This study reports the successful synthesis of a CoFe2O4-loaded biochar composite (CFO@BC) derived from loofah sponge via a pyrolysis-assisted sol-gel method, designed for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation and efficient degradation of roxarsone (ROX) in aqueous systems. The optimized CFO@BC (2:1) exhibited a high specific surface area (SSA: 156.85 m2/g), abundant active sites, and superior electron transfer capability, enabling complete ROX degradation within 20 min. The system demonstrated robust performance across a broad pH range (3-9) and showed excellent tolerance toward common inorganic anions and humic acid. Quenching experiments, EPR analysis, and DFT calculations collectively identified SO4 center dot- and O2 center dot- as the dominant reactive species, contributing 45.0 % and 32.3 % to ROX degradation, respectively. Mechanistic investigations unveiled a surface-mediated electron transfer pathway: PMS adsorbs onto the catalyst surface via its S--O bond to form a surface complex, followed by homolytic cleavage to generate radicals-distinct from conventional homogeneous radical generation pathways. Toxicity assessment confirmed the transformation of ROX into low-toxicity end products. This work offers new insights into the rational design of highly efficient and stable heterogeneous catalysts for the remediation of organic arsenic-contaminated water.

Recently, biochar has been produced using potassium ferrate as an activator. Nevertheless, there has yet to be any report on how norfloxacin interacts with potassium ferrate-modified biochar. More significantly, the function of iron oxides present in the potassium ferrate-modified biochar during the norfloxacin removal process is still not well understood. In this study, we developed a magnetic biochar (FeBC) by oxidatively modifying water caltrop shell through high-temperature pyrolysis, utilizing potassium ferrate as an activator. The adsorption characteristics of norfloxacin on FeBC were examined through batch experiments. The synthesized FeBC exhibited a well-defined hierarchical porous structure characterized by a high specific surface area of 960.23 m²/g and a significant pore volume of 0.585 cm³/g. Its maximum capacity for norfloxacin adsorption was determined to be 249.47 mg/g. The considerable decrease in specific surface area and pore volume following the adsorption process suggested that pore filling was critical for the removal of norfloxacin. Additionally, characterizations and theoretical analyses indicated that the sites of interaction were primarily located on the iron atoms of the biochar and on the carbon atoms of norfloxacin's benzene ring that were close to the fluorine atom, facilitating electron transfer from the iron atoms to the benzene ring of norfloxacin. This suggests that the metal (Fe)-π electron donor-acceptor interaction played a significant role in enhancing the removal of norfloxacin. These results offer fresh perspectives on the mechanisms by which iron-loaded biochar adsorbs organic pollutants.

This study presents the rational design of a magnetically recoverable CoFe2O4/BiVO4@g-C3N4 (CFO/BVO@CN) ternary heterojunction for highly efficient levofloxacin (LVFX) degradation via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation under visible light. The key innovation lies in the synergistic integration of a unique charge transfer pathway with interfacial M-N (M = Co, Fe, Bi, V) chemical bonding, as unequivocally evidenced by XPS. This atomic-level interfacial engineering creates efficient electron channels that not only promote the spatial separation of photogenerated carriers but also dramatically accelerate the dual redox cycles of metal species (Co2+/Co3+, Fe2+/Fe3+).Crucially, the V4+/V5+ pair functions as an efficient electron shuttle, facilitating the rapid regeneration of PMS-active Co2+ and Fe2+ sites and sustaining a high-efficiency catalytic process. Consequently, the optimized system achieves an exceptional LVFX removal rate of 98.8% within 30 min, driven predominantly by singlet oxygen (1O₂) and superoxide radicals (•O2−). The catalyst demonstrates robust stability over multiple cycles, facile magnetic separation, and effective detoxification of LVFX. This work provides a novel paradigm for developing multifunctional photocatalytic systems by marrying heterojunction engineering with atomic-level interface modulation for sustainable water purification.

