Stainless steel crowns (SSC), widely used in pediatric dentistry, may cause gingivitis and discomfort. In this study, we investigated the effect of these crowns on gingival index (GI), periodontal probing depth (PPD), Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S), and the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash on reducing these indices in crowned teeth. A randomized assessor-blind controlled trial was conducted on 56 healthy children aged 4–9 years old requiring pulpotomy and SSC on mandibular primary molars. Patients were randomly divided into a control group (no mouthwash) and an intervention group (chlorhexidine mouthwash). In the second session, two weeks later, GI, OHI-S and PPD were measured in previously crowned and controlled teeth. Non-parametric tests Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon were used to analyze OHI-S, PPD, and GI scores between groups. Comparing SSC-restored teeth between the intervention and control groups showed lower OHI-S and GI indices in the intervention group and this difference was significant (P = 0.004), (P=0.003), however PPD in crowned teeth did not differ significantly between the two groups (P> 0.05). In the control group, GI and PPD increased significantly in crowned teeth, while plaque accumulation remained unchanged. In contrast, the CHX group showed no significant differences between crowned and control teeth. Chlorhexidine mouthwash usage improved gingival health, and decreased plaque accumulation. Therefore, instructing patients to use mouthwash after SSC placement, particularly those with poor oral hygiene, is recommended. This trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) on April 17, 2021, under registration number IRCT20210417050994N1.

Background:Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) is widely employed to halt caries in juvenile or uncooperative children due to its antimicrobial and remineralizing properties. Despite its effectiveness, SDF causes dark discoloration of treated dentin, raising esthetic concerns. Potassium iodide (KI) and glutathione (GSH) have been proposed as adjuncts to reduce discoloration; however, their influence on subsequent adhesive bonding to primary dentin remains unclear. This study evaluated and compared the micro-shear bond strength (μSBS) of composite resin (CR) to demineralized primary tooth dentin treated with SDF alone, SDF combined with KI or GSH, and untreated dentin. Materials and Methods:Fifty-two sound primary teeth were prepared to obtain flat mid-coronal dentin surfaces and artificially demineralized. Specimens were randomly assigned to four groups (n=13): control (no SDF), SDF, SDF+KI, and SDF+20% GSH. After pretreatment, all samples underwent phosphoric acid etching, application of a total-etch adhesive, and restoration with CR using standardized molds. μSBS was measured with a universal testing machine operating at a crosshead displacement rate of 1 mm/min. Statistical evaluation of the data was conducted via one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's post-hoc comparisons, with the significance level set at 0.05. Results:SDF-treated groups demonstrated significantly higher μSBS values compared with the control group (P0.001). Mean bond strengths were highest for SDF alone, followed closely by SDF+KI and SDF+GSH. The data revealed no meaningful divergence in the outcomes of the three SDF-based treatments. Conclusion:Pretreatment of demineralized primary dentin with SDF significantly enhanced CR bond strength. The addition of potassium iodide or glutathione did not adversely affect bonding performance, suggesting these agents may be used to reduce discoloration without compromising adhesive outcomes.

AIM:This study aimed to assess the effects of blood and saliva contamination on tensile bond strength (TBS) of two cements used for cementation of stainless-steel crowns (SSCs) of primary molar teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This in vitro, experimental study was conducted on 60 extracted primary mandibular first molars that received SSC preparation. After selection of appropriately sized SSCs, a piece of metal wire was soldered to their mesial and distal surfaces to create a handle for TBS testing. The teeth were then randomly divided into two groups (n = 30) for cementation with glass ionomer cement (GIC) and zinc polycarboxylate (ZPC) cement, each with three subgroups (n = 10) of saliva contamination, blood contamination, and no contamination (control). After cementation and incubation at 37°C for 24 hours, the TBS was measured in a universal testing machine. The groups were compared by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS:A significant difference existed in the mean TBS among the three contamination groups (p < 0.05). The mean TBS of the blood group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05). Other differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Cement type had no significant effect on TBS (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION:Blood contamination significantly decreased the TBS of both GIC and ZPC used for cementation of SSCs of primary mandibular molars. Cement type had no significant effect on TBS. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:Glass ionomer cement and ZPC have various applications in cementing stainless steel crowns. Since there is a possibility of bleeding from the gums during crown preparation and in situations where the child does not cooperate adequately, achieving isolation becomes challenging. Therefore, the effect of blood and saliva contamination on the bond strength of the cements is of great importance. How to cite this article: Taravati S, Basir L, Khoshnevisan M. Effects of Blood and Saliva Contamination on Tensile Bond Strength of Two Cements Used for Cementation of Stainless-steel Crowns of Primary Molar Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2025;26(6):592-597.

