The aetiology of the canine displacement still remains controversial. Some authors implicated a deficiency in maxillary width as a local mechanical cause for impacted canines. The aim of the study was to examine whether there is a relationship between impacted maxillary canines, early diagnosed by using panoramic radiographs, and the morphology of the maxilla on 3D model casts.

Lo scopo del presente studio è effettuare una revisione della letteratura al fine di mettere a confronto le metodiche self-ligating e quelle convenzionali. È stata eseguita una ricerca nel database della US National Library of Medicine tramite il servizio PubMed, utilizzando le seguenti parole chiave: “active self-ligating brackets”, “passive self-ligating brackets”, “conventional brackets”, “dental movement”, orthodontics”. Sono stati trovati 209 articolie da questo screening sono stati selezionati 38 articoli affini alla nostra ricerca, dicui è stata valutata la versione full text. Il sistema self-ligating sembra offrire un vantaggio significativo per quanto riguarda il risparmio di tempo alla poltrona ed evidenzia una leggera minore proinclinazione degli incisivi inferiori. This study is based on a literature review in order to compare self-ligating brackets with conventional brackets. The literature review was conducted on the US National Library of Medicine database, using PubMed. The keywords used in PubMed research were: “active self-ligating brackets”, “passive self-ligating brackets”, “conventional brackets”, “dental movement”, “orthodontics”. We found a total of 209 articles, 38 of which were selected, as related to our research, and the full text version was evaluated. Self-ligating brackets seem to give a significant benefit in terms of chair-time reduction and show a slightly lower proclination of mandibular incisors.

In this article, we report the successful use of miniscrews in the distalization of the lower dentition to correct an Angle class III malocclusion with lower anterior crowding in a dolichofacial adult patient. Conventional intraoral and extraoral appliances have many disadvantages, including the need for patient cooperation, potential for anchorage loss, and vertical extrusion of upper molars and lower incisors. Extrusion should be prevented or minimized when treating long-faced patients with reduced overbite. After third molar extractions, miniscrews were placed in the retromolar area. A sliding jig was applied to distalize the lower molars, while the anterior teeth were bonded and retracted secondarily to avoid round tripping. After 18 months of treatment, molar and canine class I relationship with normal overjet and overbite were achieved. In addition, there was an esthetic improvement in the profile with only a small increase of the lower anterior facial height. These results remained stable at a 12-month follow-up.

ChemInformVolume 44, Issue 24 Natural Products ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid Mediated Synthesis of Peptide Nucleic Acids Dimers. Laura Poletti, Laura Poletti Dip. Chim., Univ. Studi, I-20133 Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorClelia Giannini, Clelia Giannini Dip. Chim., Univ. Studi, I-20133 Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this author Laura Poletti, Laura Poletti Dip. Chim., Univ. Studi, I-20133 Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this authorClelia Giannini, Clelia Giannini Dip. Chim., Univ. Studi, I-20133 Milano, ItalySearch for more papers by this author First published: 23 May 2013 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.201324176AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume44, Issue24June 11, 2013 RelatedInformation

The unprecedented use of ionic liquids in the synthesis of peptide nucleic acids (PNA) oligomers has been investigated. As a proof of concept, the preparation of PNA dimers in ILs has been performed using last generation coupling reagents. More importantly, the application of the supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) technique to the preparation of a PNA dimer has been achieved, including loading, chain elongation and cleavage from the IL support of the PNA fragment.

The Gram-negative encapsulated bacterium Neisseria meningitidis type A (MenA) is a major cause of meningitis in developing countries, especially in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. The development and manufacture of an efficient glycoconjugate vaccine against MenA is greatly hampered by the poor hydrolytic stability of its capsular polysaccharide, consisting of (1→6)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-mannopyranosyl phosphate repeating units. The replacement of the ring oxygen with a methylene group to get a carbocyclic analogue leads to the loss of the acetalic character of the phosphodiester and consequently to the enhancement of its chemical stability. Here we report the synthesis of oligomers (mono-, di- and trisaccharide) of carba-N-acetylmannosamine-1-O-phosphate as candidates for stabilized analogues of the corresponding fragments of MenA capsular polysaccharide. Each of the synthesized compounds contains a phosphodiester-linked aminopropyl spacer at its reducing end to allow for protein conjugation. The inhibition abilities of the synthetic molecules were investigated by a competitive ELISA assay, showing that only the carba-disaccharide is recognized by a polyclonal anti-MenA serum with an affinity similar to a native MenA oligosaccharide with average polymerization degree of 3.

