Integrating photocatalytic processes with enzyme-mediated catalysis has emerged as a compelling yet demanding strategy for wastewater purification, creating a need for multifunctional materials that unite light-driven reactivity with enzyme-like catalytic behavior. In this work, a series of x%MIL-100(Fe)/BiOI hybrid composites exhibiting peroxidase-mimicking activity were synthesized via an in situ chemical deposition approach. The resulting materials enabled colorimetric sensing of tetracycline (TC), achieving a detection limit of 0.83 μM across a concentration window spanning 0 to 80 μM. By coupling photoreactions with enzyme-analog pathways, photoexcitation was found to enhance catalytic performance and to support selective, high-efficiency transformations. Moreover, activation by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) intensified Fe2+/Fe3+ redox cycling, which increased the availability of reactive sites and strengthened the photo-nanozyme cooperative catalytic effect. Under optimized conditions (0.20 g of 20%MIL-100(Fe)/BiOI, pH 3.01, 25 °C), degradation of TC in a 50 mg/L solution exceeded 91.27% within 60 min. A systematic exploration of the synergistic mechanism was carried out using band-structure analysis and reactive-species probing, together with XPS, PL, EIS, and photocurrent measurements. The evidence supported a Z-scheme charge-transfer route within the composite when illuminated by a 500 W xenon lamp (λ > 420 nm). Finally, repeated-use tests and evaluations under ionic interference verified strong durability and promising feasibility for real-world application. Overall, this study offers theoretical insight and underscores the practical potential of peroxidase-like nanozymes for environmental sensing and remediation.

Inflammation-associated skin lesions, including psoriasis (PsO) and diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), greatly impair patients' quality of life. Gentiopicroside (GPS), a key iridoid glycoside from Gentiana species, exhibits anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties, but its clinical application is limited by low oral bioavailability and poor skin permeability. Nanodelivery strategies have been actively explored to overcome these limitations. The objective of this review was to critically analyze recent breakthroughs in GPS-loaded nanodelivery approaches for the treatment of inflammation-associated skin lesions, especially PsO and DFU, including the impact of these approaches on GPS bioavailability, efficacy, and safety profile. Oral bioavailability of GPS can be improved by poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanospheres and phospholipid-complex self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (PC-SNEDDS), while skin-targeted delivery and sustained release can be enhanced by chitosan (CHI) nanoparticles, electrospun nanofibers, ZIF-8 metal-organic frameworks, and nanoscale hydrogels. These nanodelivery technologies improve the translational potential of GPS for chronic inflammatory skin diseases. Although GPS-loaded systems have not yet entered clinical trials, analogous nanotechnologies have demonstrated enhanced drug stability, bioavailability, safety, and patient tolerability in treatments of other skin diseases, highlighting their strong potential for clinical translation. Future efforts toward clinical translation may focus on establishing common evaluation criteria, conducting full-scale toxicological and biodistribution tests, and implementing Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-scale-up projects with multicenter preclinical trials.

To investigate the mechanism of artemisinin liposomes regulating breast cancer metastasis and apoptosis through TIGIT/CD155 signal axis. Artemisinin liposomes were synthesized by thin film dispersion method and characterized in morphology, zeta potential, hydrodynamic size, entrapment efficiency as well as thermal stability. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effects of artemisinin liposomes on HC11 and 4T1 cell was evaluated by the MTS test. Scratch, transwell and colony formation experiment were conducted to assess the effect of artemisinin liposomes on cell metastasis. Apoptosis, cell cycle arrest were measured using flowcytometry. Meanwhile, bioinformatics analysis was used to investigate the relationship between TIGIT as a drug target for breast cancer and artemisinin liposomes, TIGIT/CD155 signal axis. Additionally, the mouse tumor model(group(saline, artemisinin, liposomes, artemisinin liposomes), dose(100 mg/kg/d)) was employed to detect the tumor-suppressive efficacy. Finally, the expression levels of Src, Akt, Mtor and Stat3 was further explored by Western Blot and RT-PCR to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of artemisinin liposomes on the TIGIT/CD155 signaling axis. The liposomes and artemisinin liposomes had average sizes of approximately 80 nm and 130 nm respectively, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.225, 0.287. Artemisinin was effectively encapsulated within liposomes, as shown by the high encapsulation efficiency of 90.11

