Sunflower meal (SM) is an economically important, inexpensive, and locally abundant alternative protein source in the Eurozone. The study aimed at investigating the effects of feeding two forms of SM on the production traits, carcass composition, nutrient digestibility, and some gut parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 600-day-old Ross 308 male broilers were fed five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets. Besides the control diet (C), the high- and low-fibre SMs (HFSM and LFSM) were fed at 20% (HFSM20 and LFSM20) and 30% (HFSM30 and LFSM30). Compared to the C, feeding the SM-containing diets did not affect the feed intake (FI) of birds. In the finisher phase, the HFSM30 treatment resulted in significantly higher, while the LFSM30 diet in significantly lower body weight gain. All SM treatments impaired FCR, but the difference was significant only in the grower phase. In comparison with the C, the SM treatments failed to modify carcass composition. The fat digestibility and the AMEn content increased, while the starch digestibility decreased when SM was fed. Except the LFSM30 treatment in the grower phase, the Nitrogen retention of birds was not affected. The SM-containing diets reduced the urinary N excretion, and the total N excretion of growers. Furthermore, the HFSM30 reduced the jejunal viscosity during the grower and finisher phases. The treatments did not modify the short-chain fatty acid contents of the caeca. In conclusion, SM can be used even at 20 and 30% in the nutrition of broiler chickens. However, the responses are affected by the age and the fibre content of SM.

A feeding trial was carried out using 576 Ross 308 male chickens to test the effects of an amorphous lignocellulose (LC) product (Arbocel). Three dietary treatments (control, 0.5% LC (LC 0.5), and 0.8% LC (LC 0.8) were used, and the diets were fed in eight replicate pens of 24 chickens. The LC treatments did not modify the weight gain of the chickens, but they tended to decrease the feed intake and FCR in the grower phase. The high swelling characteristics of LC resulted in lower dry matter (DM) contents in the crop (p < 0.002) and gizzard (p < 0.047) on day 14 and day 24, respectively. The lower pH in the gizzard and duodenum of LC diets suggests longer retention time and more HCl secretion in the proventriculus and gizzard. Except for α-amylase on day 24, the treatments did not modify the digestive enzyme content of the jejunum. The microbiota diversity and microbiota composition of ileal contents were affected only by the age of birds. The results suggest that the LC product can exert its potential positive effects mainly in the upper part of the digestive tract due to its special physical characteristics. LC can slow down the passage rate in the gizzard and modify the digestion and the dynamics of water absorption from the jejunum and ileum.

This study aimed to gain a better understanding of how the structural and viscous fibers of oats can affect the performance, some selected blood interleukins, short chain fatty acid content and microbiota composition of the ceca of broiler chickens. A floor pen trial was carried out with 576 Ross 308 broiler cockerels. Aside from a corn–soybean-based control diet (C), the two other treatments contained either 10, 10 and 20 % whole oats (WO) or dehulled oats (DO) in the starter, grower and finisher phases respectively. The diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous, differing only in their structural and soluble fiber and fat content. DO diets resulted in significantly higher weight gain compared with the two other treatments. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was also measured in the DO treatment group. The higher fiber content of WO diets did not compromise the production traits in comparison with the control diet. DO treatment resulted in increased interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), whereas WO decreased interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentration of the blood serum at day 39. Both oat treatments reduced the abundance of lactic acid-producing genera, the acetate, butyrate and the total short chain fatty acid (SCFA) content in the ceca.

A feeding trial was carried out with Tetra SL laying hens to evaluate the effects of an insect larvae meal on the production traits and egg quality parameters. Alphitobius diaperinus larvae meal (ADM) was incorporated at 10 % (ADM10) and 15 % (ADM15) into layer diets on the expense of soybean meal and the production traits and egg quality parameters, have been evaluated. Among the production traits only egg weight was affected by dietary treatments. Both ADM diets decreased egg weight in comparison with the control diet. Besides egg weight, none of the other egg quality parameters were affected. ADM failed to modify the fat content of egg yolk but resulted significant changes in the fatty acid composition of the yolk fat. Feeding ADM increased the lauric, stearic and linoleic acid and decreased the oleic and alpha-linolenic acid concentrations of the yolk. The results of the electronic nose proved that ADM resulted in specific volatile compound structure, that can be used for the identification of the insect meal eggs. Among the identified compounds ADM reduced the intensity of dimethyl sulphide, ethyl acetate and acetaldehyde in comparison with the control eggs. The tasting and organoleptic evaluation of boiled eggs by the volunteers resulted higher quality scores and acceptance of the ADM eggs. From the results it can be concluded that insect meals can be used efficiently even at high incorporation rates in layer diets. The reason for the egg weight reduction, however, needs further investigation.