Objectives: This preliminary animal study was conducted to assess the effects of chitosan as a novel obturation material for pulpectomized teeth on periapical inflammation, periodontal ligament (PDL) widening, and hard tissue resorption. Materials and Methods: Forty premolar root canals in two mature dogs were obturated with zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) and an experimental 3% chitosan paste (n=20 in each group). The teeth were then restored with amalgam. After 28 days, the dogs were sacrificed, and histopathological assessment was performed. The amount of resorbed obturation material, degree of inflammatory response, degree of PDL widening, and the number of bone/cementum/dentin resorption defects were recorded under ×40 and ×200 magnifications. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, one-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and Fisher’s exact test (α=0.05). Results: Bone, cementum, and dentin resorption were seen in 6, 10, and 1 chitosan-obturated canals and 14, 15, and 0 ZOE-obturated canals, respectively. Only the bone resorption defects were significantly fewer in the chitosan group (P=0.026). Mild, moderate, and severe inflammation were observed in 17, 3, and 0 chitosan-obturated canals, and 7, 9, and 4 ZOE-filled canals, respectively (P=0.004). Mild, moderate, and severe PDL widening were seen around 15, 5, and 0 chitosan-filled canals and 7, 12, and 1 ZOE-filled canals, respectively (P=0.025). Conclusion: The 3% chitosan was superior to ZOE in terms of causing less inflammation and PDL widening. It also decreased bone resorption and acted similar to ZOE in terms of dentin and cementum resorption.

This experimental study investigated the effect of different intracanal irrigants on the push-out bond strength of dentin in damaged anterior primary teeth. The crowns of 90 anterior primary teeth were sectioned horizontally, 1 mm above the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Following canal preparation with K-files, all groups except the negative control received normal saline irrigation. Canals were then irrigated with either 3% or 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% or 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) solution (except negative and positive controls). The roots were filled with Metapex material and covered with a calcium hydroxide liner. In root canals, the bond was applied by self-etching and then light-cured for 20 seconds before canals were restored incrementally with composite. Stereomicroscopes were used to assess failure patterns. Push-out bond strengths (MPa ± SD) were: 3% NaOCl (16.92 ± 5.78), 5.25% NaOCl (8.96 ± 3.55), 2% CHX (14.76 ± 5.56), and 0.2% CHX (7.76 ± 2.93). Significant differences were seen across the irrigants regarding the push-out bond strength of dentin sections (P <0.001). The most frequent failures were adhesive and cohesive. NaOCl and CHX irrigants increased the push-out bond strength compared to controls. Compared to controls, both 3% NaOCl and 2% CHX irrigants significantly increased the push-out bond strength of dentin in non-vital anterior primary teeth.

Abstract Background Dental caries is one of the most common human diseases. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of consumption of probiotic yogurt containing Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 on salivary Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels in adults with initial stages of dental caries. Methods and Material: Sixty six 18–30 years old students with initial stages of dental caries were selected for this 2 weeks double blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial and were randomly assigned into two groups: intervention (300g/d probiotic yogurt), and control (300 g/d conventional yogurt) groups. Unstimulated fasting saliva sample (2–3 ml) was collected pre and post-intervention for S. mutans bacteria counting and measurement of IL-1β and TNF-α cytokines levels. All Data were analyzed using SPSS. Results Salivary S. mutans and IL-1β changes were statistically signifcant in intervention group compared to their baseline and compared to the control group post intervention. Conclusion Consumption of probiotic yogurt containing B. lactis Bb12 may be beneficial for preventing of the progression of dental caries. Trial registration: This study was registered in Iran clinical trials: IRCT2014062518240N1.

