Square piles are widely utilized in coastal engineering due to their economic efficiency and robustness in resisting large forces in the coastal environment. However, the removal of sediment particles due to the approaching flow around such structures, known as scour, raises concerns about the stability and safety of the structure. Therefore, this study investigates scour around square piles placed at 45 deg and 90 deg angles in wave-current flows. A newly developed sediment transport module within the open-source REEF3D framework is developed, incorporating a three-phase semicoupled approach with level-set method (LSM) for realistic representation of sediment bed and free surface interfaces. The developed model is first validated against experimental results of circular and square pile scour in different flow conditions, such as steady current, wave-only, and wave-current flows. Furthermore, the effect of the combined wave-current parameter (U-cw) and Keulegan-Carpenter (KC) number on the normalized equilibrium scour depth (S/D-w) is explored. This study provides new insights into how square pile orientation modifies bed topography and equilibrium scour depth in wave-current flows. Numerical results demonstrate that a higher S/D-w value was observed for larger U-cw and KC numbers for both piles. It is revealed that in wave-only and combined wave-current flows with low KC numbers (KC < 10), square piles oriented at 45 deg experience greater scour depths than those oriented at 90 deg. However, at a higher KC number (KC = 18), square piles oriented at 90 deg exhibit greater scour depths compared to those at 45 deg.

Amidst rising global energy demand, unconventional oil reserves have garnered significant attention in recent years. These crude oils, rich in paraffins and asphaltenes, present major flow assurance challenges due to wax crystallization, gelation, and asphaltene aggregation, particularly under low-temperature pipeline conditions. In this study, a functionalized copolymer comprising octadecyl methacrylate, maleic anhydride, and 2-amino benzimidazole was synthesized and evaluated as a dual-function cold flow improver. Comprehensive characterization using FTIR and H-1 NMR spectroscopy confirmed the successful formation of a pendant-grafted architecture. The additive was tested in both model and crude oils at varying concentrations (0-5000 ppm). In model oil, the additive modified wax crystal morphology from needle-like to blunted/spherical, resulting in up to 94.25 % reduction in viscosity and 99.81 % reduction in yield stress. In crude oil, the additive disrupted wax-asphaltene and asphaltene-asphaltene aggregates and promoted uniform dispersion, significantly reducing the gelation temperature by similar to 7 degrees C, viscosity from 2723.4 to 104.2 mPa.s, and yield stress from 326 Pa to 36 Pa. Compared to the commercial additives (polyalkyl methacrylate-based and polyester-based) used in this study, the synthesized copolymer demonstrated superior performance, especially at lower concentrations. The enhanced performance is attributed to the copolymer's dual functional ability to interact with paraffinic fractions via long alkyl chains and disperse asphaltenes via hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking. These dispersed asphaltenes provided nucleation sites for wax molecules, facilitating the formation of more spherical wax crystals. This study also provides mechanistic insights into the structure-efficacy relationship of the developed copolymer, highlighting its potential as a high-performance flow improver for waxy crude oils. Overall, this work presents a combined approach, integrating molecular-level structural design, performance testing, and commercial benchmarking, in the context of pour point depressants for waxy crude oils.

The paper proposes the unique flow switching configurations (FC4 and FC5) of a double-layered microchannel heat sink (DL-MCHS). Their hydrothermal performances are compared with conventional design configurations such as concurrent (FC1), countercurrent (FC2), U-shaped (FC3), flow confinement without flow switching (FC6), and flow switching without confinement (FC7). The numerical simulations solve the conjugate heat transfer problem for seven different design configurations under the Re number range of 50-200. In addition to thermal resistance (R), pressure drop (triangle P), thermal performance (TP), and maximum temperature (Tmax), this study also uses the two thermodynamic variables, such as thermal entropy (St) and frictional entropy (Sf), as performance metrics. The results reveal that FC5 exhibits the lowest thermal resistance with the highest pressure drop value for all the Re numbers. However, the high value of TP for FC5 demonstrates the dominance of thermal benefit against pressure drop penalty. Furthermore, the lower thermal entropy of FC5, among the other configurations, indicates its uniform temperature distribution. The study also explores the impact of flow-switching locations on the overall thermal characteristics of FC4 and FC5. The optimized thermal performance with a uniform temperature gradient of FC4 and FC5 is obtained at Lc = 6.5 mm and Ld = 6 mm, respectively.

