The in vivo antiinflammatory activity studies shown that the compounds 4q and 4k effectively reducing the paw edema volume at 3h and 5h than standard drug Ibuprofen. The DPPH radical scavenging activity provided anti-oxidant activity of compound 4e (IC50 = 25.6 mu M) than reference standard Ascorbic acid. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Regulation of Acrylamide Induced µ-Class Glutathione-S-Transferases in Mice Testis by the Treatment of Hybanthus Enneaspermus Active PrinciplesSailaja G., Haseena Bhanu SK., Meenabai M., Kamala K., Suman B., Venkataswamy M, Thyaga Raju Kedam

Nanobiotechnology in contemporary society is novel and has enhanced utility for size, distribution and morphology determination of various biomolecules. To prepare nano particles the used metals are gold, silver, mercury and platinum for significant applications in electronics, magnetics, optoelectronics and information storage. For our study we selected the sliver, since it is widely been used from ancient time for the treatment of bacteria, microbes, infections and serious burns as medicine or cosmetics and lotions in an emergence of new therapeutic agents. Plants are considered as environment friendly and efficient to produce in large-scale synthesis. So we selected the Trichodesma indicum for our study with combination of silver nitrate for silver ingredient in synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their anti venom activity was studied. The properties of AgNPs of T. indicum were submitted to another journal had spherical particles of sizes 21 - 25 nm with active functional moieties of amino, carboxy, alcoholic and aromatics which contained the zeta potential of 30.9V. These properties of stem extract particles found to inhibit enzymes of cobra venom at 10 and 20 mu g/ml. However the fluorescent microscopy analysis of these two concentrations has revealed that the stem extract when compared to leaf extract formation of some cell clumps were even not found. Therefore AgNPs at 10 mu g/ml having various shapes and sizes inhibit the venom activities of cobra in blood systems. Thus in our work the activity studies of T. indicum against the cobra venom has confirmed inhibitory effects in in vitro models. This might be due to secondary metabolites that are present in T. indicum plant, which are active and might explain the bioactivity of the extract. However more of additional in vivo inhibitory studies are required in identifying the metabolites for the requirement of human beings.

In the last few decades there has been an exponential growth in the field of herbal medicine and is gaining popularity among the globally developing and developed countries. Currently there has been an increased interest to identify plants and explore their therapeutic potential. The plants show pharmacological potency and have low or no side effects for use in preventive medicine and health care. Also they represent a potential source of new compounds with different pharmacological activity. Ayurveda, the oldest medicinal system in the world, finds active and therapeutically useful compounds from plants. Considering the growing interest in the field of plant drugs, assessing different pharmacological activities, two plant families Fabaceae and Amaryllidaceae, are available as vegetables all over the country. The therapeutic potential of these families reported activities are inhibition of invasion of carcinoma, cardiovascular protection, lowering of cholesterol and blood pressure, anti-platelet activities, and thromboxane formation with their numerous chemical values and rich phytochemicals. In addition the biological activities include antibacterial, antithrombotic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic modulation of drug metabolism etc. In this study we have discussed about the therapeutic potential and chemical constituents and their antiinflammatory activity. Several researchers have provided a mechanism of action for many of their therapeutic effects in this area.

Garlic belongs to the family Alliaceae , it has more than 500 species in 30 genera and the family is taxonomically intermediate between the Liliaceae and the Amaryllidaceae.It is widely distributed.Garlic contains more than one hundred biologically useful secondary metabolites, which include alliin, alliinase, allicin, S-allyl cysteine (SAC), diallyldisulphide (DADS), diallyltrisulphide (DATS) and methyl allyl trisulphide.The γ-glutamyl-S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteines are the primary sulfur compounds present in garlic.These active compounds are responsible for protection of tissue from damage and various disorders.The therapeutic potential of this plant product inhibits invasion of carcinoma, provides cardiovascular protection, lowering of cholesterol and blood pressure, anti-platelet activities, and thromboxane formation.In addition the biological activities of garlic include antibacterial, antithrombotic, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic and modulation of drug metabolism.The other proposed uses of garlic include hepatoprotection, antihelmenthics, antiinflammation, antifungal and wound healing.Based on our review, garlic based different ailments and concoctions can be used to alleviate a variety of health problems.Its various chemical and biological constituents contain different concentrations of organosulfur compounds to cure many diseases.Several researchers have provided a mechanism of action for many of their therapeutic effects.

Objective: The present study on garlic cloves (Allium sativum) belongs to family Amaryllidaceae has been focused. This is a natural medicinal plant used for disease preventions against all kinds of internal infections. Preliminary screening of phytochemicals has found plenty of secondary metabolites which are present in garlic cloves. Their functional groups and mineral compositions, the potential of trace elements have been evaluated using FTIR and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES).Methods: The screening of phytochemicals, FTIR and ICPOES. All the methods were performed by standard protocols.Results: The phytochemical screening of plant extracts of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water revealed the presence of steroids, saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic compounds, terpenoids and carbohydrates. The results of the methanolic extract of A. sativum analysis showed rich bioactive compounds. The FTIR spectroscopic studies revealed characteristic peak values from 3500-1000 cm-1 for various functional compounds like hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxylic and organosulfur and aromatic compounds in the garlic methanolic extract. The elements present in the garlic play an important role in the treatment of various diseases described in the traditional medicinal system. The elemental analysis was carried out on garlic methanolic extract using the ICP-OES technique and it showed the order of abundance as K>P>Mg>Ca>Zn>Al that could enhance the curative process of ill health and the potentially toxic elements were not detected.Conclusion: Thus our data on garlic shows a great importance to understand the pharmacological actions and therapeutic efficacy possessed by majority of active compounds.