The defects of being prone to agglomeration and oxidation of nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) significantly limited its catalytic activity. In this study, a hierarchical porous sodium bicarbonate-modified loofah biochar (SLC) with a high specific surface area was synthesized using loofah as the carbon source and sodium bicarbonate as activator. Serving as a support, SLC enabled the uniform and stable loading of nZVI, significantly reducing the tendency of nZVI to agglomerate. Subsequently, a one-step reduction method was employed to achieve sulfidation modification of biochar-supported nano zero-valent iron (nZVI@SLC). The sulfur-iron layer structure formed on the surface of the prepared material (S-nZVI@SLC) effectively prevented the oxidation of nZVI. The constructed S-nZVI@SLC/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) system achieved a 92.5% degradation efficiency of methylene blue (MB) within 10 min, showcasing the exceptional catalytic ability of S-nZVI@SLC for PMS activation. Herein, the critical roles of sulfidation modification in catalyzing PMS to degrade MB efficiently was investigated by DFT calculations. The results showed the sulfidation modification can improve the electron transfer abilities, increase the surface active sites, enhance the selective adsorption of PMS, and reduce the energy barriers of the catalytic reaction. Additionally, both excessive and insufficient degrees of sulfidation rendered the electronic structure of S-nZVI@SLC unstable, thereby hindering the efficient progression of the catalytic reaction. This work further enhanced the understanding of the critical roles that the sulfidation modification played in the catalytic processes of nZVI, and provided scope for imagination in the design of novel nZVI catalysts.

While metal-loaded biochar shows promise for pollutant adsorption, the regulatory role of O-coordination on the intrinsic activity of metal sites remains poorly understood. Herein, DFT and experiments were combined to investigate the adsorption of bisphenol A (BPA) on O-coordinated Fe single-atom biochar. It was determined that increasing O-coordination number at Fe sites altered the adsorption mechanism, with 3- and 4-fold O-coordination markedly strengthening adsorption and favoring π-complexation. Guided by this, an Fe single-atom biochar (Fe-O/BC) with an ultrahigh specific surface area of 1676 m2·g-1 was synthesized, and its O-coordination number was characterized approximately 3.7. Notably, Fe-O/BC exhibited a remarkable BPA adsorption capacity of 683.3 mg·g-1, which was approximately 70 % higher than that of the metal-free control (O/BC) and exceeded that of most reported biochar-based adsorbents. Moreover, Fe-O/BC maintained high efficiency over a wide pH range (3-9) and exhibited good tolerance to cations, anions, and real water matrices, indicating its strong adaptability to environmental conditions. Pore filling and π-complexation were identified as the main adsorption mechanisms. Consequently, Fe-O/BC exhibited excellent adsorption performance toward most other aromatic organics. In-depth analysis of electron transfer indicated that O-coordination promoted d-π* back-donation by acting as an electron donor or "electron bridge", thereby enhancing the π-complexation activity of the Fe sites. This work provides new insights into how O-coordination regulates the adsorption activity of Fe sites and enables the development of advanced biochar-based adsorbents for pollutant control.

A novel boron-modified biochar was prepared via one-step pyrolysis using loofah as a precursor (B@SBC), with boric acid as a dopant and sodium bicarbonate as an activator for enhanced tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) adsorption. B@SBC achieved 520.9 mg & sdot;g- 1 TC adsorption capacity demonstrating exceptional removal performance. Experimental and characterization analysis revealed that the mesopore filling and it-it electron donoracceptor (it-it EDA) interaction played dominant roles in the adsorption of TC. Boron doping was essential for creating the mesoporous structure. Furthermore, DFT calculations revealed that the resultant BCO2 species acted an electron-withdrawing group, significantly enhancing the it-it EDA interaction between B@SBC and TC. Notably, the introduction of sodium bicarbonate effectively transformed BC2O/BC3 groups into BCO2 by providing sufficient oxygen. Moreover, B@SBC exhibited a wide effective pH range (3.0-9.0), good tolerance toward coexisting anions and cations, and excellent performance in real water samples. Adsorption column experiments further demonstrated the strong adaptability of B@SBC for practical water environments. These findings may provide a theoretical basis for developing boron-doped biochar formulations and strategies for TC removal.

