Banana is an important source of carotenoids, and the fruit accumulate carotenoids during the ripening process. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid production in banana fruit have not been well studied. Here, we report that MaERF124 is a negative transcriptional regulator of carotenogenesis genes in banana. The reduced accumulation of MaERF124 was accompanied with the increased contents of carotenoids during the ripening of the four banana varieties, suggesting a negative role of MaERF124 in carotenoid production. Further assays showed that MaERF124 acts as a transcriptional repressor and directly targets the promoters of carotenoid biosynthetic genes including MaDXR, MaGGPS, MaCRTISO and MaLCYB1.2. Moreover, ectopic expression of MaERF124 in tomato fruit repressed the transcript levels of carotenoid formation genes to inhibit carotenoid production. Taken together, these findings reveal that MaERF124 negatively modulates carotenoid formation via transcriptional repression of key genes involved in carotenoid synthesis, which provides a regulatory machinery for improving the contents of carotenoids in banana fruit.

Vacuolar invertase (VI) can irreversibly degrade sucrose into glucose and fructose and involve in plants abiotic-stress-tolerance. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is susceptible to drought stress, especially during the seedling stage. To date, the involvement of VI in drought tolerance in cucumber seedlings is in urgent need of exploration. In the present study, a cucumber vacuolar invertase gene, CsVI2, was isolated and functionally characterized. The results showed that (1) CsVI2 showed vacuolar invertase activity both in vivo and in vitro; (2) the transcript level of CsVI2, along with VI activity, was significantly induced by drought stress. Moreover, the expression of sucrose synthase 3 (CsSUS3) was increased and that of sucrose phosphate synthase 1 (CsSPS1) was decreased after exposure to drought stress, which was followed by an increase in sucrose synthase activity and a decrease in sucrose phosphate synthase activity; (3) CsVI2-overexpressing transformed cucumber seedlings showed enhanced vacuolar invertase activity and drought tolerance and 4) protein–protein interaction modelling indicated that a cucumber invertase inhibitor, CsINVINH3, can interact with CsVI2. In summary, the results indicate that CsVI2 as an invertase can regulate sucrose metabolism and enhance drought stress in cucumber seedlings.

Potato is the most important non-grain food in the world, while late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans seriously threatens the production of potato. Since pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are relatively conserved, PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) can provide durable resistance to late blight for potato. However, knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of PTI against oomycete pathogens at protein levels remains limited due to the small number of identified proteins. In the present work, changes in the proteome profile of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves upon P. infestans PAMP induction were examined using the SWATH-MS (sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra) approach, which provides quantification of protein abundances and large-scale identification of PTI-related proteins. A total of 4401 proteins have been identified, of which 1429 proteins were differentially expressed at least at one time point of 8, 12, 24 and 48 h after PAMP induction, compared with the expression at 0 h when immediately after PAMP induction. They were further analyzed by expression clustering and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. Through functional verification, six novel DEPs of 19 candidates were proved to be involved in PTI responses, including mitochondrial phosphate carrier protein (MPT) 3, vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP) 714, lysophospholipase (LysoPL) 2, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 1, heat shock 70 kDa protein (HSP) 2 and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase FKBP (FKBP) 15-1. Taken together, the time course approach and the resulting large-scale proteomic analyses have enlarged our understanding of PTI mechanisms and provided a valuable resource for the discovery of complex protein networks involved in the resistance response of potato to late blight.

Potato accumulates large amounts of soluble sugar during cold storage periods. However, a system based understanding of this process is still largely unknown. Here, we compared the dynamic cold-responded transcriptome of genotypes between cold-induced sweetening resistant (CIS-R) and cold-induced sweetening sensitive (CIS-S) in tubers. Comparative transcriptome revealed that activating the pathways of starch degradation, sucrose synthesis and hydrolysis could be common strategies in response to cold in both genotypes. Moreover, the variation in sugar accumulation between genotypes may be due to genetic differences in cold response, which could be mainly explained: CIS-R genotype was active in starch synthesis and attenuated in sucrose hydrolysis by promoting the coordinate expression of aseries ofgenes involved in starch-sugar interconversion. Additionally, transcription factors, the candidate master regulators of starch-sugar interconversion, were discussed. Taken together, this work has provided an avenue for studying the mechanism involved in the regulation of the CIS resistance.

