Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (MONPs) have become an important section of nanoparticles, and these nanomaterials have been utilized in different application fields. Thus, it's very important to understand the major and feasible synthesis methods that are involved during the production of MONPs. In our review, we are highlighting some major processes for their synthesis and morphology. This review highlights the status, potential, challenges, and feasibility of different processes like sol-gel, CVD, thermal, flame spray, biological synthesis, and other major techniques to synthesize and their applications. Synthesis of nanomaterial through environmentally friendly and greener routes, which greatly impacts different applications, has also been studied as it has received massive attention as a sustainable, feasible, reliable, and cost-effective route in different fields. These artificially created MONPs exhibit distinct physical and chemical characteristics owing to their substantial surface area and nanoscale dimensions. Their exceptional size, shape, and structure further influence their reactivity, resilience, and diverse properties. Thanks to these attributes, they find wide-ranging uses in commercial and domestic applications, such as catalysis, antimicrobial treatments, bio-sensors, electro-sensors, as well as agriculture and various other significant fields. This review paper states major applications of these MONPs have great aspects and potential in the future and will help researchers gain further insights into these fields.
The generation and detection of multi-mode Lamb or plate waves in thin aluminum plate materials using Meander coil electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMAT) is presented in this paper. EMAT works under the Lorentz force principle in non-magnetic materials. The generation of lower order or fundamental Lamb waves (S0 and A0) has been performed in both finite element (FE) simulations and experimental measurements. This paper is divided into three parts; first 2-D electromagnetic simulation model has been created for the Lorentz force calculation which is coupled by the induced or eddy current inside the material and the applied static magnetic field. The Lorentz force causes the vibration of sound waves inside the aluminum material. Second, the calculated Lorentz force densities are utilized as input sources for the generation of transient ultrasonic waves within the aluminum material. Third, the multimode Lamb waves (S0 and A0) have been excited with two different coil spacing EMATs and compared with experimental measurements. The interaction of multimode Lamb waves with an artificially created notch has also been analyzed and compared for both experiments and FE simulations. It has been observed that the simulation results agreed very well with the experimental measurements.
Organic compounds, alcohols, ammonia, nitrates, phosphorous, and suspended solids are the main constituents of waste from the chemical fertilizer industry. Heavy metals are natural constituents of soils and their concentration varies depending on parental materials. In the last years, the content of heavy metals in soils has increased due to distribution of fertilizers waste, pesticides, industries, waste disposal. Due to these activities the life capacity of soils decreased; especially where the natural background is already high because of natural parental material richness in heavy metal. As a matter of fact it is very important to distinguish between the natural background values and anthropogenic inputs, and to understand that the background values change from area to area and with the scale of the area investigated. There is currently a wide variety of methods used to evaluate soil contamination. To evaluate the soil contamination rate Geo-accumulation index (Igeo) can be applied. This index is used to assess the presence and intensity of anthropogenic contaminant deposition on surface soil. Four soil samples collected from different location near fertilizer industry and it was investigated that many constituent present in soil specimen such as (Cd, Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb). Contaminated samples show the moderate to extreme pollution level on the basis of pollution index.Keywords: Organic substance, fertilizer waste, Heavy metals, contaminated soil, AAS.
Lightweight Ni-Ti alloy foam has received immense attention as a promising material for sensors, actuators, dampers, biomedical implants, and energy absorption applications due to their outstanding properties including low density, high surface area, corrosion resistance and excellent mechanical strength. In the present study, we developed Ni (50)-Ti (50) alloy foams with varying porosities using NaCl as a space holder. The cold compacted mixture of NiTi alloy powder, NaCl granules, and 2 wt% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions are mixed uniformly in a globe box for 8 hrs. Sintering is carried out in two stages: firstly, at 900 oC for 2 hrs and then at 1100 oC for two hrs. During sintering, NaCl gets melted and removed from the foams. The Ni-Ti alloy foams exhibit an excellent compressive strength of 48 MPa at a relative density (ρrd) of 0.45. It also provides higher plateau stress, greater strain hardening effect, and larger strain recovery. Thus, the lightweight high strength Ni-Ti alloy foam is a promising material for bone implants and energy absorption applications.