As energy demand rises and environmental issues become more severe, various industries urgently need sustainable materials, and bifunctional catalysts are receiving increased attention. This paper employs a simple phosphating method to prepare Ni2P-supported reduced graphene oxide porous materials (Ni2P/rGO) as a bifunctional catalyst for photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The introduction of polystyrene microspheres (PS) significantly improved the surface morphology of rGO, endowing Ni2P/rGO with excellent photocatalytic and electrocatalytic properties. The Ni2P/rGO composites material exhibits good degradation capabilities for diverse dyes and tetracycline hydrochloride (TC), with the best removal effects observed for methylene blue and tetracycline wastewater. Under visible light, the degradation efficiencies of methylene blue (MB) and TC pollutants within 100 min were 91 % and 83 %, respectively. Furthermore, with a low overpotential of 21.4 mV, a Tafel slope of 46.57 mV & sdot;dec- 1, and stability for 28 h, the Ni2P/rGO composite material demonstrates outstanding electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance in an alkaline environment. The above achievements mean that the current work has explored new trains of thought for the research and development of bifunctional catalysts.

Nanomedicines based on polyethylene glycol-functionalized gold nanoparticles (Au@PEG NPs) are usually administered by intravenous injection to improve bioavailability. It is widely accepted that surface modification with PEG can prevent direct interactions between AuNPs and proteins. Therefore, the interaction of Au@PEG NPs with plasma proteins and blood cells has not received enough attention. Our previous study demonstrated that Au@PEG NPs affect the oxygen-carrying capacity and deformability of erythrocytes through oxidative stress; however, the molecular mechanism of oxidative damage induced by Au@PEG NPs remains unclear. Due to the absence of cell organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria in mature erythrocytes, we hypothesise that Au@PEG NPs primarily generate oxidative stress by interfere with metabolic flux in erythrocytes. We have employed dynamic light scattering (DLS), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) to investigate the interaction between proteins and 30 nm Au@PEG NPs. ITC and SPRi data revealed that hemoglobin exhibits a higher affinity for 30 nm Au@PEG NPs compared to albumin (Ka: 1.46 × 10-4 vs 1.08 × 10-4 M-1). Circular dichroism (CD) spectrum demonstrated a significant conformational shift in hemoglobin following incubation with 30 nm Au@PEG NPs, characterized by an increase in α-helix [(65.9 ± 0.6) % to (68.2 ± 0.6) %] and a decrease in β-sheet [(4.8 ± 0.3) % to (1.7 ± 0.2) %], which is consistent with its transition toward a deoxygenated state. By combining ICP-MS and four specific endocytosis inhibitors, we investigated the endocytic mechanism of Au@PEG NPs entering erythrocytes. The data revealed that the uptake efficiency of 30 nm Au@PEG NPs by erythrocytes was 68.2 ± 0.6 ng/109 RBCs, with approximately 75% of the Au@PEG NPs were uptaked by erythrocytes through a mechanism involving caveolin- and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Metabolomics and NADP+/NADPH analysis revealed that Au@PEG NPs induce hemoglobin deoxygenation, which in turn inhibits the pentose phosphate pathway and disrupts redox homeostasis, as reflected by the decrease of intracellular NADPH from 3.53 ± 0.50 nmol/1012 RBCs to 2.67 ± 0.46 nmol/1012 RBCs. However, tail vein injection of Au@PEG NPs did not impair the liver oxygen supply since mice can compensate for the hemoglobin deoxygenation effect of Au@PEG NPs by decreasing systolic blood pressure and increasing tissue perfusion. Our findings showed that Au@PEG NPs interfere with metabolic flux and generate oxidative stress in erythrocytes by changing the oxygenation state of hemoglobin, and these results suggest that future studies should pay more attention to hemocompatibility evaluations of nanomedicines before their clinical application.

Protein sulfenic acids (PSA) are crucial reactive species in oxidative stress, yet their transient nature and the complex cellular environment demand detection tools with high selectivity, sensitivity, and organelle-targeting capability. To address this, we report a novel near-infrared (NIR) turn-on fluorescent probe, HCA-CHD. This probe is rationally constructed with a cationic hemicyanine (HCA) dye as the NIR fluorophore and a 1,3-cyclohexanedione (CHD) moiety as the specific reaction site for PSA. The reaction with PSA forms a thioether linkage, which triggers a significant fluorescence enhancement. HCA-CHD exhibits a maximum absorption at 640 nm and, upon reaction, shows a strong turn-on fluorescence emission at 710 nm. Comprehensive characterization confirms its excellent reactivity, high selectivity, good stability, and inherent mitochondria-targeting ability. We successfully demonstrate the application of HCA-CHD for the highly sensitive and selective imaging of endogenous PSA in the mitochondria of live HeLa and MCF-7 cells, thus providing a powerful tool for investigating redox biology.

