Alternate technologies of compost manufacture from poultry litter (manure) weze studied as a means of producing a value added product for the landscape and nursery industry. Static pile and turned windrow technologies were investigated on a commercial scale with the composting of nearly 1,000 tons of material. The major difference between the technologies is the amount of energy and labor required. Static pile systems require less energy but more time than windrow turned systems. There was no process advantage found for passively aerated static piles over static piles but costs of passive aeration for pipes and labor was higher than for static piles. Machine turned windrows completed active temperature production within 100 days while portions of both the static and passively aerated piles continued to actively compost past 300 days. Process operational costs and compost quality were similar among the compost methods studied. Production operational cost is driven by the cost of compost ingredients and accounted for 60 to 70 percent of the cost in the pilot study. Ingredients were poultry litter, wood chips and sawdust. Screened compost was produced at an operational cost of $30 while unscreened compost could be produced for $20 per ton of compost. A production scheme where poultry litter is static pile composted on farms for later transport to regional processing centers appears feasible. This two part composting procedure will eliminate the transport of raw litter and improve poultry biosecurity. Most likely, a private compost business would provide the expertise, on-farm compost procedures and operate the regional facility.

<正>(接2010年6期《新饲料》第55页)5.4抗萘啶酸的鼠伤寒沙门(氏)杆菌的回收率经过不同条件的膨化程序,我们可以从膨化出的饲料中回收膨化前没有被发现的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的细胞(如表3)。

Although numerous studies have documented the use of surrogate organisms for the evaluation of pathogens in human food, reports on the use of such organisms for similar studies in animal feed are limited. In the current study, dry feed inocula of Salmonella Typhimurium cells or Bacillus stearothermophilus spores were prepared and used to evaluate the efficiency of sterilization during feed extrusion. The inocula were placed in sealed stomacher bags and kept under 4° C refrigerated storage, where they remained stable for the 8-wk study period. Test feed batches were inoculated with the dry feed inocula of Salmonella Typhimurium or B. stearothermophilus spores, and the batches were then extruded by using a single-screw extruder set to various processing stringencies according to a designed experimental protocol. Only thermophilic B. stearothermophilus could be recovered from the test feed samples over the entire range of extrusion processing stringencies used (245 to 345 g of moisture/kg of feed; 3 to 11 s of feed retention time in the extruder barrel; and 77 to 110° C extruder barrel exit temperature). It was concluded that B. stearothermophilus is a suitable surrogate organism for evaluating the sterilization efficiency of feed extrusion and for identifying the optimal processing conditions to use during feed extrusion to eliminate, or at least minimize, the incidence of mesophilic and thermotolerant pathogens in feed.

The effects of poultry litter stockpiles on nutrient availability and movement were evaluated for two soils from the major poultry-producing region in Maryland. The effect of covering 10.9 Mg stockpiles with tarps was compared to uncovered piles. An upland Coastal Plain soil (Evesboro sandy loam) and a lowland Coastal Plain soil (Othello silt loam) were used. A rainfall simulator was operated at 42 to 48 mm/h until runoff occurred for 1 h. Surface runoff was captured, and nutrient analysis was done for nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), orthophosphate (PO4-P), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations. Mass transport for each of these constituents was calculated from flow data. The variable that had the greatest effect on both hydraulic responses and nutrient fate and transport responses was soil type. Average NO3-N concentrations ranged from 2.75 to 9.80 mg/L, and for the sandy loam soil, wet AMC generated higher NO3-N concentrations than did dry AMC. Average NO3-N transported ranged from 6.5 to 1970.3 mg on the sandy loam and from 691 to 2821 mg on the silt loam. Average PO4-P concentration ranged from 0.21 to 10.78 mg/L. A two-way interaction between treatment and soil indicated that covering generated more runoff and higher peak flow rates than the uncovered piles. A two-way interaction between treatment and soil indicated that covering increased nitrate mass transport in surface runoff. There was no effect on PO4-P concentrations or PO4-P mass transport from covering the stockpiles for the Othello silty loam soil.

