This paper deals with development of a Vehicle Security and Entertainment System, which is being used to monitor, track the vehicle, and to offer local entertainment system. The development system makes used of two embedded devices to split the entertainment system from the security system to ensure isolation and security. The security system is equipped with camera, distress signal switch and GPS/GPRS module to track, report a problem, and monitor the vehicle by sending data to a centralized database server where vehicle owner can access and retrieve these data to guarantee the safety of the passengers and the vehicle too. The second system is the entertainment system, where this system uses a powerful Intel atom embedded device and local network to allow users to connect and offer entertaining services. These services include, E-Book library and multimedia streaming. The main concept of research to develop a low cost system to secure and entertain passengers on vehicles like buses, train and even cars. The development is cost effective and as well as can be modified to add extra modules or to develop extra entertainment services. If the vehicle is stolen the system is able to send a distress signal to the owner or company. They can help the passengers by monitoring through the vehicle camera. In this research we have successfully developed and tested the system.

This research topic consists of the advantages of distributed energy generation, the different methods used to generate the energy (e.g. photovoltaic panel and wind turbine), how to store the energy (e.g. battery) and how it will be achieved. Other topics that are discussed are cost factor and performance of each method. Furthermore, differences between the traditional transmission and distribution grid are compared. Lastly, the implementation of a smart grid is discussed to show that "green power" can provide a significant environmental benefit.

Rural environments have been struggling to get connected due to various reasons, one of them being the fact that the signal attenuation is too high in foliage, drastically affecting range and power consumption. This study evaluates the effect of foliage in the attenuation of 2.4 GHz signals, namely Bluetooth and ZigBee. An alternate candidate signal, sound is also analyzed in a similar environment. In order to further the experiment, a simulation model using Omnet++ was created and the alpha value, which marks the environmental constant was noted. We have concluded from the study that the signal attenuation for the 2.4 GHz signals are very high in foliage. The high frequency sound signals also suffered drastic signal loss in foliage, but the low frequencies penetrated quite well. Therefore, high frequency signals are poor candidate carrier signals for such environments.

Wideband transmission improves the ability of a device to communicate in different scenarios and with a range of devices. Wideband transmission protocols can also make use of multiple bands to implement parallelism and thereby improve throughput. Such transmissions require hardware that is capable of handling wideband signals for both, transmission and reception. The study undertaken in this paper looks at some popular antennae and their performance in wideband scenarios. It is usually noticed that high-frequency signals (mobile phones, WiFi, 3G, etc.) show very high attenuation in foliage. However, it is also noticed that lower frequencies (TV signals, FM radio, CB Radio, etc.) can penetrate the same environments quite well. Hence a wideband protocol that can adaptively use the available frequency band is needed. This paper presents the comparison of antennae that may be beneficial for use with such a protocol, in an attempt to identify a low-cost and effective antenna that will sufficiently satisfy the communication requirements for radio signals from 100 MHz to 2.4 GHz. Some available popular antennae, namely, 2.4 GHz Yagi Antenna, Whip Antenna and the retractable telescopic antenna, was considered for this study since the cost was an important criterion.

The CSMS/CA protocol is employed in wireless networks in order to overcome issues such as the hidden node problem. This mechanism is expected to handle collisions better using the RTS/CTS mechanism. This method will allow a participating node to take part in communication only if it receives a "Clear to Send" message and thereby, theoretically "avoiding" collision. The objective of this paper is to analyse the improvement that the RTS/CTS mode brings over the Basic Access mode. The paper presents the study of wireless nodes within a specific area with increasing node concentration to verify the performance impact of a protocol in wireless networks, particularly when the node concentration increases.

The CSMS/CA protocol is employed in wireless networks in order to overcome issues such as the hidden node problem. This mechanism is expected to handle collisions better using the RTS/CTS mechanism. This method will allow a participating node to take part in communication only if it receives a “Clear to Send” message and thereby, theoretically “avoiding” collision. The objective of this paper is to analyse the improvement that the RTS/CTS mode brings over the Basic Access mode. The paper presents the study of wireless nodes within a specific area with increasing node concentration to verify the performance impact of a protocol in wireless networks, particularly when the node concentration increases.

Wireless technology has been introduced and growing since early twentieth century, but there are still environments the current technologies find it difficult to penetrate. The dense jungle terrain, for example, pose a huge challenge for the 0.12 m wavelength of the Wi-Fi signals, but the FM radio frequency signals at a wavelength of 3 m function a lot better. This paper studies the possibility of using a very low frequency, down to the range of audible frequencies to try and identify the frequency band that can be used, ubiquitously and unobtrusively. Sound can be considered as a ubiquitous signal due to obvious reasons and the search is to find the unobtrusive frequency band that can be a candidate frequency for data carrier signals. The paper is presented in two sections, the first section does a geographically and age neutral survey to identify the unobtrusive signal and second section analyses the noise profiles in these frequency bands.

This paper compares the performance of popular AI techniques, namely the Breadth First Search, Depth First Search, A* Search, Greedy Best First Search and the Hill Climbing Search in approaching the solution of a N-Puzzle of size 8, on a 3x3 matrix board. It looks at the complexity of each algorithm as it tries to approaches the solution in order to evaluate the operation of each technique and identify the better functioning one in various cases. The N Puzzle is used as the test scenario and an application was created to implement each of the algorithms to extract results. The paper also depicts the extent each algorithm goes through while processing the solution and hence helps to clarify the specific cases in which a technique may be preferred over another.

