Bystander intervention is widely assumed to foster workplace inclusion, yet no studies have directly examined this relationship. Through abductive qualitative analysis of 53 interviews across two contrasting organisations-a consulting firm and a remote mine site-we investigate how bystander intervention relates to workplace inclusion for targets, bystanders and transgressors. Our findings challenge the assumption that bystander intervention automatically translates into inclusion. Instead, we find workplace inclusion is fostered when parties perceive greater levels of support and safety, with fairness being additionally critical for transgressors. Although support emerges through peer and supervisor relationships, safety depends on organisational conditions including senior leadership behaviour and policy-practice alignment. When these are perceived, a reinforcing cycle emerges: Bystanders become more willing to intervene, and transgressors demonstrate genuine behavioural change. We contribute theoretically by showing that the relationship between bystander intervention and workplace inclusion is shaped by perceived levels of fairness, support and safety; analytically separating support and safety as distinct influences with different sources; and identifying fairness as a gateway influence unique to transgressors.

Research on recycling behaviour and its influences can play a key role in supporting public policy efforts to mitigate the negative effects of waste generation and landfilling. However, recent reviews have raised concerns about the quality of research on recycling behaviour. Despite this, no previous reviews have conducted quality appraisals to judge the extent and impact of quality issues. This is partly due to the difficulty of applying validated quality appraisal tools developed for intervention reviews in the health and medicine fields to behaviour influence reviews in environment and sustainability fields. This update of a previous systematic review aims to fill this gap by developing and piloting a novel quality appraisal framework, specifically tailored to the needs of interdisciplinary reviews of the influences on recycling and other pre-environmental behaviours. Application of the novel framework to a set of 118 recycling papers highlighted a substantial lack of causal evidence and weak construct validity of measured ‘behaviour’. These quality issues undermine the ability of individual studies and the body of literature as a whole to firstly, draw strong conclusions about what factors have causal influence on real-world recycling behaviour in broad populations of interest, and secondly, therefore, to guide interventions to improve recycling outcomes. To improve future research, this review identifies instances of better practice to increase the quality of evidence and the field’s confidence in what influences household recycling, and potentially, other pro-environmental behaviour.

Within the framework of the circular economy, extending the lifespan of electrical products through repairing them is a promising approach, particularly against the backdrop of growing e-waste levels. Consumers play a key role in facilitating repair and multiple studies have suggested their behaviour is influenced by combinations of different internal (e.g. attitudes, knowledge and motivation) and external factors (e.g. product design, market conditions and service availability). Despite this, in empirical research, there is still preference for psychological theories that foreground the individual. Thus, the present study moves beyond these theories and is underpinned by a multi-level perspective - an approach that can systematically organise factors to internal and external contexts. Through qualitative interviews with consumers we identify and then organise the factors that influence repair behaviours of household electrical appliances to a multi-level perspective including micro (individual), meso (household) and macro (repair ecosystems and beyond) levels. The main finding from the interviews and framework development was the identification of 18 influencing factors across four nested levels. The primary contribution is the resulting framework that makes explicit the different internal and external contexts that influence repair behaviours. In particular, the framework highlights the important role of the household-level and makes visible how factors and levels interact to influence repair behaviours. Hence, the framework supports program managers and policymakers to design multi-level interventions. We also offer several opportunities for future research to explore the role of household routines and structure and continue to build an understanding of the interactions between levels and factors.

The building sector contributes almost one third of global CO2 emissions. Supporting energy efficiency upgrades in residential homes could provide significant emissions reductions, while also improving thermal comfort and health outcomes for homeowners. Numerous government policies and programs now seek to accelerate the adoption of home energy upgrades. Their success, however, is partially dependent on a range of homeowner behaviours and requires a deep understanding of the factors that influence them. This paper systematically reviews the current evidence base related to energy upgrade behaviours and their influencing factors from a multi-level perspective and organises the different factors at different levels (or contexts). We highlight current skews in the evidence base towards certain upgrade behaviours and propose a new multi-level framework of home energy efficiency upgrade behaviours. This framework explicitly recognises the combined influence and potential interplay of influencing factors at different levels, from which upgrade behaviours emerge. We conclude by suggesting future research directions and policy implications for supporting energy efficiency upgrades in homes.

