Canine parvovirus (CPV) remains one of the most important causes of infectious gastroenteritis and mortality in puppies worldwide despite the widespread availability of effective vaccines. Although vaccination has substantially reduced disease incidence since the introduction of modified-live vaccines, CPV continues to circulate globally, and cases of parvoviral enteritis are still reported in both vaccinated and unvaccinated dogs. These observations have generated ongoing debate regarding the relative contribution of viral, host, and management factors to vaccination failure.This narrative review provides an updated synthesis of CPV epidemiology, vaccination strategies, causes of vaccine failure, and recent advances in prevention and treatment. Particular attention is given to major controversies surrounding antigenic variation, maternally derived antibody (MDA) interference, host-related factors, and vaccination protocol compliance. The review examines the emergence and global spread of CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c and critically evaluates experimental and field evidence regarding their impact on vaccine efficacy. While concerns regarding antigenic mismatch have accompanied the emergence of CPV variants, current evidence indicates that commercially available modified-live vaccines provide substantial cross-protection against circulating strains, including CPV-2c. In contrast, MDA interference, incomplete vaccination schedules, inadequate population immunity, improper vaccine handling, and high environmental infectious pressure appear to account for most reported vaccination failures.The review also discusses the concept of the immunity gap and the evolution of international vaccination recommendations, including administration of repeated vaccine doses until at least 16 weeks of age and an additional booster at approximately 26 weeks in selected high-risk situations. Recent advances in passive immunotherapy, including CPV-specific monoclonal antibodies and hyperimmune plasma, are also reviewed.Particular emphasis is placed on African epidemiological settings, where limited surveillance systems, variable vaccination coverage, sustained environmental viral circulation, and frequent deviations from international vaccination guidelines may contribute to persistent disease burden. Morocco is presented as a representative example of these challenges because, despite the availability of effective vaccines, veterinarians continue to encounter frequent cases of parvoviral enteritis and apparent vaccination failure in the absence of structured surveillance and pharmacovigilance systems. By integrating recent experimental, clinical, and epidemiological evidence, this review aims to clarify the mechanisms underlying CPV vaccination failure and to identify priorities for improving disease prevention and control in Africa and other regions facing similar epidemiological constraints.

Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease in puppies, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Despite vaccination, failures have been reported, especially with the short protocol (BP) recommended by some pharmaceutical companies, which may not align with the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) 2024 guidelines. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of immunity in puppies vaccinated with the BP protocol and assess whether boosters based on the WSAVA guidelines would improve immunity. Experiment 1 involved unvaccinated puppies receiving the WSAVA vaccination protocol, with four vaccinations at 15-day intervals. Experiment 2 assessed puppies vaccinated with the BP protocol, followed by two additional booster doses administered two weeks apart. In Experiment 1, puppies receiving the WSAVA protocol had insufficient maternal antibodies (32.00 f 14.99) at 12-16 weeks. After four vaccinations, antibody titers significantly increased to 256.00 f 79.43 by day 45 (p = 0.0166). In Experiment 2, puppies vaccinated with the BP protocol showed antibody titers of 32.00 f 32.57 at 5 months, below the protective threshold. Two additional boosters raised antibody titers to 512.00 f 245.0 at day 45 (p = 0.0154). These results indicate that the BP protocol alone does not provide adequate immunity but that Additional boosters can improve immunity. The WSAVA vaccination protocol effectively protects against CPV, while the BP protocol requires additional boosters to meet protective standards. Implementing WSAVAguideline-based boosters is essential to improve CPV protection in puppies.

