Nowadays, 80–90% of the components of airplanes are composed of aluminum alloys. Another material with a high level of corrosion resistance and is utilized in aircraft is AA5052. When exposed to the natural environment, AA5052 forms an oxide layer that shields the aluminum alloy from corrosion. However, this oxide layer is eroded and corrodes more quickly in the harsh weather conditions where an aeroplane operates. On the AA5052 substrate, multilayered nanostructured ZrO2-TiO2 coatings will be formed utilizing a spin coating and chemical bath deposition techniques to protect against this corrosion and heat resistance. Using an X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), the produced coatings are examined for their crystallinity properties, surface morphological properties using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), elemental composition using Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX), optical properties using UV-visible spectroscopy and corrosion properties using salt spray technique.

Nanostructured coatings are extensively employed in aerospace applications as they unveil unique and excellent properties because of their nano-sized structural behavior. This article focusses on the study of preparation of yttrium (III) nitrate hexahydrate-based nano-sized structural coating obtained by sol-gel method and the analysis of their properties. The properties that are suitable for aerospace applications such as thermal stability, oxidation resistance ability, heat resistant nature, phase stability were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) characterization techniques.

Anti-glare coatings (AGCs) have progressed into highly effective reflectance and glare minimizing components for several optical and opto-electrical equipment’s. The extent in research and development with the contribution of nanotechnology in opto-electronics has improved the AGCs. The present study is related to the composition of a nanostructured antiglare coating. In general, antiglare films have been widely used to deal with glare but this is not proper for an outdoor usage in glasses. Hence, improvement in performance of night-driving glasses is necessary to reduce the negative effects of headlights glare. In this paper nanostructured antiglare coating layers on glass substrate is done using Zirconium Oxide (ZrO2). The obtained coatings are highly transparent and reflective in nature. Sol–gel method is adopted for the preparation of gel, dip-coating and spin coating technique was employed to develop coatings on glass substrates. The obtained coatings were further characterized by XRD to analyze the phase crystallinity; SEM was used to determine the surface morphology of the coatings, EDX to estimate the elemental composition of the coatings and UV-vis Spectroscope was used to determine the optical properties.

Aluminum alloy has gained lot of importance in Aerospace Industries and Engineering applications because of its strength, high resistance to heat, light weight and durability. In this paper we made an attempt to improve the AA5052 substrates properties by coating Zirconium Oxide (ZrO 2 ) by Sol-Gel Method. Glass substrates were also coated with Zirconium Oxide (ZrO 2 ) coating. The coated AA5052 and glass substrates will be annealed to check the thermal resistance for various time of thermal rig test. Micro crystalline properties and formation of ZrO 2 of the coated film is evaluated for surface morphological studies by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the elemental composition studies done by EDAX (Energy Dispersive Absorption X-ray Spectrometer).

Titanium (Ti) and Alumina (Al2O3) thin films have been coated using co-sputtering technique on SS304, Copper substrates. Magnetron sputtering technique has been employed, in this Direct current and Radio Frequency powers have been used in the presence of argon gas to sputter Ti and Al2O3 respectively. Experimental runs are planned by Design of Experiments (DOE) approach. Investigations have been conducted to determine optimize conditions for thickness and surface roughness of the thin films. It is vital to have a precise knowledge of film thickness and its roughness. Both of these have been measured in terms of nanometer using surface profilometer and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) respectively

There is growing need to develop new biodegradable composite material which are eco-friendly and at the same time cater to the product application requirements. The research emphasis on study the properties of composites prepared by arbitrarily distributed UV treated areca fibers with Polylactic acid. Ultraviolet – a physical surface treatment has been carried out to treat areca short fibers which have been extracted from areca husk. Surface treatment significantly improves the bond between the fibermatrix interface. The preparation of test samples has been performed using plain Polylactic acid, Polylactic acid untreated areca short fiber (PLA-UnASF) and Polylactic acid UV treated areca short fiber (PLA-TrASF) as per ASTM standards by means of injection moulding method. Varying fiber loading viz., 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight have been utilized to develop test specimens. Developed composites have been portrayed for properties like density, moisture absorption, mechanical tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength and modulus, izod impact strength, hardness, electrical dielectric strength, thermal – TGA and DSC and soil degradation. The results indicate an improvement in strengths of composite with increase in fiber loading and physically treatment. This new material can be utilized for house hold appliances, automobiles and industrial applications.