The proliferation of antibiotic resistance urgently demands the development of novel non-antibiotic-dependent antimicrobial strategies. Metal–organic framework material ZIF-8, with its tunable structure and excellent biocompatibility, shows great promise in the field of photocatalytic antibacterial applications. However, pure ZIF-8 suffers from limitations such as a narrow light absorption range and high carrier recombination rates. Doping ZIF-8 with transition metals such as cobalt or copper, herein denoted as M-ZIF-8 (M=Co, Cu), can significantly broaden its photoresponsive spectrum, promote reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and enable controlled metal ion release, thereby enhancing antimicrobial performance. Nevertheless, the release of metal ions also introduces potential biotoxicity concerns, limiting practical applications. This paper systematically reviews the trade-off between the photocatalytic antibacterial mechanism and biotoxicity of metal-doped M-ZIF-8 (M=Co, Cu), focusing on material design principles, antibacterial pathways, toxicity manifestations and mechanisms, as well as optimization strategies for “enhancing efficacy while reducing toxicity.” It further proposes future research challenges and directions in mechanism elucidation, smart material development, standardization, and industrialization to advance the safe and efficient application of these materials in medical and environmental fields.

In this study, Ti3C2 quantum dots (QDs) were prepared via a simple hydrothermal method and loaded onto binary catalytic materials to construct ternary PTCN/SnS2/Ti3C2 QDs composites for enhancing photocatalytic performance. The materials were characterized using techniques such as XRD, TEM, FT-IR, UV-vis, BET, XPS, and PL. The results showed that Ti3C2 QDs were uniformly dispersed on the surface of PTCN/SnS2, forming a stable heterostructure. The specific surface area increased to 68.847 m2/g (5.6 times higher than that of PTCN), the visible light absorption edge redshifted to 532 nm, and the band gap narrowed to 2.1 eV. Under visible light, the composite exhibited degradation rates of 90.53 %, 79.53 %, 81.23 %, and 85.62 % for norfloxacin, pefloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. At the optimal doping amount (k = 0.0408 min-1), the catalytic activity was 6.21 times that of pure PTCN and 2.87 times that of PTCN/SnS2. Cyclic experiments demonstrated excellent stability of the composite, with a degradation rate remaining at 86 % after 5 cycles. This study is the first to construct the PTCN/SnS2/Ti3C2 QDs ternary system and propose a Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism, providing new insights for the design of high-efficiency photocatalytic materials.

Against the background of the vigorous development of materials science and the deep cross-infiltration in many fields, a new medicine food homology, carbon dots (herein combined and abbreviated as MFH-CDs), has sprung up, showing great potential. This review used ChatGPT 4.0 to collect background information related to carbon dots, focusing on the common rich medicinal and food resources such as Lycium barbarum, Chinese yam, honeysuckle, and Ganoderma lucidum. These carbon dots are synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis, microwave radiation, and pyrolysis, which have the advantages of small particle size, high quantum yield, and low cytotoxicity. Recent studies have found that MFH-CDs have great application potential in biosensors, biological imaging, and drug delivery. In this paper, the characteristics of preparing carbon dots from different medicinal and edible resources and their applications in biology in recent years are reviewed, which provides in-depth guidance for the research and application of carbon dots from medicinal and edible biomass, helps it shine in multidisciplinary fields, and opens a brand-new journey from traditional medicinal and edible culture to cutting-edge technology application.

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) accounts for a large fraction of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the atmosphere. Epidemiological studies have shown that SOA has adverse effects on human health. However, the current knowledge of the SOA's effect on the nervous system remains poorly understood. To address this issue, PC12 cells were incubated in SOA from α-pinene ozonation. The results showed that concentration-dependent increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels lead to a decrease in cell viability, indicating that SOA could induce apoptosis and oxidative stress in cells. The peroxides present in the SOA are identified as major contributors to the apoptotic effect. Furthermore, the apoptosis mechanism was analyzed by Western blotting, revealing activation of the mitochondria-associated Bax/Bcl-2-Caspase-3-PARP signal pathway. In addition, the qPCR result showed that SOA had altered the expression of inflammatory factors, including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, in PC12 cells. This study investigates the molecular-level evidence of the toxicological impact of SOA on the nervous system, which further evaluates the effects of SOA on health.