Now a days, software industry is growing very fast due to advancement in Information Technology. Users, in turn, are expecting more commitment from the industry, which brings large research attention into software engineering. Software engineering is facing big challenges in software evaluation and reliability techniques and it has become one of attractive research areas. “Software engineering is a process of designing, developing and maintaining the software”. Many kinds of software evaluation techniques have been proposed, but as the software complexity increases, many of them face new challenges. In this paper, we have analysis the growth and changes in `Ubuntu Linux' Operating System (OS). Ubuntu is an Open Source OS and we have performed a quantitative analysis on various distributions of Ubuntu to analyze its complexity and growth throughout the time. Additionally, typical patterns of Ubuntu's evolution and features, their main purposes are discussed.

Intelligent machines are an idea that might have been older than computers and refer to created devices with humanlike intelligence. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field in computing that tries to create algorithms or systems that can make decisions in situations with multiple possible courses of action. AI generally works in two phases, one a learning phase, in which it learns about the environment it is working in, and the second, a classification phase, in which it can make decisions based on what it has learned in the learning phase. Most AI technologies are also capable of continuously learning and improving. The application of AI in today’s computing scenario spans a wide spectrum, ranging from recognition of human behavior to various optimization techniques to computing system defense, including intrusion detection, detection of cyber terrorism, web mining, biometrics, and many more. The application of AI is not limited to any area and can find implementation in almost all fields of computing. This chapter aims to present a noncomprehensive survey of popular AI in active implementation or research.

Even in these days where data networks has increased much in terms of speed, bandwidth and penetration, the need for a low power, low bandwidth, ubiquitous networks is more pronounced than ever before. As the devices get smaller, their power supply is also limited, in according to the definition of “dust”, “skin” and “clay” in the ubiquitous computing paradigm. The possibility of these devices to be present in real world depends a lot on the key capability they must possess, which is to be network enabled, ubiquitously. This paper looks at the possibility of using the ever present signal “sound” as a ubiquitous medium of communication. We are currently experimenting on various possibilities and protocols that can make use of sound for text transmission between two electronic devices and this paper looks at some attempts in this direction. The initial phase of the experiment was conducted using a very large spectrum and encoding the entire ASCII text over audible sound spectrum. This gave a very large spectrum spread requirement which a very narrow frequency gap. The experimental results showed good improvement when the frequency gap was increased.

The digital divide between urban and rural areas is now attracting active research. There are a host of reasons for this divide and this paper presents the work in progress about one proposed solution to a major technical problem causing this. It has been noted that the high frequency WiFi and similar signals are not well suited for the wilderness type of environment with dense foliage. Additionally, such terrains also impose stringent restriction on computational and electric power as well as in cost. This calls forth the need for a new type of signal that can work efficiently in such environments and a low cost, low bandwidth, low frequency signal that can possibly work is identified in the form of Sound. This paper presents a new network architecture that is designed to work with the low frequency, ubiquitous signals such as sound. The architecture can work in peer-to-peer ad-hoc networks mode, infrastructure mode, broadcast mode (for remote telemetry) etc. using wideband multi-channel transmission. However, since the proposed architecture uses low frequency signal, it is expected to deliver low throughput as well. Using an ubiquitous signal such as sound makes the entire process very cost effective as it eliminates the need of expensive transceivers.

The urban and rural areas present a vast digital divide, as the urban front progresses towards faster and cheaper internet, the rural front is struggling even to make a connection. The reasons for this is more than technological, but this paper looks into one of the technical challenges identified in terms of wireless signal propagation and presents an different network architecture using low frequency signals. The traditional high frequency RF signals do not function well in dense jungle terrains and also consumes a lot of energy and therefore not ideal for this type of environment. Hence the new architecture proposed in this paper uses a new type of signal that can work efficiently in such environments and a low cost, low bandwidth. A low frequency signal is identified in the form of Sound as it is a low energy, low frequency signal with a lot of ubiquitous presence. The architecture is scalable for peer-to-peer ad-hoc mode, an infrastructure mode, a broadcast mode for remote telemetry etc. The architecture proposes using wideband multichannel transmission in order to provide some gain in throughput.

Personal computers brought about a revolution in the use of general-purpose computers. They moved into homes and offices, and more and more people began using them, putting more and more data onto computing systems. The fact that protocols and systems were never designed to cater to this explosion in adapting the computing systems also left much vulnerability in the systems, which created threats in the computing realm. Then started parallel efforts to secure existing infrastructure, with the aim to provide three main components of security in computing, namely, confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The difference in the threats and exploits of the digital world makes traditional systems of secure measures fall short, and it is required to provide digital defense mechanisms to ensure secure computing. Secure computing spans a wide spectrum of areas, including protocol-based security issues, denial of service, web and cloud, mobile, database, and social- and multimedia-related security issues, just to name a few. Even as threats present themselves, active mechanisms and good preparation can help to minimize incidents and losses arising from them, but it is also to be noted that security in computing is still a long way from complete. This chapter aims at presenting a survey of common issues in security attacks and defenses in computing through the application of cryptography and the aid of security models for securing systems.

The unprecedented growth in information technology and information explosion, with more and more data in electronic forms has put the computer into the hands of users with very little technical knowledge. The fact that the systems are not inherently immune, and that open up a number of vulnerabilities, leading to potential attacks, and the most prominent is in the form of open ports. This paper attempts to do a survey on common user computing devices including start devices to discover open ports and thereby explore vulnerabilities that can lead to potential attack targets.

Ambient noise is present everywhere in varying degrees of frequencies and amplitudes. This paper tries to analyse the ambient noises in various environments ranging from quiet room to busy public places to remote jungle type locations in order to study the impact of noise while using sound as a low frequency wireless carrier for digital data. We try to find the suitable frequency band for text transmission using sound by identifying the sound spectrum band least susceptible to ambient noise and do some test communication.