The biodiversity crisis calls for more collective effort, and a close examination of the tools available to effect change. We documented insider knowledge into how pro-nature decision-making can be influenced in the Australian state of Victoria, focusing on the role of public advocacy targeting government. We interviewed 12 experts who currently or previously held influential roles in government or advocacy-focused environmental non-government organizations (ENGOs) and used thematic analysis to explore their responses. Experts described influence from individuals, grassroots groups, or ENGOs, and factors shaping success. These included attributes of the decision-making context, having resources and commitment to see out long-term change, having relevant networks, and being able to act when opportunities arise. Barriers described included lack of environmental literacy among the public and some decision-makers, biodiversity concern being crowded out by climate change concern, and the difficulty of shifting from incremental to systemic change. Understanding these factors can better equip advocates to have impact. Democratic governments recognize that societies make progress where there is two-way exchange between public and state, so should foster public pathways toward political engagement in conservation.

Research on recycling behaviour and its influences is critical to supporting public policy efforts to mitigate the negative effects of waste. However, recent reviews have raised concerns about the quality of recycling research. Despite this, no previous reviews have conducted quality appraisals. This is partly because validated appraisal tools have typically been developed for intervention reviews in the health/medicine fields, creating difficulties applying to behaviour influence reviews in environmental fields. This update of a previous systematic review aims to fill this gap. We developed and piloted a novel quality appraisal framework tailored to interdisciplinary reviews of influences on recycling behaviours. Application of the novel framework to 118 recycling papers highlighted a lack of strongly-rated evidence, particularly for causal claims and operationalisation of behaviour. Specifically, over 80% of papers contained insufficient causal evidence, while 90% contained insufficient or cautious evidence of influence on actual behaviour. Only four papers (1%) produced strong evidence across both measures, allowing compelling confidence in their conclusions. Lack of quality evidence undermines the ability of remaining papers (and the body of literature as a whole) to draw strong conclusions about what factors have causal influence on actual recycling behaviour. This has implications for how well the field can guide interventions to improve recycling outcomes. To strengthen future research, this review identifies feasible instances of better practice to increase quality of evidence. Implementing such recommendations could increase the field's confidence in what influences household recycling. The quality appraisal framework may also be of interest for other pro-environmental behaviours.

We combine the Yang-Baxter (YB) and bi-Yang-Baxter (bi-YB) deformations with higher-spin auxiliary field deformations to construct multi-parameter families of integrable deformations of the principal chiral model on a Lie group G with semi-simple Lie algebra 𝔤 . In the YB case, our construction produces one integrable deformation for each pair ( ℛ , E), where ℛ is an antisymmetric bilinear operator on 𝔤 obeying the modified classical Yang-Baxter equation and E is a function of several variables. In the bi-YB case, the pair becomes a triplet ( ℛ , ∼ℛ , E), where ∼ℛ is another antisymmetric bilinear operator on 𝔤 obeying the modified classical Yang-Baxter equation. We show that every model in these families is (weakly) classically integrable by exhibiting a Lax representation for their equations of motion.

We initiate the study of the interplay between T-duality and classical stress tensor deformations in two-dimensional sigma models. We first show that a general Abelian T-duality commutes with the T T deformation, which can be engineered by a gravitational dressing. Then, by using an auxiliary field formulation of stress tensor deformations of the principal chiral model (PCM), we prove that non-Abelian T-duality and arbitrary T T-like flows also commute for theories in this class. We argue that all such auxiliary field deformations of both the PCM and its T-dual are classically integrable.

Biodiversity conservation requires transformative change in our relationships with nature. Innovative policy can support this change, yet designing and implementing such policy requires new knowledge and culture shifts. Transdisciplinary research partnerships between academia and government can support these changes, yet they entail friction between knowledges (e.g., social science and natural sciences) and organizational cultures (e.g., academic and government priorities and practices). Social learning theories, such as Communities of Practice (CoP), can help participants to work through friction, providing a platform for partnerships that benefit scientific research progress, policy needs, and the professional development of CoP members. We (academics and government practitioners) developed a transdisciplinary CoP grounded in collective impact principles to explore questions aligned with our shared goal of enhancing human‐nature relationships, with a particular focus on environmental and behavioral psychology. We report on perceived barriers including lack of time, funding, and skills in transdisciplinary facilitation, and recommend that challenges could be addressed by holding regular, structured meetings; routinely evaluating progress on shared objectives; encouraging shared ownership among CoP members; fostering diversity among members and collaborators; embedding staff or students in cross‐institutional positions; and seeking administrative support from university or government partners. These changes could strengthen the foundations of transdisciplinary collaborations, fostering trusting relationships that support social learning and achieve transformative shifts.

