2014年,国务院办公厅发布的《关于建立保障天然气稳定供应长效机制若干意见的通知》中提出:到2020年天然气供应能力达到4000亿立方米,力争达到4200亿立方米的宏伟目标.而目前我国天然气产量仅为1210亿立方米,其中常规天然气1178亿立方米、煤层气30亿立方米、页岩气2亿立方米.因此,在我国常规天然气生产量短期内不会有大幅度的提高的情况下,非常规天然气特别是页岩气的产业发展被寄予厚望. 页岩气是指赋存于富有机质泥页岩及其夹层中,以吸附或游离状态为主要存在方式的非常规天然气,成分以甲烷为主,是一种清洁、高效的能源资源.加快页岩气产业化步伐,对于我国能源结构优化调整,增加天然气资源供应,缓解我国天然气供需矛盾,促进节能减排以及促进我国经济可持续发展都具有重要的战略意义.

随着经济的不断发展和汽车保有量的急剧增加,我国交通运输行业的能源需求总量呈强劲增长态势,石油供需矛盾、温室气体排放以及城市大气污染进一步加剧.依据国际能源署(IEA)预测,我国到2030年汽车保有量将超过4亿辆,届时汽车能源消耗量将超过4亿吨当量化石燃料.因此,发展我国汽车车用燃料的多元化和清洁化替代显得日益紧迫和重要.

Fuel cell technology is clean,efficient and pollution free,and is considered as the most promising clean energy resource for 21st century.In recent years,fuel cell technologies have made great progresses around the world,and start commercial industralizations.Latest global advances in Research,Development,and Demonstration(RD&D) and commercialization involving fuel cell are reviewed,and suggestions for fuel cell technologies Research,Development(R&D) in China are put forward.

The stability of membrane electrode assembly(MEA) is the one of key problems for commercial application of direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC).Stability of MEA prepared by heat-spraying method was studied.The results revealed that performance of the MEA declined at a rate of 1.0 mV/h after polarization for several times.This meant that the voltage of the cell was relatively stable.The ohm and mass transfer polarization increased after stability test.The scanning electron microscope(SEM) indicated that the combinations between the catalyst layer and membrane,diffusion layer and catalyst layer were destructed so that the polarization increased and the performance reduced.It could be concluded from the cyclic voltammetry results that the integral area of H-adsorption and desorption peaks of the anode and cathode decreased.That indicated that the electrochemical activity of surface area decreased.

Proton exchange membrane(PEM) water electrolysis technology is a clean and environmental friendly producing hydrogen technology,and has the advantages over high efficiency,high purity and no pollution.In this paper,the proton exchange membrane water electrolysis principle,composition of pool water solution,research progress on proton exchange membrane and the anode and cathode catalysts have been conducted.The research results show that a key question of impeding commercialization of PEM water electrolysis technology is the high cost of materials.So the development of low-cost proton exchange membrane and cathode and anode catalysts for PEM water electrolysis technology are main research directions in the future.

介绍氢能的利用方式与发达国家的氢能规划,综述了几种工业制氢方法和储氢技术及其主要特点,并探讨目前的制氢储氢技术对未来氢能开发利用的影响。

In this paper, the membrane electrode assembly was prepared by heated- spray method and a single direct methanol fuel cell system was assembled and tested. Electrochemical performance of DMFC in various technological parameters such as cell temperature and air flow rate was investigated by means of steady- state potentiostatic polarization under the ambient pressure . The experimental results show that MEA prepared by heated- spray method has excellent diffusion layer structure with good performance. The output current density and power density are 206.20 mA/cm2 and 55.88 mW/cm2 respectively with ambient air as cathode oxidant when the working temperature is 55 ℃ and the output voltage is 0.271 V. The two technological parameters have significantly affected the performance of a direct methanol fuel cell. The optimum technological parameters are air flow of 670 mL/min,and the cell performance rapidly increases with the rise of the cell temperature.

The effects of methanol concentration,methanol temperature,cell temperature and air state on the performance of self-installed passive DMFC are investigated.The results show that there are the significantly effects of methanol concentration,methanol temperature,cell temperature and air state on the performance of the passive DMFC at ambient atmosphere.The optimal methanol concentration in cell is 1.5mol/L.The cell performance is increased with the increase of the temperature of methanol and cell.The change of air state is also propitious to the performance of cell.

Highly oriented ZnO nanorod arrays were successfully prepared on the indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate using a galvanostatic electrodeposition method. The ITO substrate was pretreated with ZnO nanoparticles via simple low-temperature solution route. The crystallinity, micro- structure of surface, and optical properties of the obtained ZnO were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmittance spectrum. The results indicate that the average diameter of ZnO nanorod arrays is about 30 nm, and the narrow size distribution ranges from 20 to 50 nm. The nanorod arrays are growing along [001] direction with an orientation perpendicular to the substrate. When the wavelength of incident is over 380 nm, the ZnO nanorod arrays show a high optical transmission of above 95%. Furthermore, the possible growth mechanism of the nanorod arrays was discussed.

