The non-biodegradable nature of synthetic composites has driven the composite manufacturing industry and researchers to explore biodegradable materials. To utilize these biodegradable composites, which often have compromised properties, in static and dynamic load-bearing applications as alternatives to synthetic composites, a comprehensive comparison is essential. This study compares the buckling, vibration, and deflection characteristics of four types of honeycomb sandwich composites: glass fiber-reinforced epoxy (GFRE), multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-reinforced GFRE, hemp fiber-reinforced epoxy (HFRE), and MWCNT-reinforced HFRE with MWCNT/GFRE skin. MWCNTs were added to both GFRE and HFRE honeycombs to enhance core characteristics. The effects of adding MWCNTs to the skins of these sandwich composites on all characteristics were investigated numerically. The elastic constants required for the numerical simulations were determined using the alternative dynamic approach. A finite element model based on higher-order deformation theory was used to perform the simulations under various boundary conditions. The findings reveal that the HFRE honeycomb sandwich composite with added MWCNTs exhibits compromised but competitive static and dynamic characteristics compared to the GFRE honeycomb sandwich composite with added MWCNTs. Additionally, the inclusion of MWCNTs in the skin results in superior performance for the HFRE honeycomb sandwich compared to the GFRE counterpart. This study demonstrates the potential of MWCNT-reinforced biodegradable composites in applications traditionally dominated by synthetic composites.

Researchers have been working on alternative and practical solutions for more than a decade in light of the depletion of traditional fuels and environmental pollution.The objective of the present work is to analyze the suitability of Calophylluminophyllum (CI) seed oil for IC engines based on thermal performance and emission characteristics.The oil is extracted mechanically from Calophylluminophyllum seed and processed using the trans-esterification method.The processed oil is blended with conventional diesel at various volume concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% respectively.Additionally, 2% of CaO nanoparticles are added as a catalyst to absorb the toxic gases.The investigation is carried out in a single-cylinder diesel engine under various loading conditions to estimate the Brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and mechanical efficiency (ME).The levels of carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbon (UHC), smoke opacity (SO), and NOx emissions are evaluated.The final results proved an optimized volume concentration of 25% blend oil, where the BTE is achieved 94% of diesel fuel.Also, the BSFC, UHC, CO, and SO are 5.8%, 28.5%, 68.5%, and 37.77% more respectively.The addition of CaO has reduced 17.6% of the NOx levels and the same is causing oxidation issues.The scope of this study is to improvise the thermal efficiency concern with the combustion parameters using a computerized test rig and practically monitor the engine performance.

The frequency of carbon fuel consumption is extremely high and rising quickly, ultimately increasing the air pollution level. Due to increasing environmental pollution levels, researchers are looking for greener, cleaner alternatives to diesel fuel for diesel engines. This study concentrated on the synthesis, characterization, and consequences of Brassica napus biodiesel on diesel engine performance and emissions. Brassica napus biodiesel has the same necessary physicochemical properties as diesel fuel. Then, a diesel engine was used to compare diesel fuel emissions and performance parameters with Brassica napus biodiesel. According to the research results, B10 fuel from Brassica napus biodiesel performs better than straight diesel fuel. The effective concentration of biodiesel in diesel blends was increased by adding nano additives to a specific amount of biodiesel blends. This study examined the effects of nano-Al 2 O 3 additions on the B20 mix of Brassica napus biodiesel in single-cylinder direct-injection diesel engines. Biodiesel blends complete combustion and inherent oxygen, significantly lowering emissions than standard diesel. The B20 blend of Brassica napus biodiesel has demonstrated a higher overall performance. The biodiesel blend using the Nano additives showed a notable reduction in emissions.

The need for alternative renewable fuels for conventional fossil fuels is to neutralize the increases in energy demand and decrease serious emissions. Vegetable oil-based biodiesel is a promising replacement and alternative. This study produces biodiesel from a low-cost and unexplored feedstock, Raphanus sativus ( R. sativus ) oil. The biodiesel produced from this source is subjected to engine performance and emission characteristics. A nano-additive (nano-Al 2 O 3 ) is used in this study to enhance the performance and reduces the emission while using biodiesel. The parameters affecting the characteristics are fuel blend ratio, additive dosage, load conditions and fuel inlet conditions, which are optimized using the Taguchi statistical method and analysis of variance table. From the main effect plot of signal to noise ratio, it is clear that the biodiesel blend ratio of B20 along with 60 ppm nano-Al 2 O 3 , injection timing of 27° before top dead center and 220 bar pressure gives greater brake thermal efficiency with decreased brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature on preferred full load condition. Whereas for reduced emissions of CO, CO 2 , NOx and HC, it requires B20 along with 60 ppm nano-Al 2 O 3 , 23° before top dead center injection timing and 180 bar pressure.