Salmonella and other pathogenic organisms that infect poultry and other livestock can originate from feed and environmental sources. Thus, measures are taken to control Salmonella infection in animals to improve food safety and reduce production losses. The current study was designed to investigate and optimize extrusion conditions for reducing bacterial counts in a surrogate feed matrix. A single-screw extruder was used to process feed artificially inoculated with Bacillus stearothermophilus 12980 (ATCC, Reston, Virginia). Preliminary experiments demonstrated that Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium NALr) was eliminated from feed under conditions of moderate extrusion stringency (285 g moisture/kg mash feed, 83 °C extruder barrel exit temperature, 7 s retention time in the extruder barrel) and, therefore, a more thermotolerant organism was required to conduct the study. Spores of B. stearothermophilus 12980 inoculated into a surrogate feed matrix consisting of 600 g maize meal/kg, 300 g soya bean meal/kg and 100 g animal protein blend/kg, respectively, was used to investigate the effect of three extrusion variables on microbial killing. The three variables were extruder barrel exit temperature (T), mash feed moisture content (Mc), and mean retention time of feed in the extruder barrel (Rt). A rotatable central composite statistical design was used with three independent variables and five levels each. The quadratic response surface model fit to spore count data was used to predict extrusion conditions that maximized bacterial killing. The response surface indicated a stationary point within the design region that was a saddle. An estimated ridge of maximum killing indicated that a maximum reduction of 1.03 log cycles would occur under the following extruder settings: T = 110 °C, Mc = 245 g/kg and Rt = 11 s. Because the moderate stringency condition (T = 83 °C, Mc = 285 g/kg and Rt = 7 s) completely eliminated detectable S. typhimurium in the test feed matrix, it would appear that all S. typhimurium cells and all mesophilic organisms of similar thermal tolerance would be eliminated at most extruder conditions within the central composite design region.

because less ingredient is used to meet the birds requirements. This is equivalent to an annual savings of up to $266 million to the Brazilian broiler and broiler-breeder producers. Diets formulated with HOC had a lower crude protein content than with traditional corn, and potentially could reduce annual nitrogen excreted to the environment by 5.3 Mtonnes. HOC provided a better nutrient profile than traditional corn, especially in essential amino acids such as methionine and lysine, which led to meeting amino acid requirements without having to increase the total crude protein content of the diet. The analysis also showed a potential to reduce phosphorus excretion by 842 tonnes/yr if HOC was to replace traditional corn, since the need to supplement rations with inorganic phosphorus sources such as dicalcium phosphate would be much lower. We estimate that 36.6 Mtonnes dicalcium phosphate can be saved annually using HOC in poultry rations in Brazil. The literature suggests replacing traditional corn with HOC does not affect bird metabolism and positive impacts on growth rate have been recorded. Substituting traditional corn with HOC has both economic and environmental benefits for the Brazilian poultry production without compromising efficiency of output.

Thickness variation of chicken fillet is a major challenge to X-ray detection of embedded bone fragments. As a novel solution, combined x-ray and laser range imaging has been developed for thickness compensation effectively. In order for this synergic technology to work successfully for on-line industrial applications, the vision system should have viable real-time capabilities and be able to detect a variety of physical hazards. In this paper, a multithread scheme is developed for real-time image processing, implementation and performance of which are also presented. A rule-based approach is formulated under a unified framework for detection of diversified subjects, and performance of this framework is also discussed.

s of papers 23 with ascites syndrome, reciprocal F1 crosses of the RES and SUS lines were produced. One objective of this multidisciplinary trial was to determine the effects of hypobaric hypoxia on gut development in the pure-line RES, pure-line SUS, and the reciprocal F1 crosses (RS, SR). Four hundred and eighty vaccinated, pedigreed broiler chickens (40 groups of 12 birds) were randomly assigned to cages in either a hypobaric chamber (simulated 2900 m above sea level) or a matching local altitude chamber (390 m above sea level). On Day 42, specimens of duodenum and distal ileum were collected from five chickens in each line at each altitude. Each sample of intestine was cut open longitudinally at the antimesenteric attachment. Sections were fixed, cut (5 μm) and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. From these stained sections, 10 measurements of villus height were made at random from different parts of each tissue slide using a reticle (100 mm divisions) placed in the eyepiece of the microscope. There were significant effects on gut development due to both altitude and genetic line. Villus height (mm) of the duodenum and ileum were greater across all lines at local altitude compared to the hypobaric chamber (P = 0.0001). Similar morphometric increases were observed in pure-line RES and F1 crosses when compared with pure-line SUS at local altitude (P = 0.0001). This study suggests that birds selected for ascites resistance also exhibit improved gut development and this improvement is maintained in their reciprocal crosses. Additionally, hypobaric hypoxia alone results in a significant reduction in gut development across all lines. This work was supported in part by the U.S. Poultry & Egg Association Project # 285 and Cobb-Vantress, Inc.