The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of the effects of oats, with and without hulls, on the histomorphometry parameters of the jejunum and ileum, the viscosity of the jejunal content and the ileal microbiota composition of broilers. A floor pen trial was carried out with 576 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers. Aside from a maize–soybean-based control diet (C), the two other treatments contained whole oats (WO) or dehulled oats (DO) in the starter (10%), grower (10%) and finisher (20%) phases. On day 39, eight chickens per treatment were slaughtered, and gut samples were collected for histology, jejunal chymus viscosity and ileal chymus microbiota analysis. Feeding the WO and DO diets increased the thickness of lamina propria in the jejunum, without affecting villus height and crypt depth. WO increased, while DO decreased, villus height in the ileum, and both forms of oats decreased crypt depth. The oat treatments failed to result in significant changes in the jejunal viscosity, although DO tended to increase this parameter. As a result of WO and DO treatments, the Lactococcus genus showed a decreasing tendency in the ileum. In conclusion, feeding WO and DO to broiler chickens results only in slight changes in the small intestine.

Floor eggs represent a significant loss for broiler breeder farms and hatcheries due to the increased risk of bacterial contamination of embryos, the hatchery environment, and newly hatched chicks. In this trial, the effects of litter exposure duration (3, 6, and 16 h) and breeder flock age (22–23 weeks vs. 65–66 weeks) were evaluated in terms of hatchability and the microbial composition of different egg components (eggshell, egg membrane, and egg content). The number of total culturable aerobic microbes on the eggshell surface increased following litter exposure and decreased after 3 h. Hatchability, however, was significantly reduced only after 16 h of exposure, primarily due to increased embryonic mortality. Litter exposure and flock age led to significant differences in microbiota composition, but only on the eggshell surface. At the phylum level, 16 h of litter exposure significantly increased the abundance of Firmicutes and decreased that of Proteobacteria . At the genus level, litter exposure resulted in increased relative abundances of Lactobacillus and Ruminococcus torques group and a decreased abundance of Staphylococcus . The microbiota of the egg membrane and egg content were similar at the phylum level; however, notable differences were observed at the genus level. Pseudomonas was dominant in the egg membrane but underrepresented in the egg content, leading to a significantly higher abundance of spoilage-associated bacterial genera in the membrane than in the content. Interestingly, the genus Flexivirga (phylum Actinobacteria ) was detected in high abundance in both the egg membrane and egg content, despite not having been previously reported inside eggs. According to the results, no measurable bacterial translocation from the litter into the internal egg structures was observed. However, the frequency of floor egg collection may represent a critical factor if such eggs are intended for hatching.

A feeding trial was carried out with Tetra SL laying hens for 6 weeks in order to evaluate the effects of and insect larvae meal on the production traits and egg quality parameters. A product, developed for human nutrition (AdalbaPro) was used, containing Alphitobius diaperinus larvae meal (ADM). ADM was incorporated at 10 (ADM10) and 15% (ADM15) on the expense of soybean meal. The control (C) and ADM containing diets were fed with 16 replicate hens kept in individual cages. The production traits and egg quality parameters, including also the electronic nose technique were evaluated. Among the production traits (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, egg production percentage, egg weight) only egg weight was affected by the dietary treatments. Both ADM diets decreased the egg weight in comparison with the control. Beside egg weight, none of the other egg quality parameters were affected. ADM failed to modify the fat content of egg yolk but resulted significant changes in the fatty acid composition of the yolk fat. Feeding ADM increased the lauric, stearic and linoleic acid and decreased the oleic and α-linolenic acid concentrations of the yolk. The results of the electronic nose proved, that ADM resulted specific volatile compound structure, that can be used for the identification of the insect meal eggs. Among the identified compounds ADM reduced the intensity of dimethyl sulphide, ethyl acetate and acetaldehyde in comparison with the control eggs. The tasting and organoleptic evaluation of boiled eggs by the volunteers resulted higher quality scores and acceptance of the ADM eggs. From the results it can be concluded that insect meal can be used efficiently even at high incorporation rates in layer diets. The reason of the egg weight reduction needs further investigation.