Conventional fuels are the transportation sector’s major occupants since they provide more power and efficiency with harmful environmental pollution. Researchers have focused on alternative and suitable solutions over a decade, considering the depletion of conventional fuels and environmental pollution. The present work is trying to explore an alternative solution resulting from Calophyllum inophyllum seed oil. This oil is extracted mechanically from seeds and the acid value is found to be very high. Acid esterification of oil is done with diluted H2SO4 to reduce the acid oil value of oil to make the oil suitable for the transesterification process. Here, a less expensive and abundantly available CaO catalyst is synthesized from wastages of gas industries. Further, the independent factors of transesterification, such as the molar ratio of methanol and oil, type and concentration of the process catalyst, process temperature, stirring rate and process time need to be optimized to get maximum biodiesel yield through the process. The process is optimized by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) through Box Behnken Design with minimum experimental runs. The optimization results show that optimum values are 9 : 1, 50°C and 3 wt

The catalytic effect of nano-HZSM-5 zeolite on co-pyrolysis of cotton shell (CS) and municipal plastic wastes (MPW) was studied. The influence of reaction temperature during individual pyrolysis, blending ratio, and catalytic effects was studied by applying constant heating rate. The experiments were conducted in a fixed bed batch type reactor. The hindering effect during catalytic decomposition of MPW was carried out and its positive synergistic effect on liquid oil yield was analysed. The reaction temperature for all the experiments are fixed based on the decomposition rate obtained from thermogravimetric study. The experimental outcomes revealed that during co-pyrolysis, the formation of char was reduced to 7.2 wt% with increased liquid oil yield of 66.5 wt%. Furthermore, adding catalyst for co-pyrolysis process improved the reaction by decreasing char formation. During catalytic process, the maximum liquid oil output was 69.3 wt% at 500°C temperature, CS/MPW ratio of 1 : 2. When compared to co-pyrolysis process, the catalytic co-pyrolysis showed 4.21 wt% higher liquid oil yield. The physical analysis of the oil shows maximum hating value of 34.6 MJ/kg. The FTIR study on catalytic co-pyrolysis oil shows the presence of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Fabrication of metallic components using welding processes is of great importance in the engineering world. Alloying element added material is a necessary to fabricate industry-ready components, especially after the invention of fabrication methods using welding processes. In the present work, raw materials including iron scraps, sponge iron, and forged steel scraps are melted in a medium frequency furnace. Casting samples are cast produced as per the ASTM standards using nickel alloyed ductile iron and inspected for porosity and other defects. Tungsten inert gas welding is exercised to check for the suitability of produced alloy for the welding process. Mechanical characterization and tensile property of as-welded components were performed. Both cases were carefully examined and found with satisfactory results. Tungsten inert gas-welded samples were noticed without any weld defects; this opens the advantage to employ welding processes for the fabrication. This will certainly enhance the feasibility of welding process for various component fabrications.

In the current investigation, the mechanical behavior of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris) peel nano debris (described as a fruit filler) with different weight composition (0 wt. %, 1 wt. %, 2 wt. %, 2.5 wt. %, 5 wt. %, 7.5 wt. % and 10 wt. %) is reinforced with jute fabric in an epoxy matrix. The effect of filler concentration on tensile, hardness, flexural and impact strength are investigated as per ASTM standards. The findings indicate that the addition of fruit filler improves the mechanical property of jute composite. It is found that the presence of 2.5 wt. % filler in the nanocomposite records the highest value of tensile strength, flexural strength, and hardness of the jute epoxy composite and the 10 wt. % filler nanocomposites achieve a noticeable projection in impact strength. The fracture surfaces are examined for the fiber alignment, fiber-matrix adhesion, voids, filler agglomeration, and fiber fracture. Furthermore, a glass visor was developed to show the best mechanical performing potential and analyzed for deformation behavior and modal analysis using ANSYS.

