The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of variety, nitric, amoniacal nitrogen and level of fertilization for values of wet gluten content on winter wheat. The research was carried out in 2021-2023 and the method of planting was carried out in subdivided randomized blocks with three repetitions. The subject of the experiment consisted in testing twenty-seven modern winter wheat varieties with the experimental variants: 120, 150, 170 kg ha-1 a.s. nitric and amammoniacal N. Compared with the mean of the experience of 32.83% the highest value was obtained of Ciprian variety-35.64%. The application of treatments on a chernozem soil weakly acidic with nitric N positively influenced this index were the highest values of 34.54%, 33.86% and 34.73% were obtained. In those fertilizated with ammonium N, the values obtained were below the experience. The results were discussed in view of classical statistics using ANOVA and The Student`s t-tests.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of soil tillage, sowing period and mineral fertilization (NPK) on the quantity and quality of the seed harvest, in the specific climate and soil conditions of the Arad Plain, more precisely in the chernozem microzone of Nadlac, Arad County. The use of ploughing in association with disc harrow determined a small and insignificant increase in production compared to plots where only disc passes were applied. The results obtained demonstrate the superiority of the tillage variants without furrow turning, compared to the classic tillage system by ploughing. Sowing in the period 25-30.IX and staggered in 06-10.X, did not attract, on average over the two years, any particular differences between the variants. Mineral fertilization (NPK) of the soil plays an essential role in optimizing the plant`s nutrition requirements and achieving increased production. In addition, the tillage system and fertilization also influence soil fertility in the long term, a significant impact on other components of the environment. The variety of barley taken into cultivation was Melia.

The current scientific work presents a review of the role of Methylobacterium symbioticum not only as a tool for increasing agricultural yields but also as a strategic ally in transitioning to a greener and more sustainable agricultural model. Methylobacterium symbioticum is a symbiotic bacterium known for its ability to utilize single-carbon compounds, especially methanol, as a source of carbon and energy. In the context of modern agriculture, the use of beneficial microorganisms has become an essential component for enhancing sustainability and productivity. Among these, Methylobacterium symbioticum stands out as a symbiotic bacterium with significant potential for improving plant health and their adaptation to environmental stress. This bacterium has the capability to colonize plants and form symbiotic relationships, thereby contributing to increased nutrient use efficiency, stimulating growth and development, and enhancing plant tolerance to adverse conditions. It stimulates the physiological processes of the host plant by synthesizing phytohormones, such as auxins, and by producing enzymes that contribute to increased stress resistance.

This study investigates the effects of nitrogen fertilization on the productivity of soybean crops in Southern and Central Romania under changing climatic conditions. The research focuses on two soybean varieties, Amiata and Orakel, cultivated in the regions of Caracal and Criscior, which differ in soil characteristics and environmental stressors. Field experiments were conducted using three nitrogen application rates, and key agronomic traits such as plant height, number of pods, grain yield, and seed quality parameters were measured. Although statistical analysis did not reveal significant differences across treatments, strong positive correlations between nitrogen levels and several performance indicators were observed. The findings underscore the importance of adaptive nitrogen management strategies for maintaining soybean productivity and resilience in climate-sensitive agricultural regions.

Developing agroecosystems to reduce yield losses, effective use of water resources, and environmentally friendly innovative biotechnological interventions to stop using more chemical pesticides and fertilisers have been the focus of several sustainable strategies. Our research aimed to identify the allelopathic in vitro effect of Elettaria cardamomum essential oil (ECEO) on wheat seeds regarding the antifungal efficacy and germination stimulation. Surface-sterilized seeds (n = 100) were transferred in sterile Petri dishes (empty set 120 mm), and the ECEO doses were 5 mu L, 25 mu L, 50 mu L and 100 mu L. The Petri dishes were transferred to a growth chamber and kept at 25 degrees C in the dark for 5 days. Consequently, the microflora and germination rate was assessed on the PDA medium. The results suggest that the minimum concentration needed for ECEO to affect the seeds contamination index was at 25 mu L, while values of 50 mu L and 100 mu L inhibited the germination, resulting in germination rates at 86% and decreasing to 43%. ECEO oil exhibited promising antifungal activity and seems to have a potent fumigant activity against wheat mycoflora and could be used as possible future natural agent in agriculture.