Aim: In recent years, many studies have been conducted on different materials for covering the pulp in pulpotomy. Recently, some materials such as Coldceram have been introduced that have the ability to regenerate the pulp. In this study, our aim was to compare the clinical and radiographic success of the pulpotomy of milk molars using MTA and Coldceram over 3-, 6-, and 9-month follow-ups. Methods: In this clinical trial, 42 children aged 4-9 years old who fulfilled the inclusion criteria of the study were selected. Finally, pulpotomy was conducted on 42 teeth using MTA and another 42 teeth using Coldceram in these children. Simultaneously, all teeth were permanently repaired using glass ionomer and metal veneers in the same treatment session. Then, clinical and radiographic evaluation was conducted in 3-, 6-, and 9-month follow-up periods. Results: None of the teeth showed clinical symptoms at the specified 3-, 6-, and 9-month follow-up times, and clinical success was 100% in both groups. In radiographic evaluation, the numbers of successful treatments were 42/42 (100%) and 41/42 (97%) for the teeth treated with MTA and Coldceram, respectively. Conclusion: According to this research, both materials were proven to have a 100% clinical success rate, but in the radiographic evaluation, MTA attained a higher success rate compared with Coldceram; however, this difference was not statistically significant ( P = 0.36). It is recommended to consider longer follow-ups and larger sample sizes in future studies.

Developing and modifying the policies of orphanages requires the availability of accurate information. This study aimed to compare caries and oral hygiene status among orphan and non-orphan children. This descriptive cross-sectional study took place in governmental orphanages and schools of both genders in Mashhad, Iran. The prevalence of caries was assessed using the Decayed, Missing and Filled Tooth (DMFT) index, and oral health status was assessed using the Oral Hygiene Index - Simplified (OHI-S). The results were statistically analyzed using a t-test and Chi-Square test. The mean DMFT was 3.36 in orphans and 2.10 in non-orphan children, which was not statistically significant (p=0.6). The mean dmft was 9.01 in the orphan group and 5.26 in the non-orphan group, which was statistically significant (p=0.003). The average OHI-S index was 2.30 in the group of orphan children and 1.05 in the non-orphan children, presenting a statistically significant difference (p=0.00). The prevalence of caries, especially in deciduous teeth, was high among orphan children. The oral health status of these children was worse than that of children living at home. Consequently, there is a need for proper planning to promote the oral health of children living in orphanages.

Parents are responsible for their children’s health care, and their oral health-related knowledge, attitude, and habits can affect their children’s oral health. Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate parents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding their children’s oral health. Methods: In this study, a sample of 398 parents of 4- to 6-year-old children completed a self-designed questionnaire. The parents’ oral health-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices were assessed. Children’s oral health was evaluated using decayed, missing, and filled tooth index (dmft). Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 23.0 with a p < 0.05 as statistically significant. Categorical data were reported as frequency (%), and continuous data were reported as mean ± SD. Moreover, Spearman’s correlation, multiple regression, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal Wallis test, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used. Results: Most of the parents had a satisfactory level of knowledge and positive attitudes regarding their children’s oral health. The knowledge and attitude scores were higher among parents with higher education (p<0.001), and the knowledge score was higher among mothers (p=0.004). Also, the attitude score was correlated with the number of decayed, missed, and filled teeth of children (p=0.01, p=0.04, and p=0.007, respectively). However, there was no significant relationship between dmft and the parents’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices using multiple regression. The mean dmft of children was 6.86 ± 3.56, and most of the parents had poor oral health-related practices. Conclusion: The parents’ level of knowledge and attitudes were satisfactory, but they had poor oral health practices. Moreover, there was no significant relationship between children’s oral health and their parents’ level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices. Educating programs and strategies are needed to enhance parents’ oral health-related attitudes and knowledge and, more importantly, change their oral health practices.