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is the most promising and appropriate microbial biopolymer as a replacement for conventional petroleum-based non-biodegradable polymers, due to its excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility. However, it has a few limitations that prevent it from being used commercially, including low mechanical strength, hydrophobicity, poor thermal and electrical properties, difficult processing, and high cost. Recent researches has shown that it is the most promising natural biopolymer, particularly for packaging. To use PHBV in biocomposites, methods of compensating for PHBV's shortcomings, such as adding fillers, more cost-effective and efficient production methods, or alternative PHBV sources, must be developed. Numerous researchers are looking into ways to improve characteristics and lower prices by developing biocomposites to address environmental safety concerns with PHBV, developing and discovering more affordable biological PHBV production methods, discovering new microbial strains or strain combinations, or developing less expensive PHBV extraction methods. The current review provides a detailed description of the studies conducted to improve the properties of PHBV as biocomposites by employing less expensive yet efficient reinforcements, particularly for food packaging applications. Furthermore, nanocellulose can be studied further as a PHBV biocomposites enhancement to improve properties and functionalities from various optimal sources in order to produce fully degradable bionanocomposites for sustainable packaging applications.
Scanometric method has been attended for the study and determination of different analytes. This method coupled with preconcentration methods for improvement the detection limit and applied for the determination of Nile blue and Rhodamine B in binary systems.In this work cloud point extraction-scanometry (CPE-SC) method was used for preconcentration, simultaneous separation and determination of trace amounts of the rhodamine B (RhB) and Nile blue A (NBA) in aqueous solutions. Some of the advantages of this method are simplicity, cheapness, novelty, rapidity, sensitivity, and safety. Analysis of images obtained from the solution scanning after cloud point extraction of the cited dyes and dilution with proper solvent is done using the RGB program in Visual Basic 6 (VB 6) media. Using three red, green, and blue factors, the RhB and NBA contents were investigated in the aqueous solution. Detection limits of the determination of these dyes were acceptable, and their values were 0.002 and 0.008 µg/mL for NBA and RhB, respectively. The linear ranges of the mentioned method for determining Nile blue A and rhodamine B are 0.01–1.33 µg/mL and 0.01–1.00 µg/mL, respectively.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are particularly attractive for use in sensors for environmental and health monitoring. This study proposes a new approach in developing polymer-metal-based sensor for E. coli detection by using CNTs incorporation. PANI-SnO2 nanocomposite thin films were combined with CNTs to be fabricated as biosensing devices. PANI-(SnO2)1-x-CNTx nanocomposite thin films were synthesized using sol-gel method and deposited on a glass substrate by spin coating technique. The prepared thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic field microscopy (AFM) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The sensitivity performance of PANI-(SnO2)1-x-CNTx nanocomposite thin films were conducted by using current-voltage (I-V) measurements. From the results, XRD patterns show the appearance of PANI, SnO2 and C peaks and the increasing crystallite size with the increasing of CNT concentration. FESEM images show the spherical shape of SnO2 and the nanotubes of carbon in the diameter size range 30 – 100 nm and 150 – 220 nm respectively. AFM analysis has found out the roughness parameter has increased when CNT percentage was increased. The peaks from UV-Vis absorbance bands indicated the presence of CNT and SnO2 at wavelength 270 nm and 370 nm respectively. From I-V measurement of the sensor, PANI-(SnO2)1-x-CNTx with x = 0.03 performed the highest sensitivity which is 16.32%. The results demonstrate that the increasing of CNT concentrations was increasing the sensitivity of PANI-(SnO2)1-x-CNTx thin films towards E. coli.
The current work is performed during a research project to implement an enhanced Cyber-Physical Systems for producing electrical insulators based on thermosets. As these materials undergo a highly exothermic curing reaction during production, appropriate production control is crucial to prevent issues, such as air pockets, suboptimal surface finish, cracks, or part deformation due to non-uniform curing and residual stresses. Therefore, extensive material characterization is combined with suitable material modeling to achieve exact virtual predictions of the curing process. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) under non-isothermal (dynamic) conditions is employed to characterize the curing behavior, providing crucial insights into thermal properties and phase transitions. The reaction kinetics are modeled using model-based methods, i.e., Prout-Tompkins, and model-free kinetic models, i.e. Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose. Thus, the activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and other kinetic parameters required for analysis are determined. The curing progress of the epoxy material under isothermal conditions is predicted and validated with reaction data obtained from the isothermal DSC measurements.