Recent advancements have demonstrated that collectors based on the Coandă effect can effectively harvest polymetallic nodules from the seabed. However, the hydrodynamics of the flow around such collectors, particularly the mechanisms of ambient water entrainment, remain insufficiently explored. To address this gap, we performed three-dimensional numerical simulations to investigate the flow characteristics surrounding a Coandă effect-based collector, focusing on the effects of main jet velocity, secondary jet velocity, radius of curvature, and bottom clearance. The results show that increasing the main jet velocity enhances flow attachment and strengthens the pressure gradients beneath the collector, thereby increasing the entrainment of ambient water into the collection duct. Similarly, higher secondary jet velocities improve flow attachment and raise the collection duct flow rate but also lead to greater sideways water spillage. Furthermore, a larger radius of curvature reduces sideways spillage, consequently promoting greater ambient water entrainment beneath the collector. Likewise, increasing the bottom clearance enhances ambient water entrainment. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights for optimizing the operational parameters of Coandă effect-based collectors to maximize collection efficiency while minimizing water spillage.

Abstract The exponential rise of electric vehicles demands lightweight, high-density battery packs; a robust battery thermal management system (BTMS) inherently compromises both gravimetric (ρEG) and volumetric (ρEV) energy densities. This study addresses this tradeoff by optimizing forced air + phase change material (PCM)-based hybrid BTMS using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The objective functions include maximizing ρEG and ρEV while minimizing maximum surface temperature (TS,Max), temperature difference (ΔTS), and fan power (P). The design variables include cell spacing (A), aluminum-shell contact angle (B), and air velocity (C). The optimization is performed under constant heat generation corresponding to a 2C charge rate at an ambient temperature of 35 °C to represent adverse conditions. The optimized configuration is then evaluated under cyclic operation with constant 2C charging and variable discharge rates based on a modified Indian driving cycle. RSM results indicate that cell spacing is the dominant parameter in reducing ΔTS, while both cell spacing and air velocity significantly influence TS,Max. The optimal configuration (A = 5.7 mm, B = 123.9 deg, and C = 1.35 m/s) satisfies the constraints TS,Max < 50 °C and ΔTS < 5 °C, yielding TS,Max = 49.4 °C and ΔTS = 4.5 °C. The optimized BTMS contributes less than 10% to the total pack weight and achieves module-level energy densities of ρEG = 160.4 Wh/kg and ρEV = 245.7 Wh/l using a staggered cell arrangement. The results demonstrate effective thermal regulation under cyclic conditions with minimal compromise in energy densities.

A reliable battery thermal management system (BTMS) is essential for ensuring thermal safety and optimal performance of lithium-ion batteries, while minimizing parasitic power consumption and reducing system weight. This study addresses these issues by proposing a novel liquid cooling system that utilizes heat conducting elements (HCEs) with a variable contact area and a nano phase change material emulsion (NPCME) as the working coolant. Preliminary investigations employed four coolants: water, a 21.3 wt% CuO-water nanofluid (NF), and two concentrations of NPCME (10 wt% (NPCME-10) and 20 wt% (NPCME-20)). The effects of various design and operating parameters on the battery module's maximum temperature (Tmax), temperature difference (zT), system's weight (W) and pressure drop (zp) were systematically examined. Results demonstrated that NPCME-10 and NPCME-20 significantly outperformed water and NF in regulating the temperature gradient due to their high apparent specific heat during phase change. However, the enhanced thermal performance of NPCMEs was achieved at the cost of increased zp, and increasing the contact area added to the system's weight. Consequently, a multi-objective optimization was performed to minimize Tmax, zT, zp, and W. The input variables selected were incremental contact angle (za) of HCEs, incremental height (zh) of HCEs, coolant flow rate (Q), coolant inlet temperature (Tinlet), and coolant type (NPCME-10/20). Response surface methodology and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) were utilized, with the VIKOR method selecting the best solution from the optimal set. The optimal case was NPCME-10 with za = 5.3 degrees, zh = 4.6 mm, Tinlet = 24.6 degrees C, and Q = 73.1 ml/min. The optimal solution achieved a zT reduction of 90% compared to the water-based base design (za = 0 degrees, zh = 0 mm). Furthermore, the NPCME-10 system required a substantially lower flow rate to maintain the necessary thermal uniformity relative to water, resulting in a 15.6% reduction in the required pumping power for the cooling operation. This investigation thus provides a valuable design reference for the development of high-performance BTMS incorporating HCEs and NPCME.