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) in aquatic systems pose global ecotoxicological threats, yet their effective removal and end-treatment remain challenging. Here, we develop a dynamic magnetic capture (DynMagCap) system that enables efficient and universal removal of MNPs via in situ chemical magnetization. Unlike conventional magnetic seeding methods, DynMagCap generates Fe-based dynamic magnetic chains that self-assemble, migrate, and interlink with MNPs under bubble assistance. This system achieves over 99% removal efficiency across various MNP types, sizes, and water conditions, demonstrating high robustness. The captured Fe-MNP composites are further valorized via catalytic pyrolysis (CatPyr), during which where Fe species catalyze chlorine fixation from polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-bearing MNPs into FeCl2 while producing Fe/C nanocomposites active for water electrolysis. Techno-economic and life-cycle analyses confirm the environmental and economic viability of the integrated DynMagCap-CatPyr route. This work establishes a magnetic separation-coupled catalytic conversion platform that bridges pollution remediation with circular resource utilization.

This study presents the rational design of a magnetically recoverable CoFe2O4/BiVO4@g-C3N4 (CFO/BVO@CN) ternary heterojunction for highly efficient levofloxacin (LVFX) degradation via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation under visible light. The key innovation lies in the synergistic integration of a unique charge transfer pathway with interfacial M-N (M = Co, Fe, Bi, V) chemical bonding, as unequivocally evidenced by XPS. This atomic-level interfacial engineering creates efficient electron channels that not only promote the spatial separation of photogenerated carriers but also dramatically accelerate the dual redox cycles of metal species (Co2+/Co3+, Fe2+/Fe3+).Crucially, the V4+/V5+ pair functions as an efficient electron shuttle, facilitating the rapid regeneration of PMS-active Co2+ and Fe2+ sites and sustaining a high-efficiency catalytic process. Consequently, the optimized system achieves an exceptional LVFX removal rate of 98.8% within 30 min, driven predominantly by singlet oxygen (O-1(2)) and superoxide radicals (O-center dot(2)-). The catalyst demonstrates robust stability over multiple cycles, facile magnetic separation, and effective detoxification of LVFX. This work provides a novel paradigm for developing multifunctional photocatalytic systems by marrying heterojunction engineering with atomic-level interface modulation for sustainable water purification.

This study proposed a novel combined process of O3 pre-oxidation coupled with magnetic ion exchange resin adsorption (O₃–MIEX) for the efficient removal of humic acid (HA), a typical natural organic matter in drinking water sources. The results showed that the coupled process exhibited excellent removal performances for different HA fractions with different molecular weights (MW). The removal efficiency for low-MW HA fractions approached 90%, while that for high-MW HA fractions remained consistently above 80%. Mechanistic analysis indicated that O3 pre-oxidation effectively improved the mass transfer of HA within the resin pores and enhanced the thermodynamic spontaneity of the adsorption process. At the molecular level, pre-oxidation strengthened pore filling, hydrogen bonding, and ion exchange interactions between the MIEX resin and pollutants, while weakening the contributions of π–π interactions and van der Waals forces. This shift in the removal mechanism substantially improved the desorption performance of the MIEX resin. In addition, compared with the conventional O₃–powdered activated carbon (PAC) process, the O₃–MIEX process showed advantages in both removal efficiency and operating cost. This study provided deeper insight into the effects of O3 pre-oxidation on the adsorption mechanism of MIEX resin and proposed an efficient and economical technical option with promising engineering application potential for the advanced treatment of complex natural organic matter in drinking water.

Alkaline lysis (AL) for waste activated sludge (WAS) resource utilization is often hindered by refractory organic matter formation. This study developed NaAc-coupled AL-WAS (NaAc-AL-WAS) technology to improve bioavailability. Compared to AL-WAS, the five-day biochemical oxygen demand and soluble chemical oxygen demand ratios of 0.5%, 1%, and 5% NaAc-AL-WAS increased by 0.9-, 1.1-, and 1.3-fold. Specifically, 5% NaAc-AL-WAS reduced humic substances (HS) and high-molecular-weight proteins by 10.3% and 61.0%. The denitrification rate and potential increased by 5.1- and 0.4-fold, while methanogenic rate and maximum methane potential increased by 3.4- and 1.2-fold. Mechanistically, NaAc maintained strongly alkaline environment and promoted flocculation for continuous organic release. NaAc-induced iron precipitation (Fe2+/Fe3+ below the detection line in the lysate) and Fe(Ⅲ) reduction (24.5% decrease in the sludge) weakened iron binding and catalytic activity toward humic precursors, inhibiting HS formation to enhance bioavailability. These findings provided a new approach to optimize carbon resource recovery from sludge.

The UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process (AOP) holds significant potential for organic wastewater treatment. Key reactive radical species in this system include hydroxyl radicals (HO center dot), chlorine radicals (Cl center dot), hypochlorite radicals (ClO center dot), and dichlorine radicals (Cl2 center dot-). However, their distinct roles in contaminant degradation remain unclear. In this study, a UV/chlorine system under neutral pH conditions was established to generate these four radicals and investigate their degradation of the target contaminant ibuprofen (IBF). Combining thermodynamic and dynamic electron distribution analysis, the radical-specific behaviors were elucidated, and these findings were extended to seven additional pollutants. The main mechanism of HO center dot involvement in degradation is radical adduct formation (RAF), whereas Cl center dot favors single-electron transfer (SET) route due to its lower reaction energy barriers (0G*). ClO center dot and Cl2 center dot- can only participate in reactions through the SET route due to thermodynamic constraints. Radical cation detection experiment validated the critical role of SET route in compound degradation. Further analysis of bond orders and spin densities revealed the dynamic changes and correlations among reactants, transition states, and products at the molecular level. In summary, this study advances the mechanistic understanding of UV/chlorine AOPs by clarifying radical-specific behaviors, aiding the design of efficient pollutant treatment strategies.

The diverse locations of functional groups on different nitrophenol cause uncertainty concerning the removal efficiency and mechanisms of nitrophenol. Adsorption behavior and mechanisms of nitrophenol pollutants (2nitrophenol (ONP) and 4-nitrophenol (PNP)) on magnetic ion exchange (MIEX) resin were investigated by a combination method of characterization, DFT calculations, and site energy analysis. The results showed pore filling, hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, it-it conjugation, ion exchange, and electrostatic attraction were included in the removal mechanisms. Solution pH influenced the adsorption mechanism by inducing electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and ion exchange. DFT calculations found that hydrogen bonding was the dominant action among the removal mechanisms for the nitrophenol existing in the form of a molecular state. But distinguished from the removal of PNP by the interaction of hydrogen bonds (O & ctdot;H-N) & ctdot; H-N) between the -NO2 2 in PNP and the -NH-CO- group in MIEX resin, the ONP was mainly removed by hydrogen bonds (H & ctdot;O-C) & ctdot; O-C) between the -OH functional group in ONP and the -COOH functional group in MIEX resin. However, the ionic nitrophenol pollutants were mainly removed through electrostatic attraction and ion exchange. Increasing resin dosage facilitated the removal of nitrophenol. Humic acid demonstrated little effect. Sulfate ions showed the most severe inhibition on the removal of nitrophenol. Equilibrium was achieved after 60 min. The adsorption process was well described using the Sips isotherm. The main rate-limiting step was liquid film diffusion. Site energy analysis found that the affinity of PNP for MIEX resin was higher, and the removal of PNP was more susceptible to temperature compared to ONP. A 1.0 % sodium chloride could effectively regenerate the saturated resin, and the adsorption efficacy did not decrease significantly after four adsorption-desorption cycles. Therefore, MIEX resin has a good potential for the control of nitrophenol in polluted water sources.

Adjusting the local structure of single-atom catalysts (SACs) via substrate microstructure engineering is a promising yet challenging strategy to enhance Fenton-like activity. Herein, SACs with embedded FeN4 and nonembedded FeN2+2 coordination were designed through substrate microstructure regulation. FeN2+2 configuration markedly improved PAA activation, increasing the reaction rate constant (kobs) of the Fenton-like reaction by 1.35-fold compared to FeN4. Unlike the single-site activation of FeN4, FeN2+2 disrupts the dx2-y2 and dz2 orbital balance in Fe 3d orbitals, shifting the d-band center closer to the Fermi level. This optimizes the adsorption and decomposition of PAA to complete the dual activation pathway to facilitate the simultaneous generation of singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radical (center dot OH) via a low-energy barrier process. This work provides a new mechanistic understanding of SAC-based Fenton-like catalysis and offers design insights for expanding SACs applications in advanced oxidation processes and environmental remediation.