Background:Children in mixed dentition are highly at risk for dental caries, which is a major health issue worldwide. Despite their effect in controlling dental caries, using probiotics can be challenging. Therefore, it has been advised to use their inanimate forms, called postbiotics. We hypothesize that postbiotics can enhance the oral immunity.Methods:The aim of this triple-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial is to investigate the effect of postbiotic-toothpaste (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. animalis) on salivary levels of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and pH in children. Using comparing two means formula to calculate the sample size, for this trial 80 healthy 6- to 12-year-old children during mixed dentition with no cavitated dental caries will be selected by convenience sampling method and randomly allocated to two groups, postbiotic-toothpaste or placebo-toothpaste. Saliva samples will be gathered at baseline and four weeks after the intervention. The level of salivary IgA will be determined by ELISA and salivary pH will be measured using a pH meter. Data will be compared within and between groups using independent t-test and paired t-test, in case of normality, with a p < 0.05 as statistically significant.Discussion:If postbiotics-toothpaste prove to be effective in improving the oral immunity, they can be used to prevent dental caries and other oral diseases. The result of this study can help researchers who are working on the immunomodulatory effects of postbiotics in children.Trial registration number:Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT), IRCT20191016045128N2. Registered on 7 March 2022.

Background: Poor oral health is recognized as a silent epidemic. Numerous individual and structural barriers are related to oral health status. Oral health promotion is essential for the general health and well-being of health professionals. Objectives: This study aimed to assess oral health-related knowledge, attitude, behavior, and self-efficacy among healthcare professionals. Methods: The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 404 participants from all health personnel (female = 234, male = 170) in Khuzestan, Iran, in 2021. The sample was obtained using the simple random sampling method. Data collection tools included a valid and reliable questionnaire, including items on demographics, knowledge, self-efficacy, attitude, and behavior regarding oral health. The questionnaire link was sent to employees via WhatsApp messenger. Data were analyzed using the t-test, ANOVA, and SPSS version 24. Results: The mean age of the participants was 37.38 ± 6.75. About 91% of the respondents had bachelor’s degree, and 91% were office employees. The mean score of knowledge (P < 0.001), attitude (P = 0.004), behavior (P = 0.023), and self-efficacy (P < 0.001) of women was more than men. Regular dental visits were more observed in single employees compared to married (2.38 times) and employees with diploma qualifications compared to bachelor (10 times) and PhD degrees (10 times). Conclusions: Demographic characteristics, oral health knowledge, attitude, and behavior of employees are intercorrelated with the frequency of dental clinic visits. Oral health promotion programs should be more focused on the improvement of oral health behaviors and practices, especially among males. Moreover, oral health programs should shift from focus on employees’ education to oral health practices and actions.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Physician-patient communication is the most prominent part of medical art. The ability of the healthcare professional team to communicate appropriately can influence the patient's experience as well as the patient's overall health. The objective of the present study was to examine the communication skills and self-efficacy levels in general and postgraduate dentistry students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. METHODS: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on general students (4th year to 6th year) and postgraduate dentistry students at School of Dentistry, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences from 9.9.2020 to 9.23.2020 in the academic year 2020/2021. A pilot-tested, communication skill and self-efficacy assessment questionnaire was distributed to the participants. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were verified and confirmed. Moreover, a demographic questionnaire with questions on basic demographic information was included at the beginning of the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, and Spearman correlation coefficient via SPSS software. RESULTS: The overall response rate on the survey was 57%. In total, 85.4% of the participants were general dentistry students, 38.2% of whom were fourth-year students. The grade point average (GPA) was 16.09 +/- 1.61. Most of the students scored above average in various areas of communication skills. No significant difference was found between general and postgraduate students except in the field of closure. A positive correlation was found between self-efficacy and all fields of communication skills including introduction and reception (r = 0.486), medical history (r = 0.591), clinical checkup (r = 0.673), closure (r = 0.423), and patient (r = 0.507). CONCLUSION: The results showed a significant correlation between self-efficacy and all field s of communication skills among general and postgraduate students. Well-designed training courses addressing communication skills are recommended in both general and postgraduate dentistry practice. Since self-efficacy and communication skills are inter-correlated, enhancing students' self-efficacy can improve the dentist-patient communication.