The demand for healthcare products is growing worldwide beyond the safety and convenience. This study examined the anti-aging effects of a nutritional supplement (lycopene/grape extract = 1.5:1), which is a healthcare product. The mean lifespan, athletic and reproductive abilities were examined in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Additionally, the levels of lipofuscin, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and several critical genes related to lifespan regulation in C. elegans were determined. According to the results, the nutritional supplement effectively extended the mean lifespan and improved the abilities of athletic and reproductive of C. elegans dose-dependently. Meanwhile, the levels of lipofuscin and ROS decreased significantly in the three dosage groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the nutritional supplement upregulated the mRNA expression of SOD3, GST4 (P < 0.01), and HSP16.2 (P < 0.05) genes. Our findings showed the nutritional supplement could prolong the lifespan of C. elegans through reducing the levels of lipofuscin and ROS, and enhance the resistance against oxidative stress.

Cysteine (Cys) plays a crucial role in the biological system and many related diseases. However, the detection of Cys in living organisms are still hindered by shortage of small molecule fluorophores that exhibit excitation and emission in the near-infrared region. Herein, we designed and synthesized a high water-soluble Cys probe (Cy7-SS) based on heptamethine cyanine scaffold. The prepared Cy7-SS displayed an enhanced emission at near-infrared region (NIR) after the recognition of Cys. Moreover, Cy7-SS not only exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity on the detection of in vitro Cys, but also could be used for endogenous Cys in living cells and C.elegans. The prepared strategy for the design of fluorophores expands the in vivo sensing toolkit for the precise analysis in clinical diagnosis.

Sulfur dioxide is a critical factor in evaluating food safety, as excessive intake can lead to various adverse reactions. Additionally, viscosity is a key indicator of food quality. However, to date, dual-response probes capable of detecting both viscosity and sulfur dioxide in food remain scarce. In this study, we present a novel fluorescent probe, BZID-OH, designed for the simultaneous detection of sulfur dioxide and viscosity in food. Moreover, BZID-OH is also effective for sulfur dioxide detection in living cells. These findings suggest that BZID-OH has the potential to serve as an effective dual-response fluorescent probe for monitoring both sulfur dioxide levels and viscosity in food, offering a valuable tool for food safety and quality assessment.

Psoriasis, a chronic inflammatory skin disease induced by various factors, including genetic factors, immune factors, environmental factors, and psychological factors, is characterized by thickening of the epidermis, excessive proliferation of keratinocytes, abnormal differentiation, and an excessive inflammatory response. Traditional treatments for psoriasis still face challenges because of limited curative effects, notable side effects, and a tendency for recurrence. In contrast, topical therapy provides a favorable option for psoriasis treatment because of its noninvasive and self-administered method. In this study, gentiopicrin (Gen) is encapsulated in the liposomes to form a nanodrug, and then chitosan is covered on the nanodrug to assemble the nanodrug delivery system (CS@Gen), which is used as a topical agent for treating psoriasis. Then M5 (a mixture of five pro-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-17A, IL-22, IL-1α, oncostatin M, and TNF-α)-induced HacaT cells and imiquimod-induced psoriasis mouse models are established, whose results show that CS@Gen induces apoptosis and inhibits the proliferation and cell migration of psoriasis keratinocytes. Additionally, the application of CS@Gen cream can significantly reduce epidermal thickness, diminish skin scaling, and improve other related mechanisms in mice affected by psoriasis. Meanwhile, the prepared CS@Gen can significantly reduce the expression levels of IL-17a, Cxcl2, S100a, Mki67, and other related inflammatory factors, resulting in indirectly inhibiting the inflammation of keratinocytes. In summary, the present study provides an ideal loading for an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory drug delivery system for the treatment of psoriasis.

Semiconductor photocatalytic technology is a simple, efficient, and low-cost method for environmental pollution remediation. Cerium dioxide (CeO2), as a promising oxidative degradation photocatalyst, can solve the problems of energy shortage and environmental pollution. In this paper, cerium dioxide/graphene oxide composites were successfully synthesized by a one -pot hydrothermal method, achieving a degradation rate of 88.96 % for rose red dye in 150 min, and the introduction of reduced graphene oxide effectively improves the photocatalytic performance of pure cerium oxide.

Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been expected to be an effective way to reduce carbon emissions. Designing photocatalytic materials with long-term effectiveness is the key of photocatalytic technology. In this work, CoO nanoparticles loaded on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) membranes on silicon substrate were in-situ fabricated by one-step method. The resulting materials can convert CO2 into carbon monoxide (CO) up to 70 h at a steady rate of similar to 185 +/- 30 mu mol g(-1) h(-1) with a selectivity of nearly 100%. This material system contained rich oxygen vacancies and generated new oxygen vacancies during the photocatalytic process. Oxygen vacancies mediate the interactions with excitons: (i) promoting the dissociation of free excitons; (ii) leading to form bound excitons under the coupling effect with phonons, inhibiting the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes as well as enhancing the long-term effectiveness of photocatalytic CO2 reduction. We hope this work can provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of photocatalytic materials.

Cerebral ischemic stroke is a serious disease with high mortality and disability rates. However, few neuroprotective drugs have been used for ischemic stroke in the clinic. Two main reasons may be responsible for this failure: difficulty in penetrating the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and easily inactivated in the blood circulation. Ferroptosis, a lipid oxidation-related cell death, plays significant roles in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. We utilized RVG29, a peptide derived from Rabies virus glycoprotein, to obtain BBB-targeted lipid nanoparticles (T-LNPs) in order to investigate whether T-LNPs improved the neuroprotective effects of Ferrostatin-1 (Fer1, an inhibitor of ferroptosis) against cerebral ischemic damage. T-LNPs significantly increased BBB penetration following oxygen/glucose deprivation exposure in an in vitro BBB model and enhanced the fluorescence distribution in brain tissues at 6 h post-administration in a cerebral ischemic murine model. Moreover, T-LNPs encapsulated Fer1 (T-LNPs-Fer1) significantly enhanced the inhibitory effects of Fer1 on ferroptosis by maintaining the homeostasis of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) signals in neuronal cells after cerebral ischemia. T-LNPs-Fer1 significantly suppressed oxidative stress [heme oxygenase-1 expression and malondialdehyde (the product of lipid ROS reaction)] in neurons and alleviated ischemia-induced neuronal cell death, compared to Fer1 alone without encapsulation. Furthermore, T-LNPs-Fer1 significantly reduced cerebral infarction and improved behavior functions compared to Fer1-treated cerebral ischemic mice after 45-min ischemia/24-h reperfusion. These findings showed that the T-LNPs helped Fer1 penetrate the BBB and improved the neuroprotection of Fer1 against cerebral ischemic damage in experimental stroke, providing a feasible translational strategy for the development of clinical drugs for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

g-C3N4 was prepared, and samples of different contents of BiVO4, CNTs and g-C3N4 were doped, characterized, and ternary composites were successfully prepared. RhB was selected as the pollutant to test the photocatalytic performance of the ternary composite (GCBC) sample. The photocatalytic activity was analyzed by degrading RhB under visible light (lambda > 550 nm), combined the kinetic equation of the degradation reaction and the capture of free radicals for research. And elucidated the mechanism of GCBC active species capture and photocatalytic degradation.

Secondary air pollutants, originating from gaseous pollutants and primary particulate matter emitted by natural sources and human activities, undergo complex atmospheric chemical reactions and multiphase processes. Secondary gaseous pollutants represented by ozone and secondary particulate matter, including sulfates, nitrates, ammonium salts, and secondary organic aerosols, are formed in the atmosphere, affecting air quality and human health. This paper summarizes the formation pathways and mechanisms of important atmospheric secondary pollutants. Meanwhile, different secondary pollutants' toxicological effects and corresponding health risks are evaluated. Studies have shown that secondary pollutants are generally more toxic than primary ones. However, due to their diverse source and complex generation mechanism, the study of the toxicological effects of secondary pollutants is still in its early stages. Therefore, this paper first introduces the formation mechanism of secondary gaseous pollutants and focuses mainly on ozone's toxicological effects. In terms of particulate matter, secondary inorganic and organic particulate matters are summarized separately, then the contribution and toxicological effects of secondary components formed from primary carbonaceous aerosols are discussed. Finally, secondary pollutants generated in the indoor environment are briefly introduced. Overall, a comprehensive review of secondary air pollutants may shed light on the future toxicological and health effects research of secondary air pollutants.