The aim of the conducted research is to observe the behavior of various winter wheat cultivars under the influence of both biological and technological factors. In the experiment, five distinct wheat varieties (Glosa, Joker, Apache, Alcantara, and Anapurna) were subjected to analysis. Subsequent to the research, the Joker variety emerged as the most economically viable and resilient cultivar. Despite its higher seed cost and comparatively lower bakery indices, it compensated with a significantly elevated production yield. Key quality indices monitored throughout the experimental cycle include hectoliter mass (MH), protein content, and gluten content. The mean values of hectolitre mass per storage volume obtained for the five exceptionally promising wheat varieties align within the ranges specified in the Official Catalogue of Varieties. Notably, the Glosa variety exhibited the highest protein content at 14.2%, while the Joker variety demonstrated the lowest at 11.6%. Average gluten content values ranged from 20% to 32%. The data presented herein highlight the robust productivity potential of gleic chernozems. Capitalizing on groundwater supply, these soils consistently yield high crop outputs even in periods of drought.

Sweet corn is a relatively new crop for our country and with certain peculiarities compared to conventional corn cultivation technology. The aim of this study is to contribute to the improvement of cultivation technology in relation to pedoclimatic conditions in the Berzovia area, by studying the relationship between cob weight and production of sweet corn cobs according to the maturity group in an assortment of 11 sweet corn hybrids compared with the local hybrid Estival. The study was carried out in the Ramna area, characterized by an early spring, the minimum germination temperature of 10 degrees C, taking place in the first days of April, a fact that allows obtaining early harvests. The results highlighted that the highest cob weight values were obtained in hybrids: Driver F1, Accentuate F1 and 11-Sweet Thing, between 336 and 368 g. Small cob weight values of approximately 232-255 g were obtained in hybrids the extra-early Estival and Spirit F1, the early Legend F1, Tyson F1, Starshine F1 and the semi-early hybrid Landmark F1. Regarding the production of sweet corn, SF201 F1, Jubilee F1, Driver F1, Accentuate F1 and Sweet Thing hybrids were well above the experience average in terms of cob production, surpassing the field average with gains between 2392.43 kg/ha and 5224.59 kg/ha, or in other words: the five hybrids surpassed the control by: 12.56%, 16.50%, 27.43%, 17.68%, respectively 16.76%.

Analyzing the soybean productions obtained at the national level in recent years, it has been observed that they are increasingly higher from year to year. This aspect reflects the growing interest of farmers in cultivating this plant. This work highlights how the climatic conditions in the year 2023 and the quantity of fertilizers applied influenced the development of soybean plants as well as the bean production. The experiment was conducted in three different agricultural areas in Romania, using four soybean varieties, and the fertilizers were applied in two different quantities. Throughout the vegetation period, several biometric measurements were taken, and the results of the experiment revealed how the climate of the selected regions, as well as the rate of applied fertilizers, influenced the development of the plants and the yields obtained.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) stands as one of the preeminent oil-bearing crops globally, attributable to its elevated seed oil concentration, robust hybrid production capabilities within the extant crop, and its versatile applications. The advent of erucic acid and glucosinolate-free hybrids has significantly broadened the utility of rapeseed-derived cakes and meal, characterized by a substantial protein content ranging from 38% to 41.9%. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of mineral fertilizer type on the protein content of both rapeseed and its resultant meal. Three distinct mineral fertilizers were tested in the experiment: E34 (10:24:0 + 0.1Zn + 0.1Br + 20 SO3), DAP (18:46:0), and the 20:20:0 fertilizer type. The findings unequivocally underscored the discernible impact of fertilizer type on the protein content of rapeseed seeds. Notably, the protein content ranged from 19.80% in the 20:20:0 fertilization variant to 22.04% in the E34 fertilization variant. Similarly, the protein content of the resultant meal exhibited variance, oscillating between 38.07% in the 20:20:0 fertilization variant and 39.81% in the E34 fertilization variant. These outcomes accentuate the pivotal role of mineral fertilization in modulating the nutritional composition of rapeseed and its derivatives.

This study investigates SAPS (Single Area Payment Scheme) beneficiaries in Timis and Caras Severin counties, Romania, categorizing them by legal entity type (individual, authorized natural person, legal entity, and enterprise), gender, age, and the respective monetary values attracted in each jurisdiction. Findings in Timis reveal a numerical preponderance of individual beneficiaries, yet a cumulative analysis across legal entities underscores their quantitative superiority. Conversely, in Caras Severin, the cumulative count of all legal entities does not exceedt hat of individual beneficiaries. Gender distribution in Timis manifests as 70.5% male and 24.5% female, while in Caras Severin, it is 71.1% male and 28.9% female, with statistically comparable proportions at a significance level of alpha=0.01. Regarding age, beneficiaries uniformly exhibit a minimum age of 18 years, with noteworthy instances of advanced age, reaching 95 or 96 years. The rightward-skewed age distribution is explicable by a pronounced presence of elderly individuals within the cohort.

