Simulation-based learning is a highly effective and increasingly popular method of teaching in medical education. The study aimed to evaluate student satisfaction and perceived learning outcome acquisition and to explore faculty perceptions of simulation-based learning. A mixed-method approach was employed, which used a cross-sectional survey and focus group discussion that solicited feedback from pharmacy students and academic faculty staff, respectively, about their experiences using simulation-based learning. This study gathered data on three simulation activity formats: computerized, mannequin, and standardized patient role-play simulations. The sample size was calculated with a 5

Background: Limited evidence is available regarding the safety and effectiveness of early high protein intake in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Therefore, this study aims to assess the safety of early protein advancement during nutritional support in these patients. Methods: A multi-center retrospective cohort study included adult critically ill patients with COVID-19 admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICUs) at three centers in Saudi Arabia. Patients were grouped into two groups based on the protein intake at day three of feeding initiation into low protein (<= 0.8 mg/kg/day) versus high protein (> 0.8 mg/kg/day) groups. Acute kidney injury (AKI) during the ICU stay was the primary endpoint, while the remaining were considered secondary endpoints. Results: The study included 466 patients, but after cardinality matching with a 2:1 ratio, 192 were in the lower protein group compared with 96 patients in the high protein group. The rate of AKI was low in the highprotein group compared with the low protein group on day three of feeding initiation (19.9% versus 12.7%); however, this was not statistically significant (OR 0.54; 95% CI 0.26, 1.33; p=0.2). Additionally, patients in the high protein group had a higher rate of atrial fibrillation than those in the low protein group (OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.18, 4.62; p=0.02). No differences were observed in 30-day and in-hospital mortality (HR1.33, 95% CI 0.91, 1.96; p=0.14 and HR 1.21, 95% CI: 0.85, 1.72; p=0.29, respectively). Conclusion: The advancement of protein in critically ill patients with COVID-19 was not associated with significant differences in the incidence of AKI. In contrast, the early advancement of protein in nutritional feeding within the first three days was associated with a higher incidence of atrial fibrillation.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 (MAPK7) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that belongs to the MAPK family and plays a vital role in various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, gene transcription, apoptosis, metabolism, and cell survival. The elevated expression of MAPK7 has been associated with the onset and progression of multiple aggressive tumors in humans, underscoring the potential of targeting MAPK7 pathways in therapeutic research. This pursuit holds promise for the advancement of anticancer drug development by developing potential MAPK7 inhibitors. To look for potential MAPK7 inhibitors, we exploited structure-based virtual screening of natural products from the ZINC database. First, the Lipinski rule of five criteria was used to filter a large library of ~90,000 natural compounds, followed by ADMET and pan-assay interference compounds (PAINS) filters. Then, top hits were chosen based on their strong binding affinity as determined by molecular docking. Further, interaction analysis was performed to find effective and specific compounds that can precisely bind to the binding pocket of MAPK7. Consequently, two compounds, ZINC12296700 and ZINC02123081, exhibited significant binding affinity and demonstrated excellent drug-like properties. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations for 200 ns confirmed the stability of MAPK7-ZINC12296700 and MAPK7-ZINC02123081 docked complexes. According to the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area investigation, the binding affinities of both complexes were considerable. Overall, the result suggests that ZINC12296700 and ZINC02123081 might be used as promising leads to develop novel MAPK7 inhibitors. Since these compounds would interfere with the kinase activity of MAPK7, therefore, may be implemented to control cell growth and proliferation in cancer after required validations.