Summary Fruit ripening is a critical phase in the production and marketing of fruits. Previous studies have indicated that fruit ripening is a highly coordinated process, mainly regulated at the transcriptional level, in which transcription factors play essential roles. Thus, identifying key transcription factors regulating fruit ripening as well as their associated regulatory networks promises to contribute to a better understanding of fruit ripening. In this study, temporal gene expression analyses were performed to investigate banana fruit ripening with the aim to discern the global architecture of gene regulatory networks underlying fruit ripening. Eight time points were profiled covering dynamic changes of phenotypes, the associated physiology and levels of known ripening marker genes. Combining results from a weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA) as well as cis‐motif analysis and supported by EMSA, Y1H, tobacco‐, banana‐transactivation experimental results, the regulatory network of banana fruit ripening was constructed, from which 25 transcription factors were identified as prime candidates to regulate the ripening process by modulating different ripening‐related pathways. Our study presents the first global view of the gene regulatory network involved in banana fruit ripening, which may provide the basis for a targeted manipulation of fruit ripening to attain higher banana and loss‐reduced banana commercialization.

Low temperature severely influences potato production as the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) is frost sensitive, however the mechanism underlying the freezing tolerance of the potato is largely unknown. In the present research, we studied the transcriptome and metabolome of the freezing-tolerant wild species Solanum acaule (Aca) and freezing-sensitive cultivated S. tuberosum (Tub) to identify the main pathways and important factors related to freezing tolerance. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway annotation indicated that polyamine and amino acid metabolic pathways were specifically upregulated in Aca under cold treatment. The transcriptome changes detected in Aca were accompanied by the specific accumulation of putrescine, saccharides, amino acids and other metabolites. The combination of transcriptome and metabolome analyses revealed that putrescine exhibited an accumulative pattern in accordance with the expression of the arginine decarboxylase gene ADC1. The primary role of putrescine was further confirmed by analyzing all three polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) and the genes encoding the corresponding enzymes in two sets of potato genotypes with distinct freezing tolerance, implying that only putrescine and ADC1 were uniquely enhanced by cold in the freezing-tolerant genotypes. The function of putrescine was further analyzed by its exogenous application and the overexpression of SaADC1 in S. tuberosum cv. E3, indicating its important role(s) in cold-acclimated freezing tolerance, which was accompanied with the activation of C-repeat binding factor genes (CBFs). The present research has identified that the ADC1-associated putrescine pathway plays an important role in cold-acclimated freezing tolerance of potato, probably by enhancing the expression of CBF genes.

Polyamines (PAs), including putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), spermine (Spm), and thermospermine (T-Spm), play key roles in plant development, including fruit setting and ripening, morphogenesis, and abiotic/biotic stress. Their functions appear to be intimately related to their synthesis, which occurs via arginine/ornithine decarboxylase (ADC/ODC), Spd synthase (SPDS), Spm synthase (SPMS), and Acaulis5 (ACL5), respectively. Unfortunately, the expression and function of these PA synthesis-relate genes during specific developmental process or under stress have not been fully elucidated. Here, we present the results of a genome-wide analysis of the PA synthesis genes (ADC, ODC, SPDS, SPMS, ACL5) in the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). In total, 14 PA synthesis-related genes were identified. Further analysis of their structures, conserved domains, phylogenetic trees, predicted subcellular localization, and promoter cis-regulatory elements were analyzed. Furthermore, we also performed experiments to evaluate their tissue expression patterns and under hormone and various stress treatments. To our knowledge, this is the first study to elucidate the mechanisms underlying PA function in this variety of tomato. Taken together, these data provide valuable information for future functional characterization of specific genes in the PA synthesis pathway in this and other plant species. Although additional research is required, the insight gained by this and similar studies can be used to improve our understanding of PA metabolism ultimately leading to more effective and consistent plant cultivation.

Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI) is considered to be durable, given that PAMPs are conserved in entire classes of microbes. Elicitins are structurally conserved extracellular proteins in oomycete species and are well characterized as having features of PAMPs. INF1 is an elicitin protein secreted by the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans . A cell surface receptor-like protein that mediates INF1 response was recently cloned in potato. In addition, some other genes are reportedly involved in INF1-triggered immune responses; however, the molecular mechanisms of INF1-triggered immunity remain poorly understood. Here, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification-based quantitative proteomics to analyze proteins involved in INF1-triggered cell death responses in Nicotiana benthamiana . Our approach identified 2964 proteins, 32 of which were significantly altered in abundance after INF1 induction. Two of eight selected upregulated proteins, namely, ATP dependent transporter and 60S ribosomal protein L15 were shown to be essential in INF1-triggered cell death responses by virus-induced gene silencing analysis. This study represents the first proteomic analysis of INF1-triggered cell death responses in plants and provides the basis for further work to elucidate molecular mechanisms into oomycete PTI in host plants.

The somatic hybrids were derived previously from protoplast fusion between Solanum tuberosum and S. chacoense to gain the bacterial wilt resistance from the wild species. The genome components analysis in the present research was to clarify the nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of the hybrids, to explore the molecular markers associated with the resistance, and provide information for better use of these hybrids in potato breeding. One hundred and eight nuclear SSR markers and five cytoplasmic specific primers polymorphic between the fusion parents were used to detect the genome components of 44 somatic hybrids. The bacterial wilt resistance was assessed thrice by inoculating the in vitro plants with a bacterial suspension of race 1. The disease index, relative disease index, and resistance level were assigned to each hybrid, which were further analyzed in relation to the molecular markers for elucidating the potential genetic base of the resistance. All of the 317 parental unique nuclear SSR alleles appeared in the somatic hybrids with some variations in the number of bands detected. Nearly 80 % of the hybrids randomly showed the chloroplast pattern of one parent, and most of the hybrids exhibited a fused mitochondrial DNA pattern. One hundred and nine specific SSR alleles of S. chacoense were analyzed for their relationship with the disease index of the hybrids, and three alleles were identified to be significantly associated with the resistance. Selection for the resistant SSR alleles of S. chacoense may increase the possibility of producing resistant pedigrees.

Localization technology is one of the key technologies in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). The Centroid algorithm, DV-HOP algorithm, APIT algorithm and Amorphous are the classic algorithms which are based on Range-free localization algorithm. This paper is improved on the basis of the DV-HOP and Weighted DV-HOP node localization algorithm, proposed an improved DV-HOP and weighted DV-HOP of WSN localization algorithm based on Simulation Curve Fitting (SCF). The SCF algorithm makes the process more refined during selecting the beacon node and the selected beacon node can be closer to the accurate position.

An energy-efficiency amendatory algorithm is proposed to save limited energy in Wireless Sensor Network（WSN）.In this algorithm,a sensor node changes it status according to the threshold of its energy condition.Therefore,the energy consumption in the path with the sensor node consuming most energy could be transferred to other paths in order to reduce the whole energy consumption of the network.Through experiments and analyses the relationship curve between the probability of number of nodes and the amount of data transmission was obtained;the factors that affect this relationship curve were analyzed;the features of the curve and the threshold mentioned above were found.Because of the energy consumption by the algorithm itself,the concept of data gravitation was proposed to reduce the energy consumption.Experiment results show that the algorithm is energy efficiency and the lifecycle of the networks is increased.

With the development of WSN applications, there is increasing concern for the research of WSN. The routing algorithm is one of the important supporting technologies of WSN. However, the current studies of routing algorithms focus on the single performance. For instance, the aim of Energy Multipath Routing Algorithm is to maximize the network life cycle. And the aim of the Minimal-hop routing algorithm is to minimize the network transmission delay. This paper synthesizes the three performance indicators, namely network life cycle, network latency and network reliability to propose a Self-adaptive Routing Algorithm (SARA). SARA could satisfy different network requirements by adjusting the parameters. The experimental result shows that SARA can reduce the network latency, extend the network lifecycle and enhance the network reliability compared with the Multi-path energy efficient algorithm.

为了解决网络化智能传感器接口互不兼容的难题,文中对IEEE1451.2协议进行了阐述,并采用片上系统ADμC812实现了遵守IEEE1451协议规范的智能传感器模块(STIM).这里重点介绍了STIM模块的软硬件设计思想及系统设计过程中相关注意事项.通过实践论证,ADμC812很好的实现智能传感器模块的功能,为IEEE1451标准智能传感器模块的研制提供了实例.