Natural fiber based composite is one of the emerging materials which is being evolved in the recent past for the general applications. This is because of the abundant availability of natural fibers which are less expensive. The main advantage of natural fibers is low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extraction and during the preparation of composites. This research primarily focuses on the study of interfacial bonding between fiber and polypropylene, characterization of mechanical properties (tensile, compression, hardness) and dielectric properties of composites by reinforcing polypropylene with randomly distributed areca fibers. The extracted areca fibers were Ultraviolet treated to get better interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix. The test samples have been prepared as per ASTM standards for plain polypropylene, polypropylene- areca fiber (untreated) and polypropylene- areca fiber (UV Treated) composites using injection moulding technique. Different fiber weight loading fractions (10%, 20%, 30%, & 40%) have been used to prepare test samples. The test samples have then been characterized for mechanical properties- tensile strength, compression strength, flexural strength, impact strength, tensile modulus and flexural modulus, as well as for hardness and dielectric strength. The mechanical properties and dielectric strength were compared between the polypropylene reinforced with untreated areca fiber composites and polypropylene reinforced with UV treated areca fiber composites for different percentage of fiber loading.

Tungsten (W) and Alumina (Al2O3) thin films have been developed using co-sputtering technique on SS304, Copper (Cu) and Glass slides using Direct Current magnetron sputtering (DC) and Radio Frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering methods respectively. Central Composite Design (CCD) method approach has been adopted to determine the number of experimental plans for deposition and DC power, RF power and Argon gas flow rate have been input parameters, each at 5 levels for development of thin films. In this research paper, study has been carried out determine the optimized condition of deposition parameters for thickness and surface roughness of the thin films. Thickness and average Surface roughness in terms of nanometer (nm) have been characterized by thickness profilometer and atomic force microscopy respectively. The maximum and minimum average thickness observed to be 445 nm and 130 respectively. The optimum deposition condition for W/Al2O3 thin film growth was determined to be at 1000 watts of DC power and 800 watts of RF power, 20 minutes of deposition time, and almost 300 Standard Cubic Centimeter(SCCM) of Argon gas flow. It was observed that average roughness difference found to be less than one nanometer on SS substrate and one nanometer on copper approximately.

Aluminium matrix composites belong to the family of materials whose mechanical, tribological, thermal andelectrical properties can be customized effectively. Most of the commercial work on MMCs has been highlighted onAluminium as the matrix material. The combination of light weight, environmental resistance and beneficialmechanical properties has made Aluminium alloys exceedingly popular; these properties also make Aluminium bestsuited for use as a matrix metal. The thermophysical properties of these composites can be tailor made and haveexcellent specific mechanical properties. These composites can be fabricated with ease. Aluminium matrix compositesreinforced with the particles of Silicon Carbide possess high yield strength, low coefficient of thermal expansion orthermal expansivity, high modulus of elasticity and excellent wear resistance by maintaining volume proportion up to20%. Aluminium hybrid composites can be customized to provide moderate Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE)and high thermal conductivity that are favorable for the applications pertaining to thermal management equipment.However, it is necessary to evaluate different percentage combinations of reinforcements with matrix Aluminium tocheck for thermal stability and to measure thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion. It is expectedthat, Aluminium-Silicon Carbide-Graphite hybrid composites can be used as load bearing material for the aboveapplications. In this paper, a review about the said hybrid composites to investigate thermal properties forengineering applications have been discussed based on its technological relevance, applications and researchprospect.

*Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering Mysuru-570002, Karnataka, India **Department of Mechanical Engineering, The National Institute of Engineering, Mysuru-570 008, Karnataka, India ***Department of Mechanical Engineering, The National Institute of Engineering, Mysuru-570 008, Karnataka, India ______________________________________________________________________ Abstract

Metal oxide materials are one of the promising materials for low power consumption devices due to their unique size and dimensionality dependent physical and chemical properties. Low cost of production is also a key component in micro/nanoscale devices. Cupric oxide (CuO) nanostructures are of particular interest because of their interesting properties and promising applications in solar cells, bio and gas sensors, batteries, super capacitors, catalysis, photo detectors, energetic materials and removal of organic pollutants from waste water. An attempt has been made to synthesize randomly oriented rectangular shaped nanostructures of CuO, via hydrothermal synthesis at low temperature (~70 °C) on top of NiO porous structured film. The film was deposited using chemical bath deposition method at room temperature using ITO coated glass plate as a substrate. One can observe that the CuO growth on NiO/ITO substrate not only filled the porous structures of NiO but also formed the long rectangular shaped nanostructures which were randomly oriented on top of NiO surface. The CuO rectangular nanostructures have the dimensions in order of (6±2.0) μm x (2.0±0.5) μm. The randomly oriented rectangular structure can assist the charge transport in between the different semiconducting layers. These rectangular shaped nanostructures can also be used in nano-electronic devices, or as a p-type conducting wires in future electronic device applications. The present study is limited to the surface morphology studies of the nanostructured thin layers of NiO/CuO composite materials. Structural and absorption measurements of the CuO/NiO hetero junction have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV spectroscopy. The energy band gap of both layers NiO and CuO have been calculated using UV spectroscopy and discussed further. Therefore, the present rectangular structure of CuO could be helpful for the purpose of designing novel function nanostructures for efficient energy harvesting.

Metal matrix composites are regarded to be one of the most predominant classifications in composite materials. The thermal characterization of metal matrix composites by using laser flash apparatus is a sophisticated technique meant for the determination of thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity. In this research paper, the determination of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity have been accomplished for Al 6061, Silicon Carbide and Graphite hybrid metal matrix composites from room temperature to 300°C. Aluminium based composites reinforced with Silicon Carbide and Graphite particles have been prepared by stir casting technique. The results have indicated that, the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity for different compositions of hybrid MMCs decrease by the addition of Graphite with Silicon Carbide to the matrix alloy Al 6061. Empirical or thermo-elastic models viz., rule of mixtures, series model, geometric model and Maxwell’s model have been validated for the evaluation of thermal conductivity of composites.

Metal matrix composites are regarded to be one of the most predominant classifications in composite materials. The measurement of the thermal properties of materials is fundamental for the better understanding of the thermal design. In this research paper, the determination of specific heat capacity, heat flow, thermal shock resistance and electrical conductivity have been accomplished for Al 6061, Silicon Carbide and Graphite hybrid metal matrix composites from room temperature to 300°C. Aluminium based composites reinforced with Silicon Carbide and Graphite particles have been prepared by stir casting technique. The thermal and electrical behaviour of hybrid composites with different percentage compositions of reinforcements have been investigated. The results have indicated that, the specific heat capacity, enthalpy and heat flow for different compositions of hybrid metal matrix composites decrease by the addition of Graphite with Silicon Carbide to the matrix alloy Al 6061.

Metal matrix composites have been regarded to be one of the most principal classifications in composite materials. Microstructural analysis and metallography is one of the predominant terms commonly used in the research of materials. The thermal characterization of composite materials has received broad deliberation and has become governing in materials science and engineering. In this paper, the microstructural investigation of Al 6061, silicon carbide (SiC) and graphite (Gr) hybrid metal matrix composites with varying percentage reinforcements 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% have been carried out. The analysis of these hybrid compositions have been accomplished by using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy that benefits to accomplish thermal characterization and analysis of composite material. Aluminium based composites reinforced with silicon carbide and graphite particles have been prepared by stir casting technique. It has been observed that, dispersoid concentration of the reinforcements has been homogeneous and negligible porosity has been noticed. The formations of grain boundary, interdendritic segregation, porosity and particle size have been characterized by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope. Elemental characterization has been achieved by using energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS).The investigation of thermal conductivity behaviour of hybrid composites with varying percentage reinforcements at lower proportions have been emphasized.