INTRODUCTION:Kidney transplantation is a definitive treatment for end-stage renal disease. It is associated with improved life expectancy and quality of life. One of the most common complications following kidney transplantation is graft rejection. To our knowledge, no previous study has identified rejection risk factors in kidney transplant recipients in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the specific risk factors of graft rejection. METHODS:A multicenter case-control study was conducted at four transplant centers in Saudi Arabia. All adult patients who underwent a renal transplant between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2021 were screened for eligibility. Included patients were categorized into two groups (cases and control) based on the occurrence of biopsy-proven rejection within 2 years. The primary outcome was to determine the risk factors for rejection within the 2 years of transplant. Exact matching was utilized using a 1:4 ratio based on patients' age, gender, and transplant year. RESULTS:Out of 1,320 screened renal transplant recipients, 816 patients were included. The overall prevalence of 2-year rejection was 13.9%. In bivariate analysis, deceased donor status, the presence of donor-specific antibody (DSA), intraoperative hypotension, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida, and any infection within 2 years were linked with an increased risk of 2-year rejection. However, in the logistic regression analysis, the presence of DSA was identified as a significant risk for 2-year rejection (adjusted OR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.10, 6.49, p = 0.03). Furthermore, blood infection, infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or BK virus within 2 years of transplant, were associated with higher odds of 2-year rejection (adjusted OR: 3.10; 95% CI: 1.48, 6.48, p = 0.003, adjusted OR: 3.23; 95% CI: 0.87, 11.97, p = 0.08 and adjusted OR: 2.76; 95% CI: 0.89, 8.48, p = 0.07, respectively). CONCLUSION:Our findings emphasize the need for appropriate prevention and management of infections following kidney transplantation to avoid more serious problems, such as rejection, which could significantly raise the likelihood of allograft failure and probably death. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to investigate the impact of serum chloride levels prior to transplant and intraoperative hypotension on the risk of graft rejection and failure.

Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell -to -cell signaling method that allows bacteria to control gene expression and regulate a variety of physiological processes, particularly the synthesis of virulence factors and biofilm formation. Inhibition of QS has been proposed as a promising strategy in attenuating the pathogenicity and enhancing the efficacy of antimicrobial drugs targeting bacterial infections. This study investigated the potential utilization of Embelia ribes fruit extract (ERFE) as an inhibitor of QS-dependent virulence factors and biofilm development in Gram negative pathogens. Further, the results were correlated with the inhibition of biofilms. High performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC), followed by analysis of phytochemicals using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was conducted. Analyzing ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) profiles, PAINS (Pan-assay interference compounds), and molecular docking analyses of selected potential phytochemicals were performed against proteins participating in QS and formation of biofilm. In -vitro analysis of anti-QS activity of ERFE against Chromobacterium violaceum (violacein production), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (pyocyanin production) and Serratia marcescens (prodigiosin production) demonstrated significant dose-dependent interference in pigment formation at sub-MIC concentrations. The development of biofilm was significantly reduced by 84.10, 85.52 and 70.64% over control at the highest sub-MIC levels for C. violaceum, P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens, respectively. Furthermore, in the presence of ERFE, swarming motility and exopolysaccharide production (EPS) were also reduced. As a result, further insights have been gained into the mechanism underlying the anti-QS activity. Further investigations with in-vivo studies are warranted to fully explore the therapeutic applications of this natural compound in managing the bacterial pathogenicity and biofilm-related infections. (c) 2024 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Backgrounds: Ketamine possesses analgesia, anti-inflammation, anticonvulsant, and neuroprotection properties. However, the evidence that supports its use in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients with COVID-19 is insufficient. The study's goal was to assess ketamine's effectiveness and safety in critically ill, mechanically ventilated (MV) patients with COVID-19. Methods: Adult critically ill patients with COVID-19 were included in a multicenter retrospective-prospective cohort study. Patients admitted between March 1, 2020, and July 31, 2021, to five ICUs in Saudi Arabia were included. Eligible patients who required MV within 24 hours of ICU admission were divided into two sub-cohort groups based on their use of ketamine (Control vs. Ketamine). The primary outcome was the length of stay (LOS) in the hospital. P/F ratio differences, lactic acid normalization, MV duration, and mortality were considered secondary outcomes. Propensity score (PS) matching was used (1:2 ratio) based on the selected criteria. Results: In total, 1,130 patients met the eligibility criteria. Among these, 1036 patients (91.7 %) were in the control group, whereas 94 patients (8.3 %) received ketamine. The total number of patients after PS matching, was 264 patients, including 88 patients (33.3 %) who received ketamine. The ketamine group's LOS was significantly lower (beta coefficient (95 % CI): -0.26 (-0.45, -0.07), P = 0.008). Furthermore, the PaO2/FiO2 ratio significantly improved 24 hours after the start of ketamine treatment compared to the pre-treatment period (6 hours) (124.9 (92.1, 184.5) vs. 106 (73.1, 129.3; P = 0.002). Additionally, the ketamine group had a substantially shorter mean time for lactic acid normalization (beta coefficient (95 % CI): -1.55 (-2.42, -0.69), P 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in the duration of MV or mortality. Conclusions: Ketamine-based sedation was associated with lower hospital LOS and faster lactic acid normalization but no mortality benefits in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Thus, larger prospective studies are recommended to assess the safety and effectiveness of ketamine as a sedative in critically ill adult patients.