The introduction of chloride (Cl-) triggers a series of chain radical/non-radical reactions in the advanced oxidation process, including the formation of singlet oxygen (O-1(2)). However, the mechanism of O-1(2) generation remains unclear. This study investigated the transformation mechanisms of reactive species and the impact on pollutant abatement based on a Cl--mediated simulated solar/peroxymonosulfate process. Thermodynamic calculations confirmed that the reaction between HSO5- and ClO center dot was the principal pathway for O-1(2) generation, which involved a nucleophilic attack of the oxygen atom in the peroxide group on the chloride atom in ClO center dot. The reaction rate was calculated to be 8.5 x 1010 M-1 s(-1) based on the transition state theory. Major reactive species, including HO center dot, SO4 center dot-, Cl-center dot, Cl-2(center dot-), ClO center dot, and O-1(2) were confirmed and quantified by probes kinetics. Analysis of the products via Q-TOF-MS/MS suggested that HO center dot and SO4 center dot- interacted with acetaminophen through an addition, while reactive chlorine radicals would through electron transfer. Furthermore, the abatement ability of the reaction system for micropollutants was investigated based on real water and solar irradiation. Overall, this study enhances understanding of O-1(2) generation and contaminant transformation in the Cl--mediated solar/PMS process, both from theoretical and practical applications.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) present significant risks to both human health and environmental sustainability. The Integrated Dust Removal and Denitrification Technology (DRDt) offers a more efficient and cost-effective solution for achieving ultralow industrial flue gas emissions; however, its effectiveness is undermined by low catalyst load rates and poor stability in filter materials. This study addresses these limitations by modifying conventional PTFE filter media (PTFE-Tim) through the incorporation of sodium alginate (SA) and dopamine (DA) as modifiers, resulting in two new filter materials: PTFE-SA-MOF and PTFE-DA- MOF. By optimizing the parameters of an orthogonal experimental design, we identified the ideal preparation conditions for these composite materials. The addition of SA and DA enhanced the bonding between the catalyst (Mn-Cu-MOF) crystal particles and the PTFE fibers through mechanisms such as ion exchange, hydrogen bonding, and adhesion. Consequently, the catalyst loading rate and stability of the DRDt filters were significantly improved. Specifically, the PTFE-SA-MOF and PTFE-DA-MOF filters achieved high catalyst loading rates of 15.97% and 15.86%, these values represent improvements of 2.53 and 2.51 times, while maintaining excellent stability, with mass retention rates of 98.64% and 98.27%, respectively, over the conventional PTFE-Tim filter.

Recently, advanced oxidation processes based on single-atom catalysts have been extensively adopted in water treatments. Although some studies have identified low toxicity in degradation products, the mechanistic understanding remains unclear. In this work, an efficient catalyst named BC-Fe was developed by anchoring atomically dispersed Fe onto biochar (BC) derived from microalgae using a convenient impregnation method. The catalyst of BC-Fe enhanced performance in activating peroxydisulfate (PDS) for the degradation of tetracycline (TC). The BC-Fe/PDS system demonstrated faster TC degradation rate constant of 0.073 min-1. Mechanism investigations revealed that the atomically dispersed Fe-N4 sites activate PDS via efficient electron transfer, generating high-valent metal-oxo (HVMO) species as the primary reactive oxidants. These HVMO species selectively oxidized electron-rich moieties in TC, leading to progressive ring-opening and mineralization into low-toxicity intermediates. Moreover, TC served as an electron donor to the HVMO species, enabling their reduction and forming a favorable cycle of valence states of Fe. This work provides an efficient and environment-benign strategy for the oxidation of antibiotics with minimal secondary pollution.