La presente trattazione ha inteso valutare l’efficacia e il timing dei dispositivi funzionali nel trattamento delle II classi nei soggetti in crescita. Lo studio è basato su una revisione della letteratura (metanalisi, RCT, CCT) degli ultimi 10 anni; gli articoli sono stati selezionati sulla base di espliciti criteri di inclusione ed esclusione. Nei 14 articoli selezionati la terapia funzionale ha portato a risultati scheletrici statisticamente significativi in 12 campioni su 20 per quanto concerne la mandibola e in 1 campione su 13 per il mascellare superiore. Gli apparecchi funzionali producono un modesto incremento della lunghezza mandibolare totale a breve termine, ma non hanno effetti significativi sul mascellare superiore. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and treatment timing of functional appliances in growing patients affected by class II malocclusion. This study is based on a literature review (meta-analysis, RCT, CCT) of the last 10 years; the articles selection is based on explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria. We selected 14 articles: the functional appliances led to statistically significant skeletal effects in 12 out of 20 samples for the mandibular growth and 1 out of 13 samples for the maxillary one. At a short-term observation, functional appliances produce small beneficial changes in skeletal mandibular pattern, but they have no significant maxillary effects.

Hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) is a rare multisystem disorder with both immunologic and nonimmunological features. It is characterized by extremely elevated IgE serum levels, eczema, and recurrent skin and pulmonary infections. Dental anomalies are often included, such as retention of deciduous teeth together with ectopic eruption or noneruption of permanent teeth. Severe susceptibility to caries and mycotic infections, insufficient transversal diameter of the palate, mucosal plaques, and fissures typically located on the tongue and on the palate are often present. The aim of this study was to review the literature and to report a 6-year observation of 6 patients with HIES (aged 8-39 years) with focus on their oral problems and the treatment provided. The importance of the role of the dentist both in early diagnosis of this syndrome and in monitoring oral conditions was stressed. The dentist can prevent infective complications and intercept the development of malocclusion with a reduction of the need for complex treatment.

Valutare l’efficacia dei dispositivi ortopedici di trazione mascellare nelle malocclusioni di III classe, con riferimento alle indicazioni e alla tempistica di trattamento, nonché ai risultati ottenibili a breve e lungo termine. Lo studio è basato su una revisione della letteratura (CCT, RCT, Review, Metanalysis) dal 2000 (gennaio) al 2011 (maggio). Sulla base di espliciti criteri di inclusione ed esclusione sono stati selezionati 15 articoli, che sono risultati tra loro eterogenei per dispositivo, protocollo e tempistiche di trattamento. I dispositivi ortopedici di trazione mascellare sono indicati in soggetti con malocclusione di III classe di età inferiore ai 10 anni. Essi sono efficaci a breve termine; non sono riportati i risultati a lungo termine. To evaluate the efficacy of orthopedic devices for maxillary protraction in patients with class III malocclusion, with reference to the indications for and timing of treatment and the short-term and long-term outcomes. This study is based on a review of the literature (CCTs, RCTs, reviews, metanalyses) published during the period from January 2000 to May 2011. Fifteen articles were selected for review on the basis of explicit criteria for inclusion and exclusion. The articles differed from one another in terms of the treatments assessed (devices, protocols, and timing). Orthopedic maxillary protraction devices are indicated for correction of class III malocclusion in patients under 10 years old of age. They appear to be effective on the basis of short-term observations; no long-term outcomes have been reported thus far.