We construct a new infinite family of integrable deformations of the principal chiral model (PCM) parametrized by an interaction function of several variables, which extends the formalism of [C. Ferko and L. Smith, An infinite family of integrable sigma models using auxiliary fields, Phys. Rev. Lett. 133, 131602 (2024).] and includes deformations of the PCM by functions of both the stress tensor and higher-spin conserved currents. We show in detail that every model in this class admits a Lax representation for its equations of motion, and that the Poisson bracket of the Lax connection takes the Maillet form, establishing the existence of an infinite set of Poisson-commuting conserved charges. We argue that the non-Abelian T-dual of any model in this family is classically integrable, and that T-duality "commutes" with a general deformation in this class, in a sense which we make precise. Finally, we demonstrate that these higher-spin auxiliary field deformations can be extended to accommodate the addition of a Wess-Zumino term, and we exhibit the Lax connection in this case.

Abstract We generalize the auxiliary field deformations of the principal chiral model (PCM) introduced in [1] and [2] to sigma models whose target manifolds are symmetric or semi-symmetric spaces, including a Wess-Zumino term in the latter case. This gives rise to a new infinite family of classically integrable ℤ2 and ℤ4 coset models of the form which are of interest in applications of integrability to worldsheet string theory and holography. We demonstrate that every theory in this infinite class admits a zero-curvature representation for its equations of motion by exhibiting a Lax connection.

Purpose: The question of "what works?" for organizational diversity and inclusion (D&I) has captivated practitioners and researchers for some time, but there is a lack of unifying knowledge on what interventions are effective. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact, outcomes and quality of evidence relating to interventions used by organizations for workplace D&I to inform what works in practice and where there are still evidence gaps. Design/methodology/approachThis multidisciplinary meta-review - a systematic review of reviews - summarized the effects of various practices, policies, programs and initiatives across dimensions of diversity and disciplines. Findings: From 37 reviews over 13 years, we identified 12 categories of interventions (e.g. diversity training, de-biasing selection procedures and workplace accommodations) mapped to 22 outcomes. Workplace accommodations and job training were linked with positive outcomes in the age and disability dimensions of diversity. Diversity training was associated with comparatively higher-quality evidence, albeit its effects were largely limited to awareness and learning outcomes. The literature on recruitment, leave and compensation policies reported some mixed effects on D&I. Originality/value: This meta-review provides a synthesis of the current state of evidence across multiple disciplines and diversity dimensions to guide future research and practical D&I actions. It has implications for research (e.g. greater attention needed for interventions to improve inclusion) and practice (e.g. setting realistic expectations about what change organizations can expect to achieve).

This paper provides the first known "heatmap" representing Australian public narratives across a range of groups experiencing disadvantage developed from a comprehensive literature review of primary Australian studies between 2020 and 2021. Eleven narratives were identified across 14 population groups with the most frequent being deficit narratives, misrepresentation of the issue and 'absent' narratives (group being described not represented in the narrative). The most frequently described groups were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people living with a disability, racial minorities and women. The heatmap resonated with three global review-level studies and findings of supplementary qualitative interviews. Examination of relationships between the heatmap and empirical Australian disadvantage data enabled identification of missing and misleading public narratives. Attempts to disrupt such narratives can improve the understanding of disadvantage by more truthfully reflecting the lives, experiences and challenges of groups experiencing disadvantage. Updates to the heatmap can enable analysis of the impact of disruption strategies.

