In the tests that were carried out by grafting Verticillium sensitive high economical important cultivars on some resistant and tolerant clonal rootstocks , the disease severity values were determined between 0 % and 41.67% in all applications except D-9+Uslu (86.67%) while it was 91.67 % in the control. In 8 of the 30 applications in the trial, there was no disease development. Frontoio, one of the rootstocks, grafted with many susceptible cultivars took the first rank in controlling the disease. It was followed by Erdek Yaglik cv. and D-36 clonal rootstock of wild origin. Positive results have also been obtained in some susceptible cultivars grafted on some resistant cultivars as Dilmit and Yun Celebi. Besides, it was also seen that the disease was considerably suppressed in the combinations composed of resistant rootstocks and cultivars as Frontoio+ Gemlik, Arbequina+ Gemlik, D-36+ Gemlik and D-36+ Dilmit. In this application, Frontoi, Erdek yaglik cv and D 36 clonal rootstocks of wild origin were ranked first.

Bu calisma, zeytin solgunlugu hastaligina karsi biyolojik savasimi hedeflenmektedir Zeytinlerde Verticillium solgunluguna karsi biyolojik savasim calismalarinda 15 biyopreparat, 7 P. fluorescens ve 2 P. putida izolati kullanilmistir. Calismalar hastaliga duyarli Manzanilla zeytin cesidinde 7 ay sureyle iklim odalarinda gerceklestirilmistir. Daha sonra bitkiler seraya aktarilmislardir. Hastalik siddeti degerleri 7. ayin sonunda yapilan degerlendirmelerde, uygulamalara bagli olarak %3.75 ile %56.25 arasinda saptanmistir. 12.ayin sonunda bu degerler %6.25 ile %62.50 arasinda belirlenmistir. Kontrolde ise hastalik siddeti degerleri %71.25 ve %70 olarak saptanmistir. Calismada kullanilan 7 adet P. fluorescens izolati, %6.25 ve %26.25 hastalik siddeti degerleri ile one cikmislardir. Bu degerler P. putida izolatinda %22.50 ve %27.50 olarak saptanmistir. Bu denemede Pseudomonas fluorescens izolatlari hastaligi %63 ve %91 arasinda degerlerde engelleyerek one cikmislardir. Biyopreparatlar icerisinde Fungastop ve Bionem sirasiyla %20 ve %22.50 hastalik siddeti degerleri ile hastaligi %71 ve %68 oraninda baskilamislardir. Biyolojik preparatlarin yer aldigi diger tum uygulamalarda hastalik siddet degerleri %28.75 ile %62.50 arasinda belirlenmistir.

A study was conducted to determine the diversity of phytophagous mites and their predators in olive orchards in Balikesir, Izmir and Manisa Provinces, Turkey from 2015 to 2017. Also, the population density of eriophyid mites was detected in four olive orchards in Izmir and Manisa in 2016 and 2017. As a result, sixteen species were collected, namely, Aceria oleae (Nalepa, 1900), Tegolophus hassani (Keifer, 1959) (Eriophyidae), Cenopalpus lineola (Canestrini & Fanzago, 1876), Brevipalpus sp. (Tenuipalpidae), Amblyseius andersoni Chant, 1957, Euseius stipulatus (Athias-Henriot, 1960), Neoseiulus barketi Hughes, 1948, Paraseiulus talbii (Athias-Henriot, 1960). Typhlodromus athenas Swirski & Ragusa, 1976, Typhlodromus athiasae Porath & Swirski, 1965, Typhlodromus psyllakisi Swirski & Ragusa, 1976, Typhlodromus rarus Wainstein, 1961, Typhlodromus recki Wainstein, 1958 (Phytoseiidae), Raphignathus gracilis (Rack, 1962) (Raphignathidae), Agistemus duzgunesae Koc, Cobanoglu & Madanlar, 2005 (Stigmaeidae) and Tydeus californicus (Banks, 1904) (Tydeidae). Aceria oleae and T. hassani were found throughout the growing period from April to November in all orchards and they reached their highest population densities on buds during April, and leaves and fruit during May and June. Typhlodromus athenas was observed throughout the year in the majority of the orchards, and this is a first record of this species for the Turkish fauna. It was observed that A. duzgunesae also fed on eriophyid mites. Further studies are needed to investigate prey range of the predatory mites, T. athenas and A. duzgunesae and their potential as biological control agents of eriophyid mites.