Az AdalbaPro (AP) értékes rovarlárva- (Alphitobius diaperinus-) fehérjekoncentrátum, melyet elsősorban a humán élelmezésben használnak. Tojótyúkokkal végzett kísérletünkben az étkezési tojás minőségére gyakorolt hatását vizsgáltuk. Az egyedi ketrecekben elhelyezett 35 hetes Tetra SL tojótyúkokat kontrolltáppal, illetve az AP-t 10, illetve 15%-ban tartalmazó azonos fehérje- és energiatartalmú kísérleti tápokkal etettük. A kísérlet hat hétig tartott, az ismétlésszám 18 volt. A tojástömeget (Wt), a héjszilárdságot (Str), a fehérje magasságát (Ht), a Haugh-egységet (Hu), a tojássárgája színét (Yc), a tojássárgája magasságát (Yh), a tojássárgája átmérőjét (Yd), a tojássárgája-indexet (Yi) hetente egy alkalommal minden tojás esetében automata tojásvizsgáló készülékkel (DET6000) vizsgáltuk. A főtt tojásokat kóstolási próbával is összehasonlítottuk. A tojástömeg mindegyik AP-s kezelés esetében (AP10: 64,55g; AP15: 64,62g) szignifikánsan kisebb volt, mint a kontroll (67,40 g). Egyéb tojásminőségi paraméter nem változott a kezelések hatására. Nem volt szignifikáns különbség a tojássárgája zsírtartalmában sem. Az érzékszervi bírálók értékelése alapján az AP-s tojások sárgájának preferenciája magasabb volt, mint a kontrolltojásoké. Az elektronikus orr (Alpha MOS Heracles NEO) által detektált aromaprofil alapján pedig jól elkülönült a konven-cionális és a rovarlárvafehérje-koncentrátumos kezelésből származó tojás.

Two model experiments were conducted to investigate the different protein and amino acid supply of laying hens fed split feeding (SF) diets. In Experiment 1, one conventional (C) and one SF dietary treatment were established, and the diets were implemented for 12 weeks. The concentrations of crude protein, SID Lys, Met, Met + Cys Arg, Val, Thr, Leu, Ile, and Trp of the SF morning diet were the same as in the C diet. The crude protein content of the SF afternoon diet was lower (92%), while the SID values of Lys, Met, Met + Cys were identical compared to the C diet (100%). The SF treatment resulted in a reduced protein/N intake, better feed conversion ratio, higher eggshell thickness and apparent ileal digestibility of Asp, Leu, Lys, Gly, and Ser, and lower concentration of N forms (total, fecal, NH4+, uric acid, urinary) in the excreta compared to the C treatment. In Experiment 2, a control and a low protein (−2% crude protein but the same SID values of Lys, Met, Met + Cys, Thr, Val) SF treatment were compared for 6 weeks. The low protein SF treatment led to a decreased protein/N intake, higher laying rate, lower egg weight, higher ileal digestibility of Ala, Asp, Leu, and Ile, and similar N emission compared to the control SF treatment.

The reduction of crude protein (CP) content of broiler diets with balanced amino acid supply can increase the nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency and reduce ammonia emission, the risk of many health problems in birds. Feeding low protein (LP) diets without the impairment of performance traits needs the optimized dietary levels of threonine (Thr) and the non-essential amino acid (AA) glycine (Gly) and serine (Ser). However, the required concentrations and interactions of Thr and Gly + Ser, expressed as Gly equivalent (Glyequi), in LP diets are not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of three LP (LP1–3) grower (11–24 days) and finisher (25–35 days) diets with 2% CP reduction compared to the control (C), differing in standardized ileal digestible (SID) Thr to lysine (Lys) ratio (C, LP1, LP3: 63%, LP2: 72%) and Glyequi levels (C: 15.65 g/kg, LP1: 13.74 g/kg, LP2: 13.70 g/kg, LP3: 15.77). The LP treatments did not impair the performance traits of broilers. The LP2 treatment with increased SID Thr-to-Lys ratio (+9.0%) resulted in significantly higher body weight gain and a more advantageous feed conversion ratio in the whole fattening compared to the control treatment with normal CP level (p < 0.05). The LP3 treatment containing swine meat meal with similar Glyequi levels compared to the normal CP treatment led to the most advantageous feed conversion ratio in the finisher phase and the highest nitrogen retention efficiency (p < 0.05). However, the LP3 treatment with a high starch-to-CP ratio negatively influenced the relative carcass weight and the ratio of abdominal fat of broilers (p < 0.05).