Glucosamine has been selected as a cheap and readily available chiral scaffold for the synthesis of a series of novel enantiomerically pure bifunctional organocatalysts bearing a tertiary amino group in proximity to a (thio)urea group. The catalytic behaviour of these compounds, both as neutral and N-protonated species, was investigated using the addition of acetylacetone to β-nitrostyrene as a model reaction. Under optimized experimental conditions, chemical yields up to 93% and enantioselectivities up to 89% were obtained. Semiempirical (AM1) computational studies allowed to find a theoretical rationale for the chemical and stereochemical behaviour of the catalyst of choice. These catalysts were also preliminarily investigated as promoters in the addition of diethyl malonate to the N-Boc imine of benzaldehyde, affording the product in up to 81% ee.

Despite the enormous progress achieved by modern medicine, numerous diseases still have a profound impact on public health. Infectious diseases caused by a variety of microorganisms (viruses, fungi and parasites) and bacteria are a global major concern and, because of the emergence, for instance, of multidrug resistance, not only in developing countries. The development of preventative therapies, such as the rational design of novel and more efficient vaccines, might offer a solution to this state of affairs and other associated drawbacks. Vaccination is considered by the World Health Organization to be the most cost-effective strategy for controlling infectious disease, because it should confer long-term protective immunity in the population. A second consideration involves cancer. The outstanding progress achieved in the identification and structural characterization of tumour-associated antigens has prompted their employment in tumour immunotherapy, on the basis of the observation that tumour cells possess specific antigens that can be recognized by an immune system appropriately conditioned to the task. Carbohydrates play key roles in many molecular recognition phenomena and they can affect any kind of interaction with the immune system. Saccharide-based antigens (bacterial capsular polysaccharides or tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens, for instance) have therefore been studied and employed in the formulation of vaccines. In recent years there has been increasing use of synthetic saccharide antigens for the formulation of vaccine candidates. These structures are indeed chemically well defined, devoid of biologic contaminants and, in principle, available in large amounts, relative to materials extracted from natural sources. In addition, synthetic saccharide antigens can also serve as haptens in protein conjugates, eliciting highly specific antibodies in animal models and humans. The great potential of synthetic saccharide antigens is attested to by the spectacular success of the Cuban vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b. Here we review the major advances in the development of synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines targeted against infectious diseases and cancer.

The synthesis of a carba-analogue corresponding to the trisaccharide repeating unit of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 19F capsular polysaccharide, where a residue of carba-L-rhamnose has been inserted into the natural trisaccharide in place of L-rhamnose, is described. The conformational properties of the analogue were investigated with the aid of molecular dynamics simulations and were strictly analogous to those of the natural compound. The biological activity of the carba-analogue was comparable to that of the corresponding natural repeating unit, thus suggesting that this compound, more stable to hydrolysis, is a good mimic of the natural structure.

The conformational behavior of methyl (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl)phosphate 1, and its analogues, methyl C-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl)methanephosphonate 2 and methyl O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-5a-carba-alpha-d-mannopyranosyl)phosphate , where a methylene group replaces, respectively, the anomeric and the pyranose oxygen atom, was investigated at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level [6-311+G(2df,p) for the phosphorus atom]. The energy of the optimized structures was recalculated using the continuum solvent model C-PCM choosing water as the solvent. The compounds exhibited several populated conformations, but they all showed a marked preference for the (4)C(1) geometry of the pyranose ring; this preference was almost complete for 1, very large for the phosphono analogue 2, and large for the carba analogue 3. To give experimental support to these results, compounds 2 and 3 were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. The comparison of the theoretical and experimental vicinal coupling constants confirmed the marked preference for the (4)C(1) geometry in the case of 2 and suggested that the same holds true for compound 3.

Novel sugar-based ionic liquids were easily synthesized starting from commercially available methyl-D-glucopyranoside, and they were fully characterized in their physico-chemical properties. They represent the first terms of a new class of chiral solvents from low-cost natural sources.

The high resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR technique proved to be an effective tool for the analysis of organic solutes and for the observation of an organic reaction in neat ionic liquids.

A systematic low-temperature NMR study of a glycosylation reaction was performed in the presence of different ionic liquids and acidic catalysts. The influence of the triflate anion derived from [emim][OTf] on the stereochemistry of the glycosylation products was evaluated.

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