Root canal irrigation plays an important role in debridement and disinfection of the root canal system. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2% iodine-potassium iodide (IKI), and 1% and 3% concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for root canal irrigation in the anterior primary teeth. A total of 60 anterior primary teeth were selected and assigned to 1 of 4 irrigation groups (n = 15): 1, 17% EDTA; 2, 3% NaOCl; 3, 2% IKI; and 4, 1% NaOCl. The root canals in all groups were subsequently irrigated with normal saline following a 30-minute incubation period. The prepared specimens were cut longitudinally and imaged using scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the cleaning efficacy in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Group 2 (3% NaOCl) showed the greatest efficacy for cleaning the entire root canal (P < 0.01). Analysis of the different parts of the root canal revealed that group 2 also demonstrated the greatest efficacy in achieving a clean apical portion (P < 0.01). According to the results of the present study, 3% NaOCl offered a better performance in irrigating the root canals of primary teeth.

Aims: Fathers' low health literacy is one factor contributing to children's poorer oral health. This work aims to evaluate the relationship between the father's oral health literacy and the children's oral health in a sample of children with epilepsy. Materials & Methods: The present research is a descriptive-analytical study carried out during 2017 in Ahvaz, Iran. One hundred pairs of 3-6 aged children with epilepsy and their fathers referred to a specialized neurologic clinic were included in the study. Children's oral conditions were evaluated by a dentist based on dmft and simplified oral hygiene (OHI-S) indices. A valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire on oral health literacy was filled out by children's fathers. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson correlation using SPSS 15. Findings: The mean±SD of OHI-S and dmft index were 2.75±0.95 and 3.51±1.97, respectively. Besides, the mean±SD number of decayed, extracted, and filled teeth of children were obtained to be 2.86±1.65, 0.31±0.48, and 0.19±0.41, respectively. Significant differences were observed between the father's oral health literacy and the oral health condition of children; dmft value and OHI-S index, (p<0.005). Pearson correlations showed a weak relationship between the comprehension dimension of OHL and dmft and a moderate relationship between the performance dimension of OHL and dmft (p<0.001). Conclusion: The study showed a significant relationship of the father's oral health literacy with dmft value and OHI-S score. Therefore, the results highlighted the importance of a family-centered approach to oral health promotion of children with epilepsy and their careers.

Introduction: Various types of toothpastes are claimed to be able to improve initial enamel caries. This study compared the effect of fluoride gel and two toothpastes on remineralization of initial caries lesions in primary teeth. Materials and Methods: A total of sixty-four sound extracted primary canine were immersed in demineralizing solution at 37°C for 96 h to produce artificial caries in vitro. Enamel pieces (3 × 3 × 5 mm) were prepared from each tooth and mounted in self cure acrylic blocks. The specimens were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 16) based on treatment agent (fluoride gel, Chitodent toothpaste, ReminPro toothpaste, no treatment as control) and underwent a pH cycling model for 10 days. Vickers microhardness (VH) was measured before and after treatment. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance and paired t-test by SPSS 18 (P < 0.05). Results: No significant difference was found in VH between groups at baseline (fluoride group: 265.9 ± 44.8, Chitodent group: 282.6 ± 34.6, ReminPro group: 266.5 ± 26.6, control: 272.7 ± 32.5; P = 0.516). Microhardness significantly increased after exposure to ReminPro toothpaste (VH change: 24.1%, P < 0.001) and fluoride gel (VH change: 10.9%, P = 0.046), but no significant changes were observed in Chitodent (VH change: 2.8%, P = 0.635) and control (VH change: - 2.2%, P = 0.181) groups. Conclusion: ReminPro toothpaste might be effective in remineralizing initial carious lesions of primary teeth.