In the tests that were carried out by grafting Verticillium sensitive high economical important cultivars on some resistant and tolerant clonal rootstocks , the disease severity values were determined between 0% and 41.67% in all applications except D-9+Uslu (86.67%) while it was 91.67% in the control. In 8 of the 30 applications in the trial, there was no disease development. Frontoio, one of the rootstocks, grafted with many susceptible cultivars took the first rank in controlling the disease. It was followed by Erdek Yağlık cv. and D-36 clonal rootstock of wild origin. Positive results have also been obtained in some susceptible cultivars grafted on some resistant cultivars as Dilmit and Yün Çelebi. Besides, it was also seen that the disease was considerably suppressed in the combinations composed of resistant rootstocks and cultivars as Frontoio + Gemlik, Arbequina + Gemlik, D-36 + Gemlik and D-36 + Dilmit. In this application, Frontoi, Erdek yağlık cv and D 36 clonal rootstocks of wild origin were ranked first.

Verticillium wilt resistance of 77 olive cultivars including 71 domestic and six foreign ones, and four clonal rootstocks available in the olive gene bank, were tested using a highly virulent isolate (D pathotype) of Verticillium dahliae. The pathogen was stem-inoculated into the own-rooted saplings. Most cultivars and rootstocks were found to be extremely susceptible to the disease. ‘Sinop No. 1’, ‘Eğriburun Nizip’, ‘Erkence’, ‘Eğriburun Tatayn’, ‘Girit Zeytini’ and ‘Marantelli’ were highly resistant, as their disease severities did not exceed 10%. Additionally, 11 domestic cultivars (‘Sarı Habeşi’, ‘Yağlık Çelebi’, ‘Zoncuk’, ‘Dilmit’, ‘Şam’, ‘Hurma Karaca’, ‘Erdek Yağlık’, ‘Melkabazı’, ‘Yün Çelebi’, ‘Kan Çelebi’ and ‘Siyah Salamuralık’), two foreign cultivars (‘Arbequina’ and ‘Frantoio’) and one wild clonal rootstock (‘D36’) were found to be resistant, with disease severities less than 30%. On the other hand, the moderately susceptible group comprised ten domestic cultivars (‘Ak Zeytin’, ‘Yağ Çelebi’, ‘Saurani’, ‘Butko’, ‘Gemlik’, ‘Otur’, ‘Yağ Zeytini’, ‘Belluti’, ‘Sinop No. 2’ and ‘Samanlı’), three foreign cultivars (‘Leccino’, ‘Chemlali’ and ‘Ascolana’) and one wild clonal rootstock (‘D9’). The number of cultivars within highly resistant and resistant groups was 17 out of the 71 domestic cultivars from all regions (four from Aegean, seven from southeastern Anatolia, two from Black Sea and three from Marmara).

Bu calismada, insan beslenmesi ve sagligi acisindan cok onemli bir urun olan zeytinin yetistirilmesinde, konvansiyonel yontemlere alternatif olarak organik tarim yontemlerinin uygulanabilirliginin belirlenmesi, fenolojik, pomolojik ve ekonomik farkliliklarin ortaya konmasi amaclanmistir. Calisma Guney Ege Bolgesinin en onemli yaglik cesidi olan Memecik zeytin cesidinde Zeytincilik Arastirma Enstitusunun Kemalpasa uretim alaninda 2004-2007 yillari arasinda yurutulmustur. Calismada organik parsellerde toprak verimliligini artirmak amaciyla yesil gubreleme, organik gubre, organik tarim yonetmeliginde izin verilen mineral maddeler, konvansiyonel parsellerde ise kimyasal gubreler uygulanmistir. Zeytin sinegi populasyon takibi Mc phail ve sari yapiskan tuzaklar, zeytin guvesi ise delta tipi feremon tuzaklar ile yapilmistir. Organik parsellerde zeytin sinegi mucadelesinde Ecotrap, neemazal ve kaolin uygulamalari yapilmistir. Konvansiyonel parsellerde mucadele Fenthion ile yapilmistir. Her iki parseldeki agaclarda surgun boyu, somak ve cicek adeti, meyvelerde ise tane adedi ve agirligi, eni, boyu, et/cekirdek oranlari, urun miktarlari tespit edilmistir. Elde edilen zeytinyaglarinda ise yag asitleri bilesimleri ve zeytinyagi kalite parametreleri degerlendirilmistir. Ayrica yaprak ve toprak analizleri ile bitki besin maddelerinin degisimleri incelenmis, parsellerden elde edilen meyvelerde kalinti analizleri yapilmistir. Meyve orneklerinde yapilan analizlerde organik fosforlu nitrojenli ve sulfurlu pestisitlere rastlanmamistir. Her iki grupta da urun miktari, yag kalite parametreleri ve yag asitleri bilesiminde onemli bir farklilik bulunmamistir. Yapilan organik tarim uygulamalariyla, konvansiyonel yontemler uygulanarak saglanan verim ve kalitede urun elde edilmistir.