Electrochemical performance of a direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC) at various technological parameters such as air humidifying treatment,air humidified temperature and air flow rate were investigated by means of steady-state galvanostatic and potentiostatic polarization.The results show that air humidifying treatment could in favor of keeping water balance in the air cathode,and significantly improve electrochemical performance of DMFC.The optimum technological parameters are air flow of 670 mL/min,air humidifying treatment temperature of 40~60 ℃.At room temperature,ambient pressure and air humidifying treatment,when the cell voltage is 0.277 V,the corresponding current density is 142.6 mA/cm2,and peak power density is 39.5 mW/cm2.

By means of the cyclic voltammogram,the activity of Pt/C catalysts for methanol electro-oxidation and the electrochemical factors such as methanol concentration,temperature,medium and acidity were investigated.The results show that the four electrochemical factors have significantly affected the activity of Pt/C catalysts.The inner resistance of working electrode was reduced,and the reaction rate of the electrode and the activity of Pt/C catalyst were enhanced with the improvement of methanol concentration and temperature.The improved solution medium and the controlled and feasible acidity were propitious to the activity of Pt/C catalyst.In this experiment,the optimum technological parameters are solution medium of double distilled water and solution acidity of 1mol/L.

The effect of carbon type, carbon loading and microporous layer structure in the microporous layer on the performance of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) at low temperature was investigated using electrochemical polarization techniques, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and other methods. Vulcan XC-72 carbon was found to be most suitable as a microporous layer for low temperature DMFC. Maximum fuel cell performance was obtained utilizing a microporous layer with carbon loading of 1.0 mg cm−2 when air was used as an oxidant. A membrane electrode assembly with 1.0 mg cm−2 Vulcan XC-72 carbon with 20 wt.% Teflon in the cathode and no microporous layer in the anode showed a maximum power density of 36.7 mW cm−2 at 35 °C under atmospheric pressure. The AC impedance study proved that a cell with a dissymmetrical microporous layer structure had lower internal resistance and mass transfer resistance, thus obtaining better performance.

In PEMFC,the design of flow field has an important effect on the cell performance.In this paper,a three-dimensional mathematic model on hydrogen-atmosphere PEMFC,comparing with different channel cross sections and adjusting channel depth,was proposed which based on a computational hydrodynamics software Fluent 6.3 and Gambit 2.2.Then this model was simulated and optimized.Simulation results showed that the performance of cell adopting swallow-tailed shape was superior to that of cell adopting other shapes.In a certain range,cross section depth had a large effct on the PEMFC performance.

Methanol permeation is one of the key problems for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. It is necessary to change the structure of the cathode of membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Therefore, a novel MEA with double-layered catalyst cathode was prepared in this paper. The double-layered catalyst consists of PtRu black as inner catalyst layer and Pt black as outer catalyst layer. The inner catalyst layer is prepared for oxidation of the methanol permeated from anode. The results indicate that this double-layered catalyst reduced the effects of methanol crossover and assimilated mixed potential losses. The performance of MEA with double-layered catalyst cathode was 52.2mWcm−2, which was a remarkable improvement compared with the performance of MEA with traditional cathode. The key factor responsible for the improved performance is the optimization of the electrode structure.

介绍《单位GDP能耗考核体系实施方案》的背景,对总体方案及考核指标的认识,提出建议。

Using Pt-Ru/C and Pt/C as anode and cathode catalysts, the membrane electrode assembly was prepared and a single direct methanol fuel cell system was installed. The electrochemical performance of a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) at different technological parameters such as methanol flow, methanol concentration, methanol temperature and humidifying air temperature was investigated by means of steady-state galvanostatic and potentiostatic polarization. The experimental result shows that the output current density and power density were 68 mA·cm-2 and 14.8 mW·cm-2 respectively with ambient air as cathode oxidant when the working temperature was 25 ℃ and the output voltage was 0.22 V. The four technological parameters significantly affected the performance of a direct methanol fuel cell. In the experiment, the optimum technological parameters were the methanol flow of 2 mL·min-1, the methanol concentration of 2 mol·L-1, the methanol temperature of 30 ℃ and the humidifying air temperature of 40～60 ℃.

Electrochemical performance of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) in various activation technologies such as medium of activation,time of activation and discharge current of activation were investigated by steady-state galvanostatic polarization. The experimental result shows that three activation technologies have effected the performance of direct methanol fuel cell significantly.In this experiment,methanol solution is a better medium of activation than distilled water,low current activation is better than high current activation ,the optimum time of activation is nine hours.When the working temperature is 35 ℃ and the output voltage is 0.247 V the output current density , power density are 160 mA/cm2 and 39.5 mW/cm2 ,respectively .

The recent progress and research status of micro direct methanol fuel cell(μDMFC) in many countries was fully introduced.The working principle,structure design,manufacture process and performance of μDMFC were described,and the challenges in developing and industrial prospect for μDMFC were analyzed briefly.

A passive and air breathing direct-methanol fuel cell(DMFC) was installed.Using graphite plates,the anode and cathode plates were prepared which flow field configuration was straight and parallel flow field and its groove was hollowed.A methanol cavity was manufactured in the anode plates.The results show that the best methanol concentration was 1.5 mol/L,Pt loading of cathod can significantly effect power density,and the cell performance was increasing when the temperature of cell operating and content of Nafion were increased.The temperature of cell operating is the most impacting factor.The peak power density can reach 12.72 mW/cm2 under the following conditions: 4.57 mg/cm2 Pt-Ru catalyst in the anode,2.18 mg/cm2 Pt catalyst in the cathode,1.5 mol/L methanol solution and ambient air.