The research was carried out in the Bozovici Depression located in southwest Romania. From which it follows that the area falls under the moderate temperate continental climate. The soil type is semicarbonate eutric alluvial soil. The experiments were bifactorial in which factor A was the preceding plant and factor B was the number of nests/hectare. The choice of the bean (Vicea faba L) used as an intermediate plant is motivated by its ecological flexibility and the amount of green mass it produces. The synthesis of the harvest results obtained in the experimental cycle 2021-2023 for potatoes showed that the highest harvest was obtained in the variant autumn barley + grain of 32,376 kilograms/hectare followed by the variant of autumn wheat + grain of 31,287 kilograms/hectare, and the lowest harvest was obtained in the variant in which the potato followed after grain corn of 26,492 kilograms/hectare. Among the plots tested, the variant with 65,000 nests/hectare stood out.

Although at present, both in our country and internationally, in the world grain trade, protein content is an indicator of grain quality, it is positively correlated with other quality indicators such as gluten content, gluten index and sedimentation index. The present study followed the influence of mineral fertilization and pedoclimatic conditions in the Pecica-Arad microzone on the level of production and its quality, expressed by protein content, gluten content, gluten index and sedimentation index. The study was conducted between 2019 and 2021, in the low plain of the Mures Meadow. The variety used in the experimentation was Ciprian, created at SCDA Lovrin. The protein content values achieved at the 5 N doses highlight that it ranges from 11.84% (N0) to 15.34% (N120). Analyzing the production obtained also from the point of view of the values of quality indicators (wet gluten over 25%, gluten index 86.33 and sedimentation index above the threshold of 50) and comparing these values with the regulated limits for each one, we can appreciate the special quality of the harvest.

The aim of the work was to carry out a study on the influence of climatic conditions and fertilization with chemical fertilizers on wheat production in the specific conditions of Didactical Farm (SDE) of the University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timisoara (ULST). A Fundamental contribution to the increase of the yield per unit area is made by the level of N, P. K fertilization and optimal soil and climatic conditions for exploiting the productive potential of the cultivated variety. The high ecological plasticity of wheat and its constant productions means that farmers are still very interested in this crop. Growers are also interested in the crop with the highest yield per unit area. The aim of this paper is to highlight the yield results of Ciprian wheat variety, obtained in the soil and climatic conditions of SDE during 2019-2020, under the influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization in order to determine the growers to choose an optimal wheat fertilization option. Wheat yield obtained was determined by nitrogen fertilizer application from the control variant as follows: N-30- 485gk/ha, N-60-584 kg/ha, N-90-605 kg/ha, at all four rates the differences are statistically assured as highly significant.

Over the last period of time, we are witnessing a perturbation of the climate, this having a direct influence over the agricultural yields. Luckily, on one hand Timis County has a soil with a higher quality, suitable for a large span of crops due to the close levels of groundwater, thus granting the crops to overcome more easily long periods of drought. On the hand modern agricultural equipment grants the farmers the usage of specifical crop technologies, in order to keep the water into the soil and to prevent erosion and the scarce effects of drought. This study aims to follow the evolution of yield performance over the course of three years - 2018, 2019 and 2020. The performance of agricultural establishments can be appreciated through the results obtained over the course of production process. Although over the course of the three years deviations of both rainfall and temperatures were registered, superior yields were reported for all Timis County.

Rapeseed is a crop that has a significant agronomic response in terms of seed yield and oil content and yield. This study aims to assess the influence of fertilizer type, quantity and the combined effect of them on both seed and oil yield in the pedoclimatic conditions of Western Plain in Romania. The research was carried out on a chernozem soil with a weak acidic reaction and for biological material, it consisted of one rapeseed hybrid developed by Limagrain company, Astronom. The experimental field was uniformly fertilized at the same time with sowing with 200 kg/ha of 27:13.5:0 complex fertilizer and in order to assess the influence of fertilizers, in the spring, three graduations of fertilizers were used, as follows: a1 - E34 (10:24:0 + 0.1Zn + 0.1Br +20 SO3); a2 - DAP (18:46:0) and a3 - 20:20:0. The results highlight the increase of both seed and oil yield, depending on the type of the fertilizer, with as much as 20% compared to the field average.