In recent times, there has been a significant increase in bone-related diseases, posing a pressing challenge in the field of medicine. While bone tissues possess a natural self-healing capability, severe injuries can lead to a loss of this regenerative potential. Traditional transplantation approaches, despite being billion-dollar industries, are riddled with issues such as a scarcity of organ donors, a high risk of infections, and post-transplant complications. To address this issue, tissue engineering has demonstrated to be a possible alternative for wound remodeling and organ transplantation. Recently, biopolymer-based aerogel has caught tremendous attention as a result of its exceptional qualities in the field of biomedical engineering. This review aims to provide comprehensive information on the properties and recent research regarding the use of polysaccharides like chitosan, cellulose, alginate, hyaluronic acid, and starch-based aerogels in bone tissue engineering. It highlights the potential of these aerogels in addressing bone-related issues and discusses the obstacles and future prospects of polysaccharides in tissue engineering applications.
Materials science is a fast developing field of research in which a lot of advancements have been reported in few decades. The progress in materials science is essential due to its wide range of applications in solid state fuel cells, display materials, solar cells, energy storage devices, automotive sectors, electronics and environment, mechanical, medical & aerospace industries. Doping and substitutions in host materials are excellent ways of changing the properties of any materials. There are two main forms of materials, thin film and bulk, which are used in research. These two forms of materials are synthesized by two basic approaches, named as top-down and bottom-up. Bottom-up and top-down approaches are comprised of several synthesis methods, e.g., solid state reaction method, hydrothermal method, co-precipitation method, sol gel method, auto-combustion method, melt quench method, evaporation method, sputtering method, pulse laser deposition method, spin coating method and spray pyrolysis method. Each synthesis method has its unique procedure as well as merits and demerits. The solid state reaction route is one of the simplest synthesis method, which requires heating of the materials which were grounded for homogeneous mixing of the various oxide ingredients. The bulk and thin films at low reaction temperatures were prepared by sol-gel synthesis route which provides the high purity products. Co-precipitation method provides homogenous particle size which is a very energy efficient method. Thus, the synthesis method is an essential factor for materials science and nanotechnology research. The present article is an attempt to review the synthesis methods and their merits or demerits.
Parameter design of material processing is quite significant to provide a safeguard to the quality of product comprehensively in condition of clean production especially. In this paper, an appropriate approach of parameter design of materials processing is proposed in term of probabilistic multi-objective optimization (PMOO). The approach has the characteristic of concurrent optimization of multiple objectives in spirit of probability theory inherently; furthermore the "sequential number-theoretic optimization (SNTO)" is employed to conduct the discretization of successive deep optimization. Besides, the optimal design of materials processing is completed by conducting the assessment of total preferable probability for each scheme. Subsequently, parameter design problems of grinding processes of H7007C bearing inner ring with energy saving and emission reduction, and processing optimization of aluminum alloy AA 6082 blank hot stamping, are taken as examples to illuminate the procedure of the approach, respectively. The results show the rationality of the approach. It has a bright prospect in parameter design of production optimization in the future.
The chemical processing of polymeric mixtures is a promising alternative for designing materials with new characteristics for biomedical applications. This work proposed to produce and characterize polymeric mixtures obtained using polyethylene glycol (PEG400 or PEG4000) with poly (L-co-D, L lactic acid)/PLDLA for biomedical use. The mixtures were prepared by the casting method. Characterizations were performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), mechanical properties (perforation, resilience, elastic modulus, plastic deformation, tensile strength and mucoadhesion) and in vitro biodisintegration studies. The results obtained by FTIR and DSC suggest that the chemical interactions that generate the mixtures between the polymers occurred through hydrogen bonds and/or dipole-dipole interactions. Chemical interactions created compounds that were more hydrophilic and had different rearrangements when using PEG400 or PEG4000 in the mixture. The mechanical tests showed changes in the resistance of the materials, highlighting the exponential value of plastic deformation of PLDLA/PEG400, significantly increasing the plasticity of this structure by 111-fold about PLDLA/PEG4000. In the biodisintegration study, after 120 hours, greater mass loss was observed for PLDLA/PEG4000 (68.82 ± 1.46%). Hydrolytic disintegration did not influence pH values, which remained between 7.34 and 7.41 during the study. In conclusion, these mixtures can provide valuable characteristics to produce a biocompatible biomedical device with properties to support tissue regeneration, where the issue of plastic deformation is necessary in collaboration with the formation of pores, after PEG dissolution in vivo.