The fossil fuel service is taken as one of the causes for the globalization. Fossil fuel demand has been increasing in day-to-day life. Biodiesel and Biogas are alternative fuels that rectify fuel some demand. The diesel engine can work under alternative fuels with green potential such as biodiesel. This offers one of the easiest ways for controlling and reduction of CO2, CO and unburned HC. As per the analysis of biodiesel seed, the Calophyllum Inophyllum seed has been selected for an effective result because of easy cultivation, high enriched oil content, free fatty acid and higher seed productivity rate. The oil has been extracted from Calophyllum Inophyllum seed with the application of mechanical extraction process. The acid catalysed esterification and alkaline catalysed trans-esterification process has been done for the production of Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel. In both processes, the methanol mixing ratio is maintained at 16:1 for greater removal of glycerine content. The temperature of the alkaline catalyst acts as one of the major root causes of the performance of the biodiesel. By the study from the various alkaline catalyse, calcium oxide having more effectiveness in various preparation temperature like 700 degC, 850degC and 1000degC. The operating temperatures of the alkaline catalysed (CaO) trans-esterification process will increase the performance of bio diesel. The biodiesel blends such as BD0, BD10, BD20; BD40 and BD80 has been taken at a different temperature of the alkaline catalyst. The efficiency of the IC engine has been measured by the feed stock of the bio diesel blends.

In the present investigation mechanical properties of pineapple and watermelon peel particles in nano form (described as fruit filler) is reinforced with carbon, jute fabric and its hybrids in an epoxy matrix. The composites under investigation were fabricated using hand layup combined with compression molding. Test on the effect of nanofiller weight concentration and fiber hybridization concerning mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness, flexural strength, and impact strength are conducted as per ASTM standards. The results show that the tensile strength of jute composite is improved by hybridizing it with carbon fabric or reinforcing it with watermelon nanofiller. The tensile strength of the carbon/jute hybrid is 197.36 MPa, which is higher than jute watermelon nanocomposites, which recorded 42.85 MPa. The hardness of jute composite increases by 7.6%, 5.06%, and 2.53% respectively while hybridizing it with carbon fabric, watermelon peel nanofiller and pineapple peel nanofiller. The flexural strength of the carbon/jute hybrid is 315.77 MPa, which is improved by hybridization. The impact strength of carbon composites increases by 13.63% and 27.27% by hybridizing it with jute fabric and reinforcing it with both pineapple and watermelon peel nanofiller. The fractured surface from the tensile test is analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) to study the alignment of the fibers, fiber-matrix adhesion, voids, filler agglomeration, and fiber fracture.

Steel substrates hard faced with nickel or cobalt based alloys are widely used for high-temperature and pressure applications in chemically reactive environments due to their good corrosion and wear resistance properties. The limitations of traditional hardfacing techniques are identified from various researches and nano-coating of materials is suggested as an alternate solution. In the present study, the ceramic material namely zirconium was coated on a steel substrate to improve high-temperature pitting corrosion, wear resistance, and hydrophobic property. The applicant steel substrate was coated with zirconia by sol–gel and plasma spray processes. Results indicated that bonding of zirconium with the steel substrate was influenced by stoichiometric ratio of sol–gel constituents and pH level of the sol–gel. Coating thickness obtained in first stage penetration of Zr by sol–gel coating was 540 nm. Metallographic studies showed that uniform distribution of zirconium coating along with even dispersion of the alloying elements. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the presence of zirconia (ZrO) particles synthesized by sol–gel process is of nano-size. Sol–gel process exhibited better wear resistance of 2 μm compared to plasma spray process of 4 μm at higher degree of applied load through dry wear tests. The coating of the substrate using sol–gel process was found to be effective when compared with the results of the similar experiments conducted through plasma spray and hardfacing processes.

Abstract The bio-oil extracted from wild radish seeds is non-edible and it still remains an unexplored area in terms of its use as a feedstock for biodiesel. It was extracted from the seeds using mechanical expeller and the oil yield was found to be 46.2 ± 2 wt%. The physical and chemical properties of the extracted oil were analyzed as per AOAC official methods. In this current study, biodiesel was derived by catalytic transesterification reaction. The parameters that influence the processes like methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time were optimized. Taguchi statistical method and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) table were used to understand the effects of the influencing parameters and to optimize the biodiesel yield. Further, it was compared with Box-Behnken Design (BBD) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). It shows that Taguchi method gave similar results of RSM within a limited number of runs. At optimized condition, the yield of biodiesel was 94.58 wt%. Kinetic studies were also performed for transesterification reaction and it was observed that the reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics. The reaction rate constants and activation energy were determined. The physical and chemical properties of the biodiesel were analyzed as per ASTM test methods and compared with ASTM D6751 standard.