A colony lift immunoassay (CLI) has been developed to detect Listeria monocytogenes after the organisms have been cultured on filter membranes or agar plates. Polyvinylidene fluoride membranes (PVDF) (Millipore, Bedford, MA), used in the CLI, were prewet with methanol and used to imprint colonies that were grown on the filter or agar plates. A positive control was applied to the edge of each membrane. The imprinted membranes were subsequently air dried, peroxidase neutralized, blocked, and reacted for 20 min with a 2-μg/ml unconjugated Mab EM-7G1 solution. The membranes were washed briefly and reacted for 30 min with a 1:2000 dilution of a commercially prepared peroxidase-labeled goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (Kirkegaard and Perry Laboratories (KPL), Gaithersburg, MD). After a second wash step, the membranes were exposed to a 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine membrane substrate (KPL), rinsed in deionized water, and allowed to dry. Colonies of L. monocytogenes were identified by a blue color reaction on the membrane, which could be used to reference the colonies either on the filter membranes or agar plates. The CLI was tested against a wide range of Listeria species as well as several non-Listeria species and was shown to have a high degree of sensitivity (96%) and specificity (90%). We have shown that it is useful as a simple and rapid method to detect and identify L. monocytogenes.

Processors are being encouraged to provide wholesome and Salmonella free poultry in the marketplace. Provision of clean and decontaminated transport units should enable significant reduction of the transmission of disease organisms between farms. However, many transporters of live poultry do not properly clean and decontaminate their transport systems between loads of live poultry. Much of the washing activity is cosmetic without proper attention to viral and bacterial agents that may be transported from farm to farm. Results from a ten-plant international study conducted by our laboratories at the University of Maryland show: units prior to washing and post-washing were positive for Salmonella in the range of 0% to 100% and coliforms ranged from 79-100% and 67-100%, respectively; truck beds prior to washing and post-washing were positive for Salmonella in the range of 0-100% and 20-100%, respectively and coliforms ranged from 90-100% and 75-100%, respectively. Recycled water samples from four of seven plants were positive for Salmonella (57%) and seven of seven samples were positive for coliforms (100%). Ineffectiveness of decontamination procedures suggests that bio-films may have an important role in the inability of processors to clean and decontaminate their poultry transport units.

The effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in potentially reducing Salmonella on eggs and in egg handling facilities was evaluated using four primary parameters: test materials, UV intensity, time of UV exposure, and initial Salmonella contamination levels. Decontamination of fiber and plastic egg transfer belts, egg shells, and metal was attempted. The results showed that each of these elements varied in its capacity for sterilization by UV when contaminated with Salmonella. Regression models for system design were developed to define the relationship among UV intensity, Salmonella contamination level and time of UV exposure for each material.

ABSTRACT TWO brooding techniques were used in this studyhigh density T^ and T3 and full area T2 and T4. Broiler population in T^ and T3 was three times greater than T2 and T4 for the first 21 days of age. The 21 day ventilation rates were: T, 0.67 T2 and T3 = 0.72 T4 per 1000 birds. See Fig. 5 for the actual ventilation rates. There was no significant difference found between the 21 and 56 day weight, feed conversion and mortality at P< 0.05. The 21 day fuel use showed that T1 used 68.6 percent less than T2 and T3 used 81.4 percent less fuel than T4. Therefore it can be concluded that significant amounts of brooding fuel can be saved without perfor-mance sacrifice by using high density brooding.