The use of locally available protein sources in poultry nutrition is challenging for feed manufacturers and farmers. Sunflower meal (SFM) is available in high quantities in several European countries and could be used as a poultry feedstuff at higher inclusion rates. However, its maximum inclusion rate in the diets of different poultry species and age categories is unknown. Pullets and laying hens can probably tolerate higher amounts of SFM, but only limited information is available on these poultry groups. Therefore, a digestibility trial was carried out with 8-week-old layer type pullets and 50-week-old laying hens. Beside a basal diet, SFM was fed at 10, 20 and 30% inclusion rates. Feeding SFM significantly improved the digestibility of essential amino acids (AA) of threonine, valine, lysine, tyrosine, glycine, aspartic acid, and arginine in the pullet diets. No such improvement was found in laying hens. Only the absorption of the two branch-chain AAs, leucin (pullets) and isoleucine (hens), declined due to SFM. The AA digestibility of the SFM itself was also calculated by linear regression. The coefficients were, in all cases, higher in hens than in pullets. Comparing the measured digestibility coefficients of SFM with table values, it can be concluded that high variance exists because of the differences in the methodology and the test animals in the digestibility trials. From the present trial, it can be concluded that SFM can entirely replace extracted soybean meal in pullet and layer diets, without negative effects on the protein digestion of birds.

Anti-microbial peptides provide a powerful toolkit for combating multidrug resistance. Combating eukaryotic pathogens is complicated because the intracellular drug targets in the eukaryotic pathogen are frequently homologs of cellular structures of vital importance in the host organism. The entomopathogenic bacteria (EPB), symbionts of entomopathogenic–nematode species, release a series of non-ribosomal templated anti-microbial peptides. Some may be potential drug candidates. The ability of an entomopathogenic–nematode/entomopathogenic bacterium symbiotic complex to survive in a given polyxenic milieu is a coevolutionary product. This explains that those gene complexes that are responsible for the biosynthesis of different non-ribosomal templated anti-microbial protective peptides (including those that are potently capable of inactivating the protist mammalian pathogen Leishmania donovanii and the gallinaceous bird pathogen Histomonas meleagridis) are co-regulated. Our approach is based on comparative anti-microbial bioassays of the culture media of the wild-type and regulatory mutant strains. We concluded that Xenorhabdus budapestensis and X. szentirmaii are excellent sources of non-ribosomal templated anti-microbial peptides that are efficient antagonists of the mentioned pathogens. Data on selective cytotoxicity of different cell-free culture media encourage us to forecast that the recently discovered “easy-PACId” research strategy is suitable for constructing entomopathogenic-bacterium (EPB) strains producing and releasing single, harmless, non-ribosomal templated anti-microbial peptides with considerable drug, (probiotic)-candidate potential.