The work deals with the design and analysis of steering gear box using planetary gear set. The concept has been developed to reduce the driver’s effort during parking or maneuvering sharp curves. Steering ratio decides how far the driver has to turn the steering wheel to get the wheels to turn a given distance. Using the additional planetary gear set with the existing steering gear box, steering ratio can be changed and hence the input speed to the steering wheel can be altered when to the steering gear box.

Electron Beam Welding (EBW) is used in various industrial applications for joining dissimilar metals due to its accuracy and good quality joints. International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is the first experimental fusion power generating reactor in India. It uses a host of metals and alloys like Ti-6Al-4V, Ni-Al bronze and a special copper alloy (CRZ). This investigation aims to study the metallurgical and mechanical aspects of CRZ alloy and its EBW joint with a dissimilar metal like Nickel and stainless steel. Characterization includes material composition and effect of heat-treatment. The CRZ alloys were solution annealed at the temperature of 980 degrees C for 15 minutes and then aged at 460-480 degrees C for 4.5 hrs. The EBW welded joints were fabricated with CRZ-CRZ, CRZ-Ni and Ni-SS combination. The microstructure and mechanical properties were analyzed.

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a novice technique which has drawn the attention of several industries and academics. Security parameters in VANET are now receiving popularity in the research community. A defensive mechanism provides a solution to control the attacks across the VANET security. However, a single defence mechanism is unable to provide solution to the attack models as more sophisticated method is required for VANETs. This paper proposed a method termed heuristic approach for ant colony optimization (HAAC) for improved security in addition to better transportation, reliability and management. The heuristic based ant colony optimization is used to reduce the problem in finding known and unknown opponents in providing security to VANET. The characteristic of real ant colonies is used in VANET security in order to solve attack problems with shortest path. The Reinforcing VANET security using vehicle mode analysis is evaluated in an efficient manner using NS2 simulator. The excellent outcomes are obtained by an HAAC approach combined with a dynamic heuristic.

Innovations and research in material processing have brought forward new and improvised materials that are applied in body panels of automobiles, aircraft cabins and railway wagons. These materials are used widely is because of their good mechanical properties and their high strength to weight ratio. In this paper Fibre Metal Laminates (FMLs) were added with organo modified montmorillonite (MMT) commonly known as nanoclay along with epoxy resin. The homogeneous dispersion of nanoclay in epoxy resin is accomplished by a hand stirrer dispersion method in ethanol. The FML material was processed by hand layup method. In this study the aluminium alloy 5052-H32 was used as a skin material and glass fibre (woven roving) used as core material which is bounded by epoxy with 5 wt.% nano clay (closet 30B). The fabricated sandwich material was cut by using water jet machine as per IS standards for testing. The fabricated material subjected to erichsen cupping test and was observed under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results from SEM image analysis indicated that the FML had fibre pull out and surface cracks were obtained in the skin material. Progressive loading resulted in ductile fracture which is absorbed in the specimen. Fibres came across brittle failure and the skin through ductile fracture. Non-uniform distribution of reinforcement is observed in the material, SEM micrographs revealed fibre cracks which were oriented in line to the direction of crack growth on the skin material. This study shows that these fibre metal laminates can be safely applied in automotive field.

The modern vehicles demand more thermal and mechanical properties as the speed of the vehicles is increasing. The materials used should be able to not only withstand the high temperatures but to dissipate it at a faster rate without deformation. This paper investigates the characteristics of silicon carbide (SiC) and fly ash in LM13 aluminium alloy matrix composite prepared by stir casting. The LM13 alloy has high thermal property which makes it ideal for making engines and gears. The effect of fly ash and SiC on LM13 and its influence on increasing the surface roughness was analyzed by varying their proportion. The addition of SiC and fly ash to the matrix composite increases the hardness and tensile strength of the composite which is validated by experimental results.

Toner is used in photocopiers to form the latent electrical image on the electrostatically charged drum. The paper picks up the toner particles, when it slides over the drum. Specific factors cause 10% of toner particles (approximately) to be left over the drum. This left out toner is cleaned by the unit to ensure the quality of the proceeding copies. This left out toner is called as waste toner and is collected in cleaner sump. If this waste toner is used in the photocopiers, the quality of the copier is reduced. The waste toner is mixed in proportion with Nano phase Carbon and original toner to get Hybrid Black Toner. The original toner is the toner prescribed for the photocopier by the manufacturer. The hybrid black toner is characterized by the two parameters say waste toner and nano phase carbon in this article.