A comprehensive survey on the prevalence and incidence of Verticillium wilt of olive in Turkey has been conducted over 6 years (2003–2008). Vegetative compatibility group (VCG) assessment and PCR-based molecular pathotyping were used to evaluate the distribution of the defoliating (D) and nondefoliating (ND) pathotypes of Verticillium dahliae in surveyed areas. Pathogen prevalence was 35% of all olive orchards inspected and incidence of the disease reached 3.1%. VCG1A was predominant (29.3%) and infected all major cultivars grown in Turkey. The other two VCGs detected (2A and 4B) were of minor relevance (4.9% and 0.9%, respectively). Disease incidence caused by VCG1A infections was higher (ranging from 1.1% to 6.9%) than that caused by VCG2A and VCG4B in 10 provinces (Manisa, Aydin, Kahramanmaras, Izmir, Mugla, Kilis, Denizli, Gaziantep, Mardin and Balikesir). However, VCG2A and 4B were more prevalent (and responsible for higher disease incidence) than VCG1A in three provinces (Hatay, Osmaniye and Bursa). Finally, VCG1A isolates were found in all provinces except Canakkale, and simultaneous presence of the three VCGs was only verified in Hatay province. An artificial inoculation bioassay (19 representative V. dahliae isolates included) revealed that VCG1A (13) isolates as a group were more aggressive and caused defoliation, whereas VCG2A (5) and VCG4B (1) isolates induced milder symptoms. Within a VCG group, virulence varied among isolates infecting the same olive cultivar and this virulence was also related to the differential susceptibility of the cultivars (‘Manzanilla’, ‘Ayvalik’ and ‘Gemlik’) tested. Molecular pathotyping allowed the identification of D (VCG1A) and ND (VCG2A/4B) pathotypes, which correlated with results from pathogenicity tests. Remarkably, the V. dahliae VCG1A/D pathotype population infecting olive in Turkey was molecularly different from that one previously identified in Spain.

Eighty isolates of Verticillium dahliae from the southeastern Anatolia region and 20 isolates from the east Mediterranean region from wilted cotton plants were used for vegetative compatibility analysis employing nitrate non-utilizing mutants and reference tester strains of vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) 1A, 2A, 2B, 3, 4A and 4B. Of the 100 V. dahliae isolates, 49 were assigned to VCG1A, 39 to VCG2B, nine to VCG2A and three to VCG4B. Pathogenicity assays were conducted on susceptible cotton cv. Çukurova 1518 in the greenhouse. All VCG1A isolates induced defoliation and all VCG2B isolates caused partial defoliation symptoms. Isolates of VCG2A and VCG4B caused typical symptoms of leaf chlorosis without defoliation. This is the first report on VCGs of V. dahliae in the southeastern Anatolia region of Turkey, which demonstrates that VCG1A of the cotton-defoliating type and VCG2B of the partially defoliating type are prevalent in this region.

Verticillium wilt, caused by Verticillium dahliae, is the most serious disease in olive cultivation areas in western Turkey. Two hundred and eight isolates of V. dahliae from olive (Olea europea var. sativa) trees were taken for vegetative compatibility analysis using nitrate non-utilizing (nit) mutants. One isolate did not produce a nit mutant. Nit mutants of 207 isolates were tested against tester strains of internationally known vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) 1A, 2A, 2B, 3, 4A and 4B, and also paired in many combinations among themselves. One hundred and eighty nine of the isolates (90.9%) were strongly compatible with T9, the tester strain of VCG1A, and thus were assigned to VCG1A. Eight isolates were assigned to VCG2A and four isolates to VCG4B. One isolate was heterokaryon self-incompatible (HSI) and five isolates could not be grouped to any of the VCGs tested. Pathogenicity assays were conducted on a susceptible olive cultivar (O. europea cv. Manzanilla) and a susceptible local cotton cultivar (Gossypium hirsutum cv. Çukurova 1518). Both cotton and olive inoculated with all VCG1A isolates showed defoliating symptoms in greenhouse tests. This is the first report on VCGs in V. dahliae from olive trees in Turkey which demonstrates that VCG1A of the cotton-defoliating type is the most commonly detected form from olive plants in the western part of Turkey.