Objective:Unknown etiology Background:Clostridium difficile (C.difficile) is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus.It can lead to pseudomembranous colitis characterized by electrolyte disturbances, toxic megacolon, and septic shock.The risk of C. difficile infection is higher with use of certain classes of antibiotics, or when an antibiotic used for a long time.Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic known to be safe, with few adverse effects such as diarrhea, stomach pain, and constipation.Azithromycin is currently used for the treatment of acne, with different dosing regimens for patients who cannot receive traditional treatment based on practice guidelines. Case Report:A 41-year-old woman was treated with a course of azithromycin 500 mg by mouth 3 times weekly for 6 weeks for acne vulgaris.This was her second antibiotic course of acne treatment within 10 months.A few days after completion of the second azithromycin course, she presented to the clinic with worsening abdominal pain and frequent soft bloody stool.A complete blood count test, C. difficile toxin test, stool culture, and colonoscopy were ordered.She was diagnosed with C. difficile infection confirmed by C. difficile toxin and symptoms. Conclusions:Despite the safety profile of azithromycin, our patient was predisposed to a non-severe case of C. difficile-associated diarrhea, most likely due to the repeated course of the azithromycin regimen that was used to treat her acne vulgaris.This report highlights the importance of managing patients with acne vulgaris according to current practice guidelines, and to report a link between the use of azithromycin as an acne treatment and the occurrence of C. difficile colitis.

Polymicrobial mastitis is now becoming very common in dairy animals, resulting in exaggerated resistance to multiple antibiotics. The current study was executed to find drug responses in individual and mixed Culture of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli isolated from milk samples, as well as to evaluate the antibacterial potential of tungsten oxide nanoparticles. These isolates (alone and in mixed culture) were further processed for their responses to antibiotics using the disc diffusion method. On the other hand, tungsten oxide WO3 (W) nanoparticles coupled with antibiotics (ampicillin, A, and oxytetracycline, O) were prepared through the chemical method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and UV-visible techniques. The preparations consisting of nanoparticles alone (W) and coupled with ampicillin (WA) and oxytetracycline (WO) were tested against individual and mixed Culture through the well diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The findings of the current study showed the highest resistance in E. coli was against penicillin (60%) and ampicillin (50%), while amikacin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and oxytetracycline were the most effective antibiotics. S. aureus showed the highest resistance against penicillin (50%), oxytetracycline (40%), and ciprofloxacin (40%), while, except for ampicillin, the sensitive strains of S. aureus were in the range of 40–60% against the rest of antibiotics. The highest zones of inhibition (ZOI) against mixed Culture were shown by imipenem and ampicillin, whereas the highest percentage decrease in ZOI was noted in cases of ciprofloxacin (−240%) and gentamicin (−119.4%) in comparison to individual Culture of S. aureus and E. coli. It was noteworthy that the increase in ZOI was not more than 38% against mixed Culture as compared to the individual Culture. On the other hand, there was a significant reduction in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nanoparticle-coupled antibiotics compared to nanoparticles alone for individual and mixed-culture bacteria, while MICs in the case of mixed Culture remained consistently high throughout the trial. This study therefore concluded that diverse drug resistance was present in both individual and mixed-culture bacteria, whereas the application of tungsten oxide nanoparticle-coupled antibiotics proved to be an effective candidate in reversing the drug resistance in bacterial strains.

OBJECTIVES:To assess the remission rate, metabolic changes, and quality of life after bariatric surgery among Saudi patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).METHODS:This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2 main centers in the Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The study included patients with T2DM who underwent either laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery from 2014 to 2018. The remission rate was defined based on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria. Quality of life was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF.RESULTS:A total of 232 patients were included with a mean age of 44.3 ± 10.3 years. 93.4% of the patients had LSG, while only 6.6% had RYGB surgery. Among patients who underwent either LSG or RYGB surgery, there was a significant improvement in metabolic and glycemic markers compared to the baseline. According to the ADA criteria, 48.5% of the patients had complete remission, while 18.9% had partial remission. Overall, 7% of the patients met the IDF optimization criteria, while 5.7% met the IDF improvement criteria. The mean score for all the QOL domains exceeded 63 ± 13, with the environmental and physical health domains having the highest scores.CONCLUSION:Among Saudi patients, bariatric surgery was associated with high remission rates and a better quality of life.