The types and locations of different organic arsenic functional groups vary, leading to uncertainties in removal efficiency and mechanism. The possible adsorption efficiency and mechanism of five organoarsenic compounds on magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX) were firstly calculated in depth using density functional theory, and the above calculations were further proved by using characterization techniques to investigate the adsorption process. The adsorption efficiency followed the order that dimethylarsinic acid < phenylarsenic acid < p-arsanilic acid < nitarsone < roxarsone. The adsorption mechanisms were primarily governed by electrostatic attraction and ion exchange, with contributions from hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, pi-pi interactions, hydrophobicity and pore-filling. All organoarsenic compounds had-OH group in their structure, and a higher number meant a higher ion exchange capacity with the resin. Roxarsone and nitarsone exhibited strong electrostatic attraction to MIEX resin due to the-NO2 groups attached to their benzene ring structures. In addition, the-NH2 groups attached to p-arsanilic acid also created stronger hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces with the resin. Aromatic organic arsenic showed stronger pi-pi interactions due to its benzene rings. Both the Sips model and the pseudo second-order model described the adsorption well, indicating that the adsorption was dominated by chemisorption. But the Elovich model better described the kinetic process for phenylarsonic acid, suggesting that the adsorption occurred on a non-homogeneous solid adsorption surface. Site energy distribution theory analysis indicated that temperature influenced adsorption performance by modifying both the number of surface adsorption sites on the adsorbent and the degree of its heterogeneity.

This study investigated the potential of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) in enhancing arsenic (As) sequestration in sulfur-rich sediments through submerged aquatic plant Vallisneria natans (V. natans). A mechanism entailing bioelectrogenesis-driven sulfur oxidation, which facilitated root iron plaque (IP) formation and As oxidation, was proposed. A 125-day microcosm study was conducted using coupled plant-BES configurations, comprising: a microbial fuel cell (MFC), microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) with voltage gradients, and V. natans. Results showed that As accumulation and enrichment efficiency in IPs increased proportionally with applied voltage. Electrogenesis enhanced IP development, with MECs outperforming the MFC. Rhizospheric phosphorus deficiency in MFC stimulated radial oxygen loss (ROL) and microbial Fe2+ oxidation for IP formation. In MECs, enhanced endogenous Fe2+ availability and reduction in ΣH2S concentrations collectively facilitated IP development. As oxidation in MFC was significantly amplified within the rhizosphere by As-oxidizing microorganisms. Sulfite (SO32-), a metabolite of sulfur oxidation, was electrochemically activated in MECs to generate sulfite radicals (SO3•-), demonstrating superior As oxidation efficacy compared to MFC. Metagenomic analysis revealed extracellular electron transfer (EET) efficiency dictated the sulfur oxidation pathway. MFC exhibited FeS2-dominated oxidation with terminal S0 and intermediate S2O32- formation, suppressing ΣH2S elimination. MECs displayed insufficient EET, driving ΣH2S oxidation, FeS consumption, and SO32- accumulation. Intracellular sulfur oxidation pathways differed between systems: the rDsr pathway dominated in MFC, while Hdr process prevailed in MECs. Anode-associated keystone genera responsible for sulfur oxidation were Thiobacillus and Pseudomonas in MFC and MECs, respectively. Iron-oxidizing Collimonas and As oxidizing Halomonas/Acinetobacter were crucial for mediating IP formation and As oxidization, respectively in MFC. These findings demonstrate that BESs are effective tools for augmenting As sequestration by submerged aquatic plants. This investigation establishes foundational insights for practical implementation of integrated plant-BESs in As-contaminated sediment remediation strategies.

This study proposed a UV-initiated strategy for the synthesis of magnetic ion exchange resins. Two novel magnetic resins were successfully prepared by suspension polymerization method using 1-iodohexane as a long carbon chain alkylating agent under low-pressure ultraviolet (UV) initiation conditions. The polymerization reaction time of resin was significantly reduced to 2 h due to the UV initiation. MGD resin properties exhibited high synthetic stability and good reproducibility. The prepared resin particles possessed rich micropores and mesopores structure with a particle size of 50-250 um. The long carbon chain alkylating agent (1-iodohexane) could improve increasingly the adsorption capacity for phosphate (69.65 %) compared with the short carbon chain alkylating agent (dichloroethane). Site energy analysis found that the concentrated distribution of highenergy sites and surface homogeneity of resins contributed to their high adsorption capacity. DFT calculations, characterizations of resins before and after adsorption, and stoichiometric experiments revealed the electrostatic attraction and ion exchange dominated the removal mechanisms of phosphate adsorbed on prepared resins. DFT results indicated longer chain lengths enhanced both the non-electrostatic and electrostatic components of the adsorption energies. Therefore, compared to thermal initiation, low-pressure UV initiation offered advantages such as high efficiency, rapidity, low-carbon and environmental friendliness for the preparation strategy of a new generation of high-performance magnetic resin.