This article aims to study the crack tip behavior in non-equi-atomic configurations of high entropy alloy (Fe-Ni-Cu-Cr-Co). Atomistic simulations were performed in conjunction with the embedded atom method force field. The crack trip behavior has been studied to analyze the lattice distortion effect. Two different configurations were generated for atomistic simulations (random atom and average atom) to quantify the effect of lattice distortion in high entropy alloys. Five elements (Fe-Ni-Cu-Cr-Co) were considered in random alloy configuration, whereas, in average atom (A-atom) configuration, a virtual atom replaced the five elements in the simulation box. It was predicted from the simulations that crack propagation was aborted in random alloy configuration, whereas catastrophic failure was observed in average atom configuration under mode-I loading. The effect of lattice distortion governs the failure in random alloy configuration. It can be inferred from the simulations that the lattice distortion effect is dominant in the configurations containing higher weight percentages of Cu and Ni. It can be concluded from this work that fracture toughness can be tailored using the non-equi-atomic configurations of high entropy alloys. The emergence of additive manufacturing techniques can quickly fabricate the samples of non-equi-atomic configurations of high entropy alloys.

Bottom-heated viscoelastic fluids in a cavity transit from conduction to convection through periodic oscillations or steady-states of flow patterns, depending on the Rayleigh number and other fluid parameters. It is in contrast to the Newtonian fluids, where the transition is always to steady-state convection. The trapezoidal cavities filled with Oldroyd-B fluid have been explored with side walls inclined from to using OPENFOAM-based RheoTool simulations. The obtuse angle trapezoidal cavities have five different types of solutions. Four of these solutions consist of one-roll and two-roll solutions (TRS) with and without oscillations. The fifth solution is the conduction-dominated solution with low flow and heat transfer. However, since it lacks two-roll solutions, there are only three kinds of solutions for Rayleigh-B & eacute;nard convection (RBC) in an acute angle trapezoidal cavity (AATZC). The bifurcation maps and heat transfer characteristics are presented for various types of rolls. One-roll periodic solution exists beyond the viscosity ratio of 0.5 in AATZCs, while it is up to in square and obtuse angle trapezoidal cavity (TZCs). Moreover, two-roll periodic solutions are observed beyond the viscosity ratio of in obtuse angle TZCs. Isotherms and flow patterns are presented to illustrate the dynamics of each flow regime. The effect of sidewall angles on the stabilization of the flow is also investigated. The periodic oscillations are observed up to higher Rayleigh numbers for trapezoidal cavities with smaller cavity angles compared to those with higher cavity angles.

The present work investigates the hydrothermal performances of MCHS incorporating dimple structures. Conical and cylindrical fins with dimples are used as a flow disruptive structure. To solve the governing equations, finite volume methodology (FVM) is considered. The results are presented using the parameter space of Po number, Nu number, and TP. A comparative study of different flow disruptive structures (conical fin, conical fin with dimple, cylindrical fin, and cylindrical fin with dimple) is done to find the superior MCHS design based on their TP values. It is observed that microfin improves the heat dissipation at the expense of pressure loss. The obtained results reveal that the conical fin configuration shows higher thermal characteristics when compared with the other configurations. The reduction in heat dissipation and pressure loss is observed while introducing the dimple inside the microchannel. Further, flow topology along with the streamlines is discussed to give the reasoning behind the different TP values of different design configurations.

This article aims to study the effect of lattice distortion on the mechanical behavior of equi-atomic and non-equi-atomic configurations of high entropy alloys. Molecular dynamics-based simulations were performed with an embedded atomic method force field. Random alloy configuration of multiple elemental alloys (MEAs) was developed along with average atom (A-atom) configurations by modifying the embedded atom potential. The non-equi-atomic configuration of MEAs was generated by varying the contribution of Cr, Co, Fe, Cu, Ni, and Cr in pairs and all together. It was predicted from the simulations that the deformation governing mechanism, as well as the tensile strength of high entropy alloys, can be tailored by switching from equi-atomic to non-equi-atomic configurations of high entropy alloys. Increasing the composition of Cr, Fe, and Ni helps enhance the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the high entropy alloy, which is even higher than equi-atomic configurations. Partial Shockley dislocations, in conjunction with the phase change from fcc to hcp, primarily govern the deformation in the non-equi-atomic composition of MEAs. The tensile behaviour of MEAs was directly associated with the distortion present in the lattice, which was quantified with the help of the radial distribution function. It was revealed from the simulations that lattice distortion present in the random alloy configuration helps in improving the ductility of material by early onset of dislocation emission. A higher value of lattice distortion also increases the gap between the peak stress values in A-atom and random alloy configurations. The article will help develop high-entropy alloys for broader space, nuclear, defense, and energy generation applications.