This review paper is collective information about the research done until date on areca fiber chemical composition, characterization, and physical properties. Further, it states the significance of the areca fibers as a reinforcing material in biodegradable composites. Several studies have shown underutilization of these areca fibers as a reinforcing material in composite research and its relevant application in product development. In the recent past, it has been noticed that not much appreciable research been carried out on the optimized surface treatment, manufacturing techniques, and product application using the areca fibers. Hence, there are more opportunities to develop economical and ecologically superior engineered material by utilizing these areca fibers and its composites.

The thermal characterization and analysis of composite materials has been increasingly important in a wide range of applications. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is one of the most important properties of metal matrix composites (MMCs). Since nearly all MMCs are used in various temperature ranges, measurement of CTE as a function of temperature is necessary in order to know the behavior of the material. In this research paper, the evaluation of CTE or thermal expansivity has been accomplished for Al 6061, silicon carbide and graphite hybrid MMCs from room temperature to [Formula: see text]C. Aluminium-based composites reinforced with silicon carbide and graphite particles have been prepared by stir casting technique. The thermal expansivity behavior of hybrid composites with different percentage compositions of reinforcements has been investigated. The results have indicated that the thermal expansivity of different compositions of hybrid MMCs decrease by the addition of graphite with silicon carbide and Al 6061. Empirical models have been validated for the evaluation of thermal expansivity of composites. Numerical convergence test has been accomplished to investigate the thermal expansion behavior of composites.

Metal matrix composites are regarded to be one of the most predominant classifications in composite materials. The thermal characterization of hybrid metal matrix composites has been increasingly important in a wide range of applications. The coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity are the most important properties of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs). Since nearly all Metal Matrix Composites are used in various temperature ranges, measurement of thermal properties of MMCs as a function of temperature is necessary in order to know the behaviour of the material. In this research paper, the evaluation of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, thermal expansivity and thermal capacity has been accomplished for Al 6061, Silicon Carbide and Graphite hybrid metal matrix composites from room temperature to 300°C. Aluminium based composites reinforced with Silicon Carbide and Graphite particles have been prepared by stir casting technique. The thermal behaviour of hybrid composites with different percentage compositions of reinforcements has been investigated. The results have indicated that the thermal properties of the different compositions of hybrid MMCs vary by the addition of Graphite with Silicon Carbide and Al 6061. Few empirical models have been validated for the evaluation of thermal expansivity and thermal conductivity of hybrid composites.

Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are the competitive and proficient materials that possess natural opportunities for modern material science and development. The mechanical, tribological, thermal and machinability properties of composite materials are extensively pertinent for aerospace and automotive applications. In this paper, the determination of density, volume fraction and porosity has been carried out successfully. In the research, Al 6061 is the matrix alloy and Silicon Carbide and Graphite are the reinforcements considered, being fabricated using stir casting technique. Microstructural analysis has been carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope to examine the distribution of the reinforcements. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has been used to simulate the thermal and mechanical behaviour of Metal Matrix Composites. Computational simulation for the investigation of thermal properties of hybrid metal matrix composites has been performed depending on the variation in volume fraction of hybrid MMCs. To carry out computational modelling, the experimental values have been used to show the temperature distribution and heat flow distribution characteristics, being considered as the salient thermal properties of composite materials.

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have been regarded as one of the most principal classifications in composite materials. The thermal characterization of hybrid MMCs has been increasingly important in a wide range of applications. The coefficient of thermal expansion is one of the most important properties of MMCs. Since nearly all MMCs are used in various temperature ranges, measurement of coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) as a function of temperature is necessary in order to know the behavior of the material. In this research paper, the evaluation of thermal expansivity has been accomplished for Al 6061, silicon carbide ( SiC ) and Graphite ( Gr ) hybrid MMCs from room temperature to 300°C. Aluminum ( Al )-based composites reinforced with SiC and Gr particles have been prepared by stir casting technique. The thermal expansivity behavior of hybrid composites with different percentage compositions of reinforcements has been investigated. The results have indicated that the thermal expansivity of the different compositions of hybrid MMCs decreases by the addition of Gr with SiC and Al 6061. Few empirical models have been validated for the evaluation of thermal expansivity of composites. Using the experimental values namely modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio and thermal expansivity, computational investigation has been carried out to evaluate the thermal parameters namely thermal displacement, thermal strain and thermal stress.