Background:Stroke is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Globally, stroke affects 13.7 million individuals every year. Several studies have shown an increase in the rehospitalization rate among stroke patients caused by non-adherence to secondary prevention as recommended by the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) guideline. The aim of this study was to evaluate physicians' compliance with secondary prevention of stroke upon patients' discharge.Methods:A retrospective chart review study was conducted at King Fahad Medical City. The primary outcome of this study was the number of patients discharged with the recommended medications for the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke (IS). The data were collected from the patient's medical record files and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).Results:Of the 675 patients who were screened for eligibility, 507 were included and 168 were excluded. The mean age of the patients was 59.5 (± 15.6) years. Of the 507 patients, 181 (35.7%) had a history of previous stroke. Overall, 376 (74%) stroke patients were discharged with appropriate secondary prevention recommendation per AHA/ASA guideline.Conclusions:This study stresses the importance of compliance with the AHA/ASA guideline for secondary stroke prevention and highlights the role of pharmacists in the stroke unit in which it is necessary to ensure that all stroke patients are discharged with the recommended medications to reduce recurrent stroke.

A pressure ulcer is defined as a skin lesion of ischemic origin, a condition that contributes to morbidity and mortality in patients with spinal cord injuries. The most common complication of ulcers is a bacterial infection. Antimicrobial therapy should be selected with caution for spinal cord injury patients since they have a high risk of developing multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of different bacterial pathogens in patients with pressure ulcers admitted with spinal cord injuries. This was a retrospective single-center study that included adult patients aged 18 years and above, admitted with chronic pressure wounds after a spinal cord injury requiring hospitalization between 2015 and 2021. A total of 203 spinal cord injury patients with pressure ulcers were included in the study. Ulcers were commonly infected by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, and they were mostly located in the sacral and gluteal areas. More than half of the bacteria isolated from patients were sensitive to commonly tested antibiotics, while 10% were either MDR- or pan-drug-resistant organisms. Of the MDR bacterial isolates, 25.61% were methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and 17.73% were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Enterobacteriaceae. The most prevalent bacteria in pressure ulcers of spinal cord injury patients were S. aureus. Other antibiotic-resistant organisms were also isolated from the wounds.

Background Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are an internationally recognized strategy for reducing antimicrobial resistance while maintaining patient safety. ASP activities include the restriction of broad-spectrum antibiotics, the establishment of hospital guidelines based on antibiograms, and the promotion of appropriate antibiotic use. This study aimed to determine whether the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship practices improved the effects of a peri-procedure antibiotic prophylaxis prescribed by urologists for patients with spinal cord injury/disease (SCI/D) undergoing minor urological procedures at a tertiary care hospital. Methods This single-group, quasi-experiment study included adult patients with SCI/D who required minor urological procedures (cystoscopy, cytobotox, cystolitholapaxy, and urodynamic study) and who were hospitalized between 2012 and 2020. Results In total, 233 patients were included in each of the pre- and post-ASP implantation groups. There was a significant reduction in antibiotic use among patients who received a pre-procedure antimicrobial prophylaxis in the post- compared to the pre-implementation group (45.9% vs. 24.46%, p < 0.0001), and there was a highly significant reduction in the post- compared to the pre-implementation group in the number who received a post-procedure prophylaxis (16.7% vs. 1.2%, p < 0.0001). Conclusion ASP implementation is a highly effective strategy for reducing the use of peri-procedure antimicrobial prophylaxes in patients with SCI/D injuries undergoing minor urological procedures.

BACKGROUND Hyperthyroidism is an overproduction of thyroid hormones. Carbimazole is an anti-thyroid medication used to treat hyperthyroidism in adults and children. It is a thionamide associated with rare adverse effects such as neutropenia, leukopenia, agranulocytosis, and hepatotoxicity. Severe neutropenia is a life-threatening event characterized by a sharp drop in absolute neutrophil count. Severe neutropenia can be treated by discontinuation of the precipitating medication. Administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor provides longer protection against neutropenia. Elevated liver enzymes indicate hepatotoxicity, which usually normalize after discontinuation of the offending medication. CASE REPORT A 17-year-old girl was treated with carbimazole since the age of 15 for hyperthyroidism secondary to Graves' disease. She initially received 10 mg of carbimazole orally twice daily. After 3 months, the patient's thyroid function reflected residual hyperthyroidism and was then up-titrated to 15 mg orally in the morning and 10 mg orally in the evening. She presented to the emergency department reporting fever, body aches, headache, nausea, and abdominal pain for 3 days. She was diagnosed with severe neutropenia and hepatotoxicity induced by carbimazole after 18 months of dose modification. CONCLUSIONS In hyperthyroidism, it is important to maintain patients in a euthyroid state for a long period to minimize the autoimmunity and hyperthyroid relapse, which often requires long-term use of carbimazole. However, severe neutropenia and hepatotoxicity are rare and serious adverse effects of carbimazole. Clinicians should be aware of the importance to discontinuation of carbimazole, administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factors, and supportive treatment to reverse the consequences.