Background: The prevalence of dental caries in childhood is one of the problems related to children’s oralhealth. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of caries in children aged 6-12 years based on parentalinformation and its relationship with BMI and DMFT in Ahvaz.Methods and materials: The necessary permits were obtained from the Ahvaz Education Department, andthen 300 samples of the city’s primary schools were selected. Students were examined with a disposabledental mirror and the number of decayed, missed, and restored permanent and deciduous teeth was recordedin the DMFT table. After that, the questionnaire was completed with the help of parents. The validity of thisquestionnaire was confirmed by 5 pediatric dentists and the reliability of this questionnaire was confirmedby conducting a pilot study on 10 children based on Cornbach coefficient of 0.85.Results: Maternal occupation was associated with moderate caries risk (p = 0.007). Economic situation wasassociated with low risk (p = 0.0001). The mean weight of the child in the high risk group was significantlyhigher than the low risk groups (p <0.001) and medium risk (p <0.001). The mean DMFT in the low riskgroup was significantly lower than the medium risk (p <0.001) and high risk groups (p <0.001). The meanBMI in the high risk group was significantly higher than the medium risk groups (p <0.001) and low risk (p<0.001).Conclusion: Economic status, mother’s job and child’s weight are associated with caries risk. Also, DMFTand BMI index have a direct and significant relationship with the risk of caries.

Background and Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the immune factors of blood serum (IgG, IgM, and IgE serum levels and complement components C3 and C4 and blood cells after pulpectomy of dog's teeth using two root fillers (ZOE and Chitosan). Method: The present study is a semi-experimental study conducted on 40 root canals in two groups (20 channels in 2 dogs for Chitosan and 20 channels equal to 2 dogs for ZOE). The healthy teeth of the first, second and third premolars of the lower and upper jaw (40 canals) in 4 dogs aged 12-18 months were selected for the treatment of pulpectomy. Before treatment and after 28 days, 5 cc of blood was taken from the dogs and the serum immune factors were studied. The mean values obtained from the two groups were compared using T-test. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22. Findings: The rate of WBC changes between the two treatment groups with ZOE has increased compared to Chitosan (P = 0.03). The levels of C3 and C4 decreased more due to the use of ZOE than chitosan. The rate of IgG changes with ZOE increased compared to chitosan. The rate of change in IgM and IgE between the two treatments groups with ZOE was not significant compared to Chitosan. IgE levels in the chitosantreated group did not change significantly (P > 0.9). The rate of IgE changes between the two treatment groups with ZOE and chitosan was not significant (P = 0.65). There was no change in the serum level of factors associated with red blood cells, including, number of red blood cells, HCT, MCV, MCH, and MCHC. The rate of albumin and total protein changes between the two treatment groups with ZOE was not significant compared to chitosan. Conclusion: In comparison between two root canal material, ZOE increased white blood cells and immunoglobulins. There was no difference in blood factors and protein levels between the two groups.

Background: Given the importance of primary dental caries, assessment of new preventive/therapeutic materials is necessary. In light of the scarcity of such studies on the role of new agents in primary dentition, this study assessed the efficacy of three commercial toothpastes with different ingredients on remineralization of early caries in the primary dentition. Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine intact primary canines were used in this in vitro experimental study. The baseline microhardness of enamel was measured. Particular demineralizer was used for 96 h and then secondary microhardness was measured. Then, samples were divided into three groups treated by toothpastes with sodium fluoride, chitosan, and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and sodium monofluorophosphate (CPP-ACP+SMFP). Each group was incubated and pH-cycled. Subsequently, they were demineralized and remineralized using toothpastes. Eventually, tertiary microhardness was measured. Percent of enamel microhardness recovery (EMHR%) and efficacy of toothpastes in remineralization were established. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, repeated-measures test, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney U-test (α = 0.05, 0.017). Results: Demineralization significantly reduced microhardness from 316.2 to 248.5 Vickers hardness number (VHN) (P = 0.000). All toothpastes succeeded to remineralize the enamel significantly (P = 0.000). The efficacies of toothpastes differed significantly (P < 0.05). Mean EMHR percentages of toothpastes incorporating NaF, chitosan, and CPP-ACP+SMFP were 75.1%, 52.5%, and 55.8%, respectively. The highest increases in enamel microhardness were observed after using NaF-containing toothpaste (~53 VHN) which was significantly superior to other toothpastes (P ≤ 0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference between EMHR percentages of toothpastes including chitosan and CPP-ACP+SMFP (P = 0.739). Conclusion: Although all three toothpastes could increase the microhardness of primary enamel, NaF toothpaste was superior to others. Toothpastes having chitosan and CPP-ACP+SMFP acted rather similarly.