The response of agricultural crops to the application of biostimulators depends on the climatic conditions, the type of soil and cultivated variety. While knowing the role of biostimulators on the growth and development of crops, as well as on quantitative and qualitative increases in the scientific field, the aim of this research is to follow the influence of procaine treatments on the level of production and quality of two potato varieties (Armonia and Gared), depending on planting density (55 X 10(3) and 70 X 10(3) tubers/ha). The tubers were treated with procaine by immersion, for two hours, prior to planting, in a 10 mg/l solution. The research was carried out in the period 2019-2022, in the pedoclimatic conditions of the Almaj Depression, on a semi carbonate eutric alluvial type soil, located in the meadow area, with loamy-sandy texture, slightly alkaline soil reaction, pH 7.67, and a medium humus content (2.72%). The researched area has a moderate continental temperate climate, with Mediterranean and oceanic influences, which give a special nuance to the depression, with multiannual average of atmospheric precipitation varying between 670-750 mm. Fertilization of the crop was achieved by incorporating under ploughing 25 t/ha of manure and 600 kg/ha of 15:15:15 complex fertilizers. The results obtained highlight the positive effect of the treatment with procaine on the tubers before planting, on average on the two tested varieties and the two densities, expressed in production increases of 7%.

Due to the recent changes of the climatic conditions, new crops emerged and were taken into consideration by farmers all around the world. One such crop is Camelina sativa from the Brassicaceae botanical family which gained its attention due to the high oil content and balanced fatty acid ratio. In Romania, being a non-traditional crop, Camelina lacks a specific cultivation technology adapted to local pedo-climatic conditions. Although Camelina is not a pretentious crop, the yield response to fertilization is significant and that's what this paper covers. The experimental field was situated in the western part of Romania and we followed the yield response of two Camelina varieties under different fertilization schemes. The obtained results ensure the statistical significance of the positive yield variation of Camelina under different fertilization.

Research carried out in the Western Plain of Romania, on a soil of carbonate chernozem type, wet, weakly salinized, in sodium depth, aimed to make contributions to the oil rapeseed cultivation technology, a culture particularly important for the area, on optimizing nitrogen fertilization and determining the type of fertilizer ammonium nitrate or ammonium sulphate for the above mentioned soil conditions, under the conditions of fattening a constant phosphorus and potassium background (P80K80), as well as the influence on production according to the date of operation and depth of the basic ploughing. The results showed that the application of nitrogen fertilizers in the form of ammonium sulphate was superior to the one of ammonium nitrate by 8%. Also, the results according to the period of execution of the basic ploughing emphasize the importance of carrying out this important work as early as possible, so that by the date of sowing to sit down and accumulate as much water in the soil.

Nowadays, they recommend the valorisation of 18-25% of municipal sludge as fertiliser in agriculture duet o its content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, silica salts, aluminium salts, organic matter, oligoelements - boron, cobalt, selenium, iodine, etc. provided the content of heavy metals, organic compounds, and pathogens are within legal limits (Smith S.R., 2005). According to the Directive 91/271/2004 regarding the treatment of wastewater and to the GD 188/2002 (modified by GD 352/2005 and GD 210/2007), towns with over 2000 L.E. need to purify biologically municipal wastewater; therefore, the amounts of municipal sludge produced by water plants will increase substantially (http://www.posmediu.ro/). Therefore, we need to test cropping technologies that include the use of such sludge. Knowing that this species can be cultivated on damaged lands (Kiraly, 2014; Ivanoiu et al., 2014), the goal of this study was to investigate the impact of the interaction between the sludge rate and the nitrogen rate on seed yield, oil content, and, last but not least, fat acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid). Results show that both oil yield (465-644 kg/ha) and oil quality motivate the used of municipal sludge as fertiliser, which solves the problem of valorising the increasing amounts of this material.

The aim of this paperwork is to present the town Balinț farming system, soil types and subtypes, Balinț village perimeter, environmental factors that influence these traits, the study of the most important processes and soils of the area studied and also the type of agricultural system from this area. Located in the county of Timis, the DJ 609 B, Balint town, village resident with the same name, lies at a distance of 15.7 km of Lugoj City and 64.3 km from Timisoara. Balint village covers an area of 5568 hectares, of which 4794 ha is agricultural land. The composition of this administrative territory are also the following locations: Balint, Bodo, Fadimac and Targoviste. In terms of geomorphology, the territory has two main forms of relief: hills, dominating the rate of about 60 %, and plain components Lipovei Plateau, part of Bega Depression. The average altitude is 170 m, the extremes are represented by top Gomila (227 m), located in the NE area, Plateau Lipovei point Ratul Red (106 m), located in SE Depression of Bega.