In the realm of materials science, the quest for novel materials with exceptional properties has driven innovation and technological advancement. This article has presented a comprehensive review of the atomistic simulations to investigate the mechanical and structural behavior of multi-elemental alloys, in particular, medium and high entropy alloys. The high entropy alloys are the focus of researchers for developing material for diversified applications. The presence of multiple elements in a single crystal of multi-elemental alloy in conjunction with high entropy and lattice distortion imparts exceptional ductility even at cryogenic temperatures. Despite the advantages associated with multi-elemental alloys, their application is still in an immature state, partly due to unsatisfactory methods of characterisation and inadequate knowledge of deformation governing mechanism under complex loading scenarios. In order to address the limitations associated with the experimental characterisation of multi-elemental alloys, molecular dynamics-based simulations are emerging as a viable solution to study these alloys. The success and accuracy of any molecular dynamics-based simulation depend mainly on the type of force field employed to capture the interatomic interactions. This review article encompasses different types of interatomic potentials that can be used for the modeling of medium and high entropy alloys and corresponding core effects and further elaborates on the effects of lattice distortion and slow diffusion.

This study addresses the limitations of existing battery thermal management systems (BTMS) that typically use constant coolant velocities to regulate the temperature excursions. In real-world applications, the power drawn, thereby, heat generation from batteries is not constant due to varying vehicle speeds, influenced by traffic and terrain. Under such conditions, maintaining constant coolant velocities may lead to overcooling, resulting in wasted energy, or undercooling, which could trigger thermal runaway. To overcome these challenges, a Smart Thermal Management System (STMS) is developed in the present study to identify smart velocity profile of the coolant fora user given conditions: (i) C-rate profile with respect to state of charge, (ii) initial temperature of the system (Tint), (iii) inlet temperature of the coolant (Tinlet), and iv) maximum allowable temperature of the batteries (TSPT). As a part of STMS development, an integrated serpentine channel based cold plate geometry, sandwiched between two pouch-type Li-ion batteries (LIBs), is designed numerically. Using Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), 600 samples were generated in the respective ranges of input parameters, namely, C-rate (0.5- 5), initial DoD (0- 0.8), initial temperature of the system (15- 35 degrees C), inlet temperature of the coolant (15- 35 degrees C), velocity of the coolant (0.01- 0.5 m/s), and final DoD (0.05- 0.85). Numerical simulations are conducted on the considered geometry using the NTGK model available in ANSYS Fluent for these 600 samples and the corresponding maximum temperatures on LIBs (Tnax) are noted. The GPR model was trained on these parameters to predict maximum temperatures, enabling the identification of smart coolant velocity profiles for popular drive cycles under specified user conditions (Tint, Tinlet, and TSPT). In addition, the percentage of energy being saved with smart velocity profile over constant velocity profile is also calculated. As the developed STMS model seeks information from user (Tint, Tinlet, and TSPT) to calculate smart velocity profile, it can be considered robust, independent of battery chemistry and BTMS designs, and applicable for any geographic or climatic conditions.

The present article explains the nontrivial synergetic effect of wall slip, compressibility, and thixotropy in a pressurized flow startup operation of various structured fluids. Opposite to intuition, experimental and numerical simulations suggest that the wall slip (adhesive failure) facilitates gel degradation (cohesive failure), revealing a new flow startup mechanism. The irreversible thixotropic rheological model, along with the static slip-based model, is utilized to describe the structural degradation kinetics in the bulk phenomenon and the near-wall phenomenon, respectively. The near-wall transient variations in axial velocity or strain evolution and the initial pressure propagation mechanism along the axis of the circular pipe explain the essence of the aforementioned synergy. Finally, a comparative study of the effect of wall slip on the pressure propagation mechanisms and startup flow of generalized Newtonian fluids, viscoelastic based thixotropic fluids, and viscoelastic solids is also performed. Wall slip can convert no-steady-state thixotropic elasto-viscoplastic flow cases into a steady-state fluid flow, whereas it causes viscoelastic solids to move with a slip velocity. Additionally, our study revealed that stick-slip phenomena occur at an acoustic time scale. It requires a compressive wave to travel with information of stick position to the outlet and again back to the inlet, concomitantly causing the release of additional fluid, thereby converting the stick to a slip regime. Conventionally, stick-slip phenomena were mainly associated with nonlinearity. Hence, our study opened a new direction. Finally, concomitant with the experimental observations, we found that stick-slip phenomena disappear when the fluid is uniformly compressed and a steady state is reached.