The development of antimicrobial resistance has become a severe global public health emergency. Foods of animal origin are considered possible drivers of resistant bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella spp. It is associated with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, resulting in the inability to treat patients infected with antibiotic-resistant pathogens and a high risk of transmission of these resistant pathogens. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in raw table eggs in Morocco. A total of 870 table eggs resulting from 290 samples (3 eggs = 1 sample), were purchased from ambulatory sellers, street vendors, kiosks, and neighborhood markets from different cities in Morocco and transferred to the laboratory in the Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine Institute of Rabat, Morocco. The egg shells and contents were tested separately then the isolation and identification of bacterial pathogens were performed according to the Moroccan Standard Norms. The bacterial isolates were tested for susceptibility to six commonly used antibiotics, namely nalidixic acid (30 µg), kanamycin (30 µg), gentamycin (15 µg), ciprofloxacin (15 µg), tetracycline (30 µg), and amoxicillin (10 μg). The findings revealed that 38 samples (13%) tested positive for E. coli of which 9% were on egg shells, and 4% were in egg content, while for Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis), 5 samples (2%) tested positive and only in the egg contents. Escherichia coli showed the highest resistance to amoxicillin, followed by tetracycline and nalidixic acid with 92.10%, 84.21%, and 50%, respectively, and was sensitive to ciprofloxacin (84.21%), kanamycin (65.79%), and gentamicin (60.54%). Salmonella enteritidis had the highest resistance against tetracycline (80%), followed by ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid with 40% each. The highest sensitivity rates of S. enteritidis were for gentamicin, amoxicillin, and kanamycin at 80%, 80%, and 40%, respectively. Given that these resistant bacteria could potentially be transferred to humans through eggs or egg products, it is necessary to employ strict hygiene measures and provide a wise and legal use of antibiotics in animal breeding.

Eggs constitute an important part of the Moroccan diet. However, contaminated eggs can cause a serious public health problem if consumed undercooked, uncooked, or used in unpasteurized egg foodstuffs. This study was carried out to evaluate the microbial contents of eggs according to their sales sector in Morocco. For that, a total of 1770 eggs were collected from January to September 2021 from formal markets (refrigerated eggs from large shopping centers) and informal markets (eggs at ambient temperature from ambulatory sellers, street vendors, kiosks, and neighborhood stores) and transferred to the Avian Pathology Unit at Hassan II Agronomic and Veterinary Institute. The eggshells and their contents were tested separately; swabs of eggshells were used to inoculate Mac-Conkey agar, while the egg contents were cultured on Mac-Conkey and Mannitol salt agar, then standard microbiological tests were performed to identify the isolated organisms. The results showed that informal eggs were more contaminated (87%) than formal eggs (48) (p < 0.05). The bacteria isolated from the eggshells (informal and formal) were Enterobacter agglomerans (59% and 21%), Klebsiella spp. (24% and 4%), Enterobacter cloacae (17% and 8%), E. coli (9% and 1%), Serratia spp. (9% and1%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9% and 1%), Shigella spp. (5% and 0%), Salmonella enteritidis (0% and 2%), Proteus spp. (4% and 0%), Enterobacter sakazakii (2% and 0%), Rahnella aquatilis (1% and 0%), and Staphylococcus aureus (0% and 1%). For the egg-contents, the detected bacteria (informal and formal) were Enterobacter agglomerans (14% and 28%), Klebsiella spp. (7% and 6%), Staphylococcus aureus (6% and 1%), Enterobacter cloacae (4% and 4%), E. coli (4%, 1%), Shigella spp. (4%, 0%), Acinetobacter baumannii (3% and 1%), Salmonella enteritidis (2% and 0%), Serratia spp. (1% and 6%), Proteus spp. (1% and 3%), and Enterobacter sakazakii (1% and 0%). We conclude that eggs might be contaminated with several bacteria and can constitute a public health threat in Morocco.

04Jun 2018 DEVELOPMENT AND ASSESSMENT OF A COAGGLUTINATION TEST FOR DETECTING CANINE PARVOVIRUS IN CLINICAL SPECIMENS. Ahlam Kadiri , Nadia Amrani , Khalil Zro and Jaouad Berrada. Institut Agronomique et V?t?rinaire Hassan II. Soci?t? de Productions Biologiques et Parmaceutiques V?t?rinaires (Biopharma).

Eurasian wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) is widespread in the northern third of Morocco, Northern Africa. We aimed to investigate the presence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in wild boar and to generate information on the possible host status in this region. M. bovis was isolated in six of 43 wild boars. Culture-positive samples yielded spoligotype number SB1627. Sixty percent of lung tissue specimens or tracheobronchial lymph node samples yielded positive culture. Two thirds (64 %) of the wild boar submitted for histopathology revealed tuberculosis-compatible lesions. These lesions were particularly frequent in lymph nodes (63 %) and in lung tissue samples (43 %). Ziehl-Neelsen staining did not identify acid-fast bacilli, indicating paucibacillary infections. Our results confirm the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) infection in Moroccan wild boar. Regarding the host status of wild boar in this region, the often generalized lesion pattern suggests a possible role of wild boar as a component of the MTC maintenance host community. However, our information was limited to 43 wild boars from one specific region. Thus, further research is needed to assess the host status of wild boar in Morocco.