Barley and oats can be alternatives of corn and wheat in poultry nutrition and used at higher inclusion rates. Both cereals contain hulls, a structural fiber source, that can be beneficial for the gizzard function of birds. They also contain high amounts of β-glucans, of which about 60–70% is water soluble. Soluble β-glucans increase gut viscosity, impair digestion, and modify gut microbiota. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effects of feeding oats and barley at high inclusion rates and with exogenous glucanase on some relevant gut parameters and the microbiota composition of jejunum content (JC), jejunum mucosa (JM), and cecal content (CC). A total of 360 male, Ross 308 broiler chickens were allocated randomly into three treatment groups of 5 replicate pens with 24 chickens. Beside a corn and soybean meal-based control diet (C), a barley (B)- and oat (O)-based treatment was used. In all feeding phases, barley was fed at 40, while oats at 20% inclusion rate. At day 40, 10 birds per treatment were slaughtered and gut viscosity, the cecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration, and the microbiota composition of the different gut parts determined. In spite of the glucanase enzyme addition, the barley-based diet significantly increased the viscosity of the ileal content and this was also the diversity of the bacteriota in the small intestine. On the other hand, this treatment decreased the microbial diversity in the ceca and resulted in lower SCFA contents. Barley increased the abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes and decreased that of Firmicutes and some of them genera in the JC and CC. Oats had only a slight effect on the measured parameters. The results highlight the importance of also taking into account the soluble fiber fractions of the feedstuffs in diet formulation and to adapt the exogenous enzyme supplementation of to the actual soluble fiber contents.

The medicinal plant milk thistle (Silybum marianum) has been widely used due to its hepatoprotective properties. The main objective of our study was to investigate the health protective effects of dietary milk thistle seed (MS), oil (MO), and seed cake (MSC) in ducks fed diets naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON; 3.43–3.72 mg/kg feed) and zearalenone (ZEN; 0.46–0.50 mg/kg feed). Female White Hungarian ducks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments consisting of the control diet (C), the control diet supplemented with 0.5% MS, 0.5% MSC, or 0.1% MO. The feeding of experimental diets did not result in mortality cases, clinical signs of mycotoxicosis, or in differences of clinical chemistry values of blood serum. The positive effect of MO on vacuolar hepatocyte degeneration exceeded that of the MSC on d14 and both MS and MSC on d42. Each treatment was equally effective in the decrease of the severity of solitary cell death and infiltration of lympho- and histiocytes in the liver on d28 as well as in the prevention of lymphocyte depletion in the spleen and bursa of Fabricius on d14. In conclusion, the applied treatments have been proven effective in the prevention of histopathological changes caused by DON and ZEN.

Twenty extracted sunflower meal (SFM) samples were collected and analysed with classical laboratory methods and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).From the results, the variance of the nutrients, the accuracy of NIRS prediction and the interaction of the different nutrients have been evaluated.The results showed that NIRS provides high accuracy for crude protein, amino acids, fibre fractions and total phosphorus.The reliability for crude fat, crude ash and sugar predictions was however lower.The relationship between the measured and estimated amino acid contents was significant in all cases with high correlation coefficients.The crude protein content of the SFM samples showed a positive correlation with the crude ash, phosphorous and sugar contents, and a negative correlation with all fibre fractions.According to our results, the amino acid composition of the sunflower meal protein is not constant.The ratio of methionine and histidine HIS is higher, while that of cysteine, tyrosine, arginine, isoleucine, leucine, valine and phenylalanine is lower when the protein content of SFM increase.

In this trial, the effects of different nutritional treatments on the N balance parameters of fattening pigs in the 55–65 kg live weight category were evaluated. The following diets were used: control diet (C) and low-protein (LP) diet with 2% crude protein reduction, with and without 10% sugar beet pulp (S) or 0.5% benzoic acid supplementation. Six pigs per treatment with similar live weight were used, and in the context of the balance trial, the daily N intake, fecal and urinary N excretion and the pH of urine were measured. From the data N digestibility, the TAN % and N retention were calculated. Feeding LP diets reduced the fecal, urinary and total N excretion and also the pH of urine significantly compared with the control diet. Sugar beet pulp significantly increased the fecal N excretion and urinary pH, and it also reduced significantly N digestibility and the TAN ratio. Benzoic acid failed to reduce urinary pH. The measured N excretion, retention and TAN excretion values were more favorable than those that can be found in the different guidelines or those used in the Hungarian ammonia emission inventory.