Rayleigh-Benard convection in square closed cavities filled with Oldroyd-B fluid was studied using OpenFOAMbased RheoTool. For the RBC in Newtonian fluids, the transition always occurs from conduction to steady state convection with increasing Rayleigh number (Ra). On the other hand, the viscoelastic fluids may also show the transition from conduction to oscillatory convection. Further increase in Ra may result in a steady state convective solutions. It is further noted that the behavior is similar to Newtonian fluids for larger values of viscosity ratio (B). Considering the abovementioned different flow behavior at different values of the parameters, it is noted that there are five different types of solutions possible for the viscoelastic fluids viz. pure conduction (PC), one roll periodic oscillations (ORPO), one roll steady state (ORSS) convection, two roll periodic oscillations (TRPO), simultaneous one and two roll steady state convection. Therefore, a bifurcation diagram in the parametric space of Ra and B is presented, depicting these five regions corresponding to each type of solution. The boundaries of these regions have been identified by numerical simulation. Note that all these regions exist in the laminar flow regime, and the transition to turbulence is not considered here. Interestingly, at low values of B, as one increases Ra, it is seen that the ORSS region is sandwiched between ORPO and TRPO. The likely reason for this interesting behavior is explained. Moreover, representative solutions in each region in terms of isotherms, streamlines, and vector plots have been included to demonstrate the dynamics of each delineated region.

The rising global demand for Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries necessitates innovative solutions to address challenges associated with operating temperature and thermal gradients. Ensuring safe operating temperatures (< 40 degrees C) and minimum thermal gradients (< 5 degrees C) are essential to prevent thermal runaway and to enhance battery longevity. To address these challenges, a distinctive battery thermal management system incorporating variable contact area design is proposed, with the goal of achieving safe operating temperatures and uniform temperature distribution among batteries. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model consists of sixteen 18650 Li-ion batteries and a serpentine channel of rectangular cross-section has been employed for numerical analysis. Heat-conducting elements (HCEs) have been introduced between the batteries and the coolant channel in the present study. The increase in the contact area of the HCEs is determined by the first battery contact angle and the design flow rate of the cooling system. Preliminary investigations are conducted on nine geometries featuring diverse designs and operating conditions to understand their impact on thermal regulation and temperature uniformity. Later on, the performance metrics, namely, maximum temperature (T-max), maximum temperature difference (triangle T-max), pressure, and weight of the HCEs are correlated with input design (first battery contact angle and design velocity) and operating parameters (coolant velocity) using response surface methodology (RSM). With the aid of NSGA II (Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm), a set of 18 potential multi-objective optimization solutions has been generated and thoroughly cross-validated against the numerical values. Among these potential solutions, the best solution is obtained with the help of the technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS). The best-case obtained from TOPSIS is compared against the commercially available geometry, and the results confirmed that there is a 1.6% more regulation in T-max and remarkable 71.7 % improvement in temperature uniformity. The findings of the present study help in advancing battery design, addressing critical temperature concerns, and enhancing overall performance.

We extended the numerical evaporation model for pure liquid sessile droplets to include a binary droplet on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. The extended model comprises a diffusion-limited species transport equation to estimate the vapour diffusion from the liquid–vapour interface. The model employs an axis-symmetric cylindrical coordinate using the finite element method. The species' volatility produces different saturation concentrations in the vicinity of liquid–vapour interface. The concentration at the interface depends on the composition and activity of species in binary droplets. The respective activity coefficient is estimated using the AIOMFAC model. The experimental study shows the nonlinear variation of volume with time for different ethanol concentrations. The nonlinearity is due to ethanol, the highly volatile species, controls the initial evaporation, and the latter stage is controlled by water, the less volatile species. The comparative results of the present model show a nonlinear variation of drying droplet with time, which is consistent with the published experimental findings of the evaporating binary droplet.

