This chapter offers for clinicians, supervisors, and supervisees an opportunity to review the level of competence in clinical practice. The cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) model is a structured model that can be applied with idiosyncratic flexibility. The CBT skills are divided into eight categories: assessment; interviewing; structuring; change directed interventions; overcoming resistance; evaluation; self-reflection; intervention planning. A pass for the assessment component is defined as: competent use of existing assessment tools and monitoring forms, designing idiosyncratic ones for specific situations, combined with the ability to translate historical and assessment data in a cognitive behavioural framework leading to a case formulation. For a client entering therapy with a complaint of depression, the therapist should use tools to measure frequency, intensity, and duration of the depressive symptoms. Competence …

This study was conducted to determine the influence of behaving as if an event will occur on the belief that it will occur. It was hypothesized that such behavior should increase the belief in the likelihood of the event occurring. Ss (volunteer female high school students) were told that ½ the Ss who volunteered would have to take an exam, but not whether they were in that group (50% probability). All Ss were required to do some preparatory study; ½ were told to memorize the data in preparatory for the exam, ½ to only acquaint themselves casually with it. Ss were then asked their assessment of the probability that they were included in the group to be tested. A larger percentage of the group that had to make the greatest effort (memorize vs. acquaint) believed they would have to take the test. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

“A group phenomenon which we have called de-individuation has been described and defined as a state of affairs in a group where members do not pay attention to other individuals qua individuals, and, correspondingly, the members do not feel they are being singled out by others.” The theory was advanced that this results in a reduction of inner restraints in the members and that, consequently, the members will be more free to indulge in behavior from which they are usually restrained. It was further hypothesized that this is satisfying and its occurrence would tend to increase the attractiveness of the group. The data from the study tend to confirm the theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

Major conclusions drawn from experimental work with small face-to-face groups are summarized. The authors report an experimental study in which (1) amount of pressure toward uniformity, and (2) degree to which members perceived the group as homogeneously composed was manipulated. It was found that “