Objective: Unknown etiologyBackground: Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus. It can lead to pseudomembranous colitis characterized by electrolyte disturbances, toxic megacolon, and septic shock. The risk of C. dif-ficile infection is higher with use of certain classes of antibiotics, or when an antibiotic used for a long time. Azithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic known to be safe, with few adverse effects such as diarrhea, stomach pain, and constipation. Azithromycin is currently used for the treatment of acne, with different dosing regimens for patients who cannot receive traditional treatment based on practice guidelines.Case Report: A 41-year-old woman was treated with a course of azithromycin 500 mg by mouth 3 times weekly for 6 weeks for acne vulgaris. This was her second antibiotic course of acne treatment within 10 months. A few days after completion of the second azithromycin course, she presented to the clinic with worsening abdominal pain and frequent soft bloody stool. A complete blood count test, C. difficile toxin test, stool culture, and colonoscopy were ordered. She was diagnosed with C. difficile infection confirmed by C. difficile toxin and symptoms.Conclusions: Despite the safety profile of azithromycin, our patient was predisposed to a non-severe case of C. difficile-associated diarrhea, most likely due to the repeated course of the azithromycin regimen that was used to treat her acne vulgaris. This report highlights the importance of managing patients with acne vulgaris according to current practice guidelines, and to report a link between the use of azithromycin as an acne treatment and the occurrence of C. difficile colitis.

Doxycycline has revealed potential effects in animal studies to prevent thrombosis and reduce mortality. However, less is known about its antithrombotic role in patients with COVID-19. Our study aimed to evaluate doxycycline's impact on clinical outcomes in critically ill patients with COVID-19. A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted between March 1, 2020, and July 31, 2021. Patients who received doxycycline in intensive care units (ICUs) were compared to patients who did not (control). The primary outcome was the composite thrombotic events. The secondary outcomes were 30-day and in-hospital mortality, length of stay, ventilator-free days, and complications during ICU stay. Propensity score (PS) matching was used based on the selected criteria. Logistic, negative binomial, and Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used as appropriate. After PS (1:3) matching, 664 patients (doxycycline n = 166, control n = 498) were included. The number of thromboembolic events was lower in the doxycycline group (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.26-1.08; P = .08); however, it failed to reach to a statistical significance. Moreover, D-dimer levels and 30-day mortality were lower in the doxycycline group (beta coefficient [95% CI]: −0.22 [−0.46, 0.03; P = .08]; HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.52-1.00; P = .05, respectively). In addition, patients who received doxycycline had significantly lower odds of bacterial/fungal pneumonia (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.44-0.94; P = .02). The use of doxycycline as adjunctive therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19 might may be a desirable therapeutic option for thrombosis reduction and survival benefits.

Objectives: Evidence supports tocilizumab (TCZ) benefit and safety in adult patients with severe COVID19. However, its effectiveness in critically ill older adult patients remains questionable. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of TCZ in older critically ill patients with COVID-19.Methods: A multicenter, retrospective study for all critically ill older adults (aged >= 65 years) with confirmed COVID-19 infection and admitted to the intensive care units (ICUs). Eligible patients were categorized into two groups based on TCZ use during ICU stay (control vs TCZ). Propensity score (PS) matching was used (1:1 ratio) based on the selected criteria. The primary outcome was the in-hospital mortality.Results: A total of 368 critically ill older adult patients were included in the study. Fifty one patients (13.8%) received TCZ. The in-hospital mortality was lower in the TCZ group (HR 0.41; 95% CI 0.22-0.76, Pvalue = 0.005). Patients who received TCZ had lower odds of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation (OR [95% CI]: 0.32 [0.10-0.98], P- value = 0.04). No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups for 30-days mortality, ventilator-free days, length of stay, and complications during ICU stay.Conclusion: Tocilizumab use in critically ill older adult patients with COVID-19 is associated with lower in-hospital mortality and a similar safety profile. (c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )

Simulation-based education (SBE) is a fundamental teaching method that complements traditional teaching modalities. SBE has improved students' knowledge, understanding, and numerous essential skills within undergraduate pharmacy education, similar to traditional teaching methods. However, SBE has become crucial for developing students' teamwork, decision-making, and communication skills. Even though the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) has acknowledged the benefit of SBE in interprofessional education (IPE) and the introductory pharmacy practice experience (IPPE). This article provides evidence that SBE can be effective beyond that. This narrative review is focused on the literature related to SBE modalities and the assessment methods of student learning outcomes in the undergraduate pharmacy curriculum. The review illustrates that SBE is an effective teaching method that could be utilized within the pharmacy curriculum. The review also could help pharmacy educators decide on the best modality and placement of integrating patient simulation within the pharmacy curriculum. Combining multiple simulation techniques may be the best way to achieve the desired student learning outcomes.

PURPOSE:This study aimed at describing the experience of academic staff and students with distance education, during the COVID-19 pandemic, at a college of pharmacy in Saudi Arabia.METHODS:This study used a mixed-method approach. The first phase implemented a survey that targeted both academic staff and students to evaluate their experiences with distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Then, a focus group discussion was conducted to explore, in-depth, their experience. The survey consisted of five domains as follows: readiness for the shift to distance education during the full and partial lockdown, perception towards distance education, barriers against distance education, and the acquisitions due to distance education. A five-point Likert scale was used to assess participants' responses to the different domains (mean score ± standard deviation).RESULTS:Seventy-eight percent of the academic staff and 65% of the students responded to the survey. Participants' views were positive for readiness for the shift to distance education during the full lockdown (3.89±0.42 for academic staff and 3.82±0.50 for students) with almost similar evaluation for the readiness during the blended learning period (3.91±0.44 for staff and 3.83±0.59 for students). The findings showed a generally positive perception towards distance education (3.59± 0.67 for academic staff and 3.47±0.64 for students). The acquisitions due to distance education were also positive (3.95±0.72 for academic staff and 3.78±0.77 for students). Nonetheless, some barriers that affected distance education were raised with an overall neutral view from both academic staff (3.31±0.72) and students (3.31±0.64), with different responses for the individual items. Qualitative findings from the focus group discussions explored the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges, with emphasis on the areas for improvement.CONCLUSION:Although the shift for distance education was out of a sudden, participants showed overall positive views about their experience with distance education and highlighted areas for improvement.

Purpose . Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in the first 6 months after renal transplantation, and there are only limited data about UTIs after transplantation in Saudi Arabia in general. Methods . A retrospective study from January 2017 to May 2020 with 6-month follow-up. Results . 279 renal transplant recipients were included. Mean age was 43.4 ± 16.0 years, and114 (40.9%) were women. Urinary stents were inserted routinely during transplantation and were removed 35.3 ± 28 days postoperatively. Ninety-seven patients (35%) developed urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the first six months after renal transplantation. Of those who developed the first episode of UTI, the recurrence rates were 57%, 27%, and 14% for having one, two, or three recurrences, respectively. Late urinary stent removals, defined as more than 21 days postoperatively, tended to have more UTIs (OR: 1.43, P: 0.259, CI: 0.76–2.66). Age >40, female gender, history of neurogenic bladder, and transplantation abroad were statistically significant factors associated with UTIs and recurrence. Diabetes, level of immunosuppression, deceased donor renal transplantation, pretransplant residual urine volume, or history of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) was not associated with a higher incidence of UTIs. UTIs were asymptomatic in 60% but complicated with bacteremia in 6% of the cases. Multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs) were the causative organisms in 42% of cases, and in-hospital treatment was required in about 50% of cases. Norfloxacin + Bactrim DD (160/800 mg) every other day was not associated with the lower risk of developing UTIs compared to the standard prophylaxis daily Bactrim SS (80/400 mg). Conclusion . UTIs and recurrence are common in the first 6 months after renal transplantation. Age >40, female gender, neurogenic bladder, and transplantation abroad are associated with the increased risk of UTIs and recurrence. MDROs are common causative organisms, and hospitalization is frequently required. Dual prophylactic antibiotics did not seem to be advantageous over the standard daily Bactrim.