Communities have a strong role in protecting biodiversity. In addition to participation in restoration, a range of actions in the public or private sphere may support biodiversity. Despite this, there is a lack of clarity about what actions should be prioritized for behavior change campaigns. We developed and applied a method to prioritize community actions for biodiversity conservation that incorporates an expert-based assessment of impact and a community-informed measure of the likelihood of uptake. In stage 1, experts (n = 143) completed a survey that quantified the relative impact of actions based on best-worst scaling of perceived impact. In stage 2, surveyed community members (n = 3200) ranked the likelihood of adopting actions based on the ease or difficulty of performing each action, and the opportunity for change based on the proportion of respondents not yet engaging in each behavior. Experts gave the following actions the highest ranking for impact: voting for the environment (first), participating in restoration in ecological priority areas (second), and purchasing and protecting remnant bushland (third). When considering the disciplinary background and institutional background of experts, voting and participating in restoration activities remained in the upper ranked options. However, there was some divergence between these groups. For example, reducing beef consumption was ranked third by university-based experts but ranked 28th by experts based in state government. Overall, community members ranked the following behaviors as most likely to be adopted: following quarantine laws (first), reducing plastic use (second), and managing pets (third). Top likelihood ranking of actions was minimally affected by community characteristics (nature relatedness, gender, location). Integrating these findings, the action ranked most favorably for impact, likelihood, and opportunity was participating in restoration. Choosing actions for behavior change campaigns requires consideration of the entire social-ecological system-from social factors that enable or constrain adoption to the ecological impact of actions across relevant social and ecological contexts.

This article explores how the design and delivery of programs challenging gendered norms amongst men and boys can support attitude and behaviour change through more conscious and deliberate engagement with program content. Sixty-seven past participants of programs delivered by five Australian organisations completed an online survey based on their experiences. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) was used to explore participants' perspectives regarding motivation and ability to elaborate on program content, evidence of elaboration occurring, and experiences of attitude and behaviour change post-program. Program strengths included highlighting the personal relevance of program content, eliminating distractions and message comprehensibility. Opportunities for improvement included increasing message repetition and the number of message sources. Evidence of elaboration was present across all program types, including single-session programs, and included reflections on social and emotional learnings. The findings demonstrate how program design and delivery can support processing program material at a deeper and more conscious level, including when dealing with resource and time constraints.

We introduce a class of 2D sigma models which are parametrized by a function of one variable. In addition to the physical field g, these models include an auxiliary field v_{α} which mediates interactions in a prescribed way. We prove that every theory in this family is classically integrable, in that it possesses an infinite set of conserved charges in involution, which can be constructed from a Lax representation for the equations of motion. This class includes the principal chiral model (PCM) and all deformations of the PCM by functions of the energy-momentum tensor.

Bystander intervention has attracted recent attention as a promising avenue to improve workplace inclusion. However, despite substantial human resource management investment and increasing research interest in workplace bystander intervention, there has been no evidence synthesising the link between bystander action and consequences for the parties involved. This interdisciplinary scoping review (85 articles) addresses this gap by reviewing and categorising types of bystander actions in the workplace in response to different problematic incidents, highlighting the consequences of those actions for targets, perpetrators and bystanders, and illustrating the theoretical underpinning of extant literature. The findings indicate that consequences of bystander actions, particularly those related to inclusion, are not widely measured or understood. Positive consequences for targets are evident, however few positive consequences are described for bystanders and outcomes for perpetrators remain unknown. We offer suggestions for future research to advance understanding of the relationship between bystander intervention and workplace inclusion.

Community mobilisation is essential to prevent further biodiversity loss and protect the natural environment. This includes engaging in public- and private-sphere behaviours, and community support of relevant government policies. This purpose of this paper is to explore and compare the factors associated with public- and private-sphere nature conservation behaviour and policy support. We utilised data from a survey of 4,048 Australians, representative for age, gender, and geographic location, which measured engagement in nature conservation behaviours and support for diverse conservation policies. Hierarchical Multiple Regressions were conducted to assess relationships between behaviour and policy support with the key independent variables of awareness (of biodiversity issues), connection (to nature), and concern (about biodiversity issues), and socio-demographic covariates. Overall, community support for nature conservation policies was high, not just for incentive measures but for regulations and penalties. Regression models explained 22.9% of the variance in public-sphere behaviour, 30.2% of the variance in private-sphere behaviour, and 43.5% of the variance in policy support. Concern made one of the strongest contributions for all outcomes, and was substantially stronger for policy support compared to behaviour. Awareness and connection also made independent contributions to all outcomes. Socio-demographic variables explained a smaller proportion of unique variance for policy support (1.0%) compared to behaviour (public-sphere: 9.6%, private-sphere: 6.3%). Notably, for public-sphere behaviour, younger age explained almost as much variance as concern. Implications for practitioners and policymakers seeking to engage the general population in conservation support are discussed.