Abstract Cylindrical Li-ion batteries are widely embraced in various sectors, notably electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. An effective thermal management system is vital for their safe and dependable operation, enhancing both the performance and reliability of the system. This study employs a distinctive hybrid cooling strategy consisting of a phase change material (PCM) at the centre of the battery and liquid cooling at the surface of the cylindrical batteries. The contact area between the coolant and the battery’s surfaces varies to make sure same heat transfers from each battery. This approach is instrumental in maintaining thermal uniformity and regulating the maximum temperature. In the numerical analysis, we employed ANSYS Fluent 2022 R1 to create the computational model encompassing the Li-ion battery, PCM, and liquid cooling system. This arrangement utilized eight 18650Li-ion batteries, with each battery housing a 2 mm radius PCM rod at the centre of the batteries. A heat-conducting element (HCE) was introduced to facilitate contact between the battery and the coolant channel. Water was selected as the coolant, and the coolant channel cross-sectional area is 65 × 2 mm2. The relationship governing the variable contact area is determined by fixing the velocity and the first battery contact area. The variable contact geometry maintains thermal uniformity throughout the battery module, resulting in a 74% enhancement in thermal uniformity. Nevertheless, the integration of PCM inside the battery effectively prevents individual batteries from surpassing specified temperature limits. It yields a remarkable 36.64% enhancement in thermal uniformity compared to situations in which PCM is not present, albeit with a 3.75% capacity loss. Furthermore, the study investigates the effects of coolant flow rates and performs an extensive analysis of temperature variation and melting fraction.

We present a numerical and experimental study on the evaporation of microliter capillary bridges of both pure and binary liquids. Specifically, we focused on capillary bridges of a binary liquid composed of water and isopropanol confined between poly-dimethylsiloxane coated surfaces. We developed a finite-element method-based numerical model to solve Laplace equations for vapor diffusion of the two species present in the capillary bridge, considering quasi-steady and diffusion-limited evaporation. We applied a modified version of Raoult's law, incorporating activity coefficients for binary liquids. The Galerkin finite element method was employed in axisymmetric cylindrical coordinates. The numerical model was validated against in-house experiments of side visualization on an evaporating capillary bridge. We quantified the effect of confinement from the plates on slowing down the diffusion of liquid vapor. The volume evolution of the binary liquid capillary bridge was found to be nonlinear, strongly influenced by the initial concentration of isopropanol in the capillary bridge. This nonlinearity is attributed to the faster diffusion of isopropanol vapor compared to water vapor. We examined the effects of height, substrate radius, contact angle, and composition on the evaporation characteristics. We proposed a computationally efficient reduced-order model for determining evaporation kinetics, which yields predictions very close to those of the numerical model.

With the growing global consumption of crude oils rich in wax and asphaltene content, comprehending the intricate interactions between wax and asphaltenes in oil is vital for optimizing oil transportation systems. The present study investigates the influence of asphaltenes on the morphology, rheology, and thermal behavior of waxy oils. In this work, model oils containing 10 wt % macrocrystalline wax/microcrystalline wax/their combination (8 wt % macrocrystalline + 2 wt % microcrystalline) and varying asphaltene concentrations (0-2 wt %) were formulated in a toluene-dodecane solvent mixture. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis shows that asphlatene addition resulted in significant changes in wax appearance temperature for model oils containing microcrystalline and macrocrystalline + microcrystalline wax, possibly attributed to the structural similarity between asphaltenes and microcrystalline wax. Across all the model oils, an "optimal asphaltene concentration" was noted in the gelation temperature. In the case of model oils with 10 wt % macrocrystalline wax, it was observed using microscopy that asphaltene introduction caused a transformation in the wax crystal morphology, shifting from needle-like structures to spherulites, resulting in decreased gelation temperature and gel strength. Similarly, weaker gels are formed in microcrystalline waxy oils and macrocrystalline + microcrystalline waxy oils due to asphaltenes acting as "connected growth centers," resulting in unique "caterpillar-like" structures. Additionally, asphaltene introduction to macrocrystalline + microcrystalline waxy model oils led to the formation of asphaltene-wax islands, resulting in improved rheological behavior. Overall, this study underscores the complex interplay of asphaltene concentrations, wax types, and resulting gel characteristics. Furthermore, it elucidates the mechanisms of asphaltene interaction with waxy oils using micrographs. The findings presented in this work, particularly the morphological observations, reveal novel insights that have not been documented in the existing literature. This knowledge holds significant potential to optimize flow assurance strategies for wax and asphaltene-rich crude oils.