A szerzők irodalmi adatok alapján ismertetik az elmúlt évtizedben, leginkább az újgenerációs szekvenálási eljárások elterjedése miatt bekövetkezett hatalmas fejlődést a tojásbakterióta, valamint a brojlercsirkék bélcsatornájában élő bakterióta megismerésében. A bakteriális közösségek pontosabb taxonómiai leírása mellett lehetővé vált az is, hogy nyomon követhessük változásaikat és megismerjük a változásokat meghatározó tényezőket. A brojlercsirkék esetében a tojásra vagy tojásba kerülő baktériumok terjedési útjainak kísérleti vizsgálata során, az ismert horizontális útvonalak mellett a vertikális, tojótyúkból a csibére terjedést is sikerült jobban jellemezni. Az újabb tudományos ismeretek lehetővé teszik a tojásokon vagy a naposcsibéken alkalmazott probiotikumok hatékonyabb használatát is.

In the last decade, due to the new generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, there has been a huge improvement in the investigation of the external and internal bacteriota of eggs. At the same time, serious progress was made in the understanding of the composition of the bacterial community living in the intestinal tract of the chicken and its role in the life of the host animal. At higher taxonomic levels (phylum, class), the typical bacterial communities of the egg and the different parts of the intestinal tract is already well known. Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria are the most dominant phyla in both the egg and in the gut. At lower taxonomic levels (genus, species), the observed differences between the bacterial communities can be better explained. We have more detailed knowledge about the bacterial interactions between laying hens and chicks, as well as the spreading routes of prokaryotic microorganisms. During the experimental investigations of the spread and transmission routes of prokaryotic microorganisms, in addition to the known horizontal routes (from the environment, feed, drinking water), the vertical transmission (from laying hen to egg) was also better characterized. The bacteria of the reproductive organs of the hen gave new results about the potential vertical transmission routes of bacteriota. The more thorough scientific knowledge about the different bacterial communities and their interactions makes it possible to use probiotics in the broiler husbandry more effectively.

Entomopathogenic bacteria are obligate symbionts of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species. These bacteria biosynthesize and release non-ribosomal-templated hybrid peptides (NR-AMPs), with strong, and large-spectral antimicrobial potential, capable of inactivating pathogens belonging to different prokaryote, and eukaryote taxa. The cell-free conditioned culture media (CFCM) of Xenorhabdus budapestensis and X. szentirmaii efficiently inactivate poultry pathogens like Clostridium, Histomonas, and Eimeria. To learn whether a bio-preparation containing antimicrobial peptides of Xenorhabdus origin with accompanying (in vitro detectable) cytotoxic effects could be considered a safely applicable preventive feed supplement, we conducted a 42-day feeding experiment on freshly hatched broiler cockerels. XENOFOOD (containing autoclaved X. budapestensis, and X. szentirmaii cultures developed on chicken food) were consumed by the birds. The XENOFOOD exerted detectable gastrointestinal (GI) activity (reducing the numbers of the colony-forming Clostridium perfringens units in the lower jejunum. No animal was lost in the experiment. Neither the body weight, growth rate, feed-conversion ratio, nor organ-weight data differed between the control (C) and treated (T) groups, indicating that the XENOFOOD diet did not result in any detectable adverse effects. We suppose that the parameters indicating a moderate enlargement of bursas of Fabricius (average weight, size, and individual bursa/spleen weight-ratios) in the XENOFOOD-fed group must be an indirect indication that the bursa-controlled humoral immune system neutralized the cytotoxic ingredients of the XENOFOOD in the blood, not allowing to reach their critical cytotoxic concentration in the sensitive tissues.

This trial was carried out to find out the effects of the parent flock and hatching time of broiler chickens on the production traits and bacteriota development of animals. Two sets of 730 hatching eggs were collected from two different parent flocks with ages of 25 and 50 weeks. In the hatchery, both groups were divided into two subgroups: those hatched during the first 10 and the subsequent 10 h of the hatching window. A feeding trial was carried out afterwards, using the four treatments in six replicate floor pens and feeding commercial starter, grower, and finisher diets that contained all the nutrients according to the breeder’s recommendations. The day-old chickens of the older parent flock and those hatched later were heavier, and this advantage remained until the end of the production period. The different ages and origins of the parent flocks failed to modify the microbiological parameters of the chicken’s ceca; however, the hatching time significantly influenced the different bacteriota diversity indices: the late-hatched chickens showed higher Bacteroidetes and lower Firmicutes and Actinobacteria abundances at day 11. These treatments resulted in differences in the main families, Ruminococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Bacteroidaceae. These differences could not be found at day 39.