Increasing emergence of salmonellosis presents a threat to the effective control of foodborne disease in humans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of drug susceptibility and molecular characteristics of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolated from laying hens (LH) in 3 Moroccan regions, Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaër (RSZZ), Souss-Massa-Drâa (SMD), and the grand Casablanca (GC). A total of 351 samples were collected from 30 consumer egg laying houses at the end of the egg laying period from April to July 2011. Sixty-four out of these 351 examined samples were contaminated by Salmonella. The Salmonella isolated strains were then serotyped and tested for drug susceptibility and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of the invasion-associated genes invA and spvC and nalidixic acid resistance-associated qnr gene. The prevalence of NTS infection in LH was estimated to be 73.3%. Seven Salmonella enterica serovars were identified: Enteritidis (37.5%), Kentucky (31.2%), Infantis (10.9%), Typhimurium (6.2%), Thompson (6.2%), Agona (4.6%), and Amsterdam (3.1%). Drug susceptibility testing showed that 65.6% of Salmonella were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 25% were resistant to ciprofloxacin. All isolates were positive for the invasion gene invA and 28% of them were positive for the virulence gene spvC. All nalidixic acid-resistant S. Enteritidis isolates were negative for qnr plasmid genes. Our findings clearly suggest the necessity to establish an NTS monitoring and control program for LH in Morocco.

La présente étude a eu pour objectifs d’estimer la prévalence et les facteurs de risques de la lymphadénite caséeuse chez les ovins de la région de l’Oriental au Maroc, et de déterminer ses caractéristiques cliniques et lésionnelles. Des enquêtes ont été réalisées dans différentes provinces de cette région. Elles ont porté sur 6376 animaux répartis dans 107 élevages. De plus, la recherche des lésions, et la collecte des ganglions lymphatiques et des abcès en vue d’un exa­men histopathologique ont été effectuées dans cinq abattoirs de la région. Les résultats ont montré que pratiquement 100 % des élevages (106 sur 107) étaient affectés par la lymphadénite caséeuse. La prévalence individuelle globale de cette maladie a été de 24 % et les prévalences moyennes au sein des élevages et aux abattoirs ont été respectivement de 28 et 16 %. Outre une hygiène défec­tueuse et une densité animale trop élevée dans les bergeries, l’usage d’équipe­ments traumatisants (mangeoires, abreuvoirs et clôtures métalliques) a semblé constituer le principal facteur favorisant la dissémination des abcès entre ani­maux d’un même troupeau. Les abcès superficiels, ouverts ou non, avec hyper­trophie ganglionnaire satellite, ont été présents chez tous les animaux affectés. Quoique de localisation variable, environ 79 % des lésions se situaient à la tête ou à l’encolure. L’examen histopathologique des ganglions a révélé deux types de lésions : des abcès au stade évolutif (87 %), et des lésions de nécroses et de suppurations diffuses et sévères du tissu lymphoïde (13 %). Dans les poumons la plupart des abcès étaient bien délimités et circonscrits.

Since it first emergence in the mid-1970's, canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2) has evolved giving rise to new antigenic variants termed CPV-2a, CPV-2b and CPV-2c, which have completely replaced the original strain and had been variously distributed worldwide. In Africa limited data are available on epidemiological prevalence of these new types. Hence, the aim of the present study was to determine circulating variants in Morocco. Through TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay, 91 samples, collected from symptomatic dogs originating from various cities between 2011 and 2015, were diagnosed. Positive specimens were characterised by means of minor groove binder (MGB) probe PCR. The results showed that all samples but one (98.9%) were CPV positive, of which 1 (1.1%) was characterised as CPV-2a, 43 (47.7%) as CPV-2b and 39 (43.3%) as CPV-2c. Interestingly, a co-infection with CPV-2b and CPV-2c was detected in 4 (4.4%) samples and 3 (3.3%) samples were not characterised. Sequencing of the full VP2 gene revealed these 3 uncharacterised strains as CPV-2c, displaying a change G4068A responsible for the replacement of aspartic acid with asparagine at residue 427, impacting the MGB probe binding. In this work we provide a better understanding of the current